水電站調節保證中大波動過渡過程計算與分析案例綜述1.1計算工況大波動過渡過程計算工況見表5-2.表1.2大波動過渡過程工況工況編號計算工況說明計算目的一水輪機設計工況DT1下庫一臺機水位，額定水頭，其他機組停機，1#機額定出力運行時甩負荷。機組轉速上升率DT2下庫四臺機水位，額定水頭，4臺機額定出力運行時同時甩負荷。機組轉速上升率機組蝸殼最大壓力DT3上游正常蓄水位，下庫四臺機水位，同一水力單元的全部機組額定輸出功率運行，同時全甩負荷，機組導葉正常關閉。機組蝸殼最大壓力下游調壓室最高涌波水位DT4下庫四臺機水位，上庫正常蓄水位，每個水力單元一臺機額定功率運行，另一臺機開機，調壓室涌波水位最高時甩負荷。機組轉速上升率機組蝸殼最大壓力DT5上游正常蓄水位，1#半臺機出力運行時甩負荷。長輸水系統電站，水道損失大，水輪機在最大水頭下運行時，損失小，初始壓力高，突甩1/2額定負荷，關閉時間短，有的轉輪在此工況可能出現機組蝸殼最大壓力。機組蝸殼最大壓力DT6上庫死水位，下庫兩臺機水位，每個水力單元一臺機滿開度運行，另一臺機開機。除電網對電站有特殊要求外，應考慮由n-1臺增至n臺，或全部機組由2/3相應水頭最大輸出功率運行突增至相應水頭最大輸出功率運行的工況。引水系統各斷面最高點處的最小壓力下游調壓室最低涌波水位DT7下庫四臺機水位，上庫正常蓄水位，每個水力單元一臺機額定功率運行，另一臺機開機，流入調壓室流量最大時甩負荷。上游調壓室最低涌波DT8DT6工況增負荷至相應水頭最大輸出功率后，流入上游調壓室流量最大時，全部機組同時甩全部負荷，機組導葉正常關閉。上游調壓室最低涌波二水輪機校核工況CT1下庫四臺機水位，額定水頭，四臺機額定出力運行時甩負荷，同一水力單元中一臺機導葉拒動，另一臺機導葉正常關閉。同一水力單元的所有機組甩全部負荷時若同一水力單元的一臺機組導葉拒動，其他機組導葉正常關閉，則會加劇拒動機組的過流量，使得機組轉速上升率更高。機組轉速上升率CT2設計洪水位，四臺機額定出力運行時同時甩負荷。機組蝸殼最大壓力CT3設計洪水位，每個水力單元一臺機額定功率運行，另一臺機開機，調壓室涌波水位最高時甩負荷。機組蝸殼最大壓力CT4上游正常蓄水位，同一水力單元的機組一次相繼甩負荷，機組導葉正常關閉。相繼甩負荷工況的確定需考慮電氣主接線型式。機組蝸殼最大壓力機組轉速上升率CT5上游正常蓄水位，同一壓力主管相關的各臺機組額定輸出功率運行，同時甩全部負荷，1臺機組分段關閉失靈，導葉直線關閉，同一水力單元的其他機組導葉正常關閉。機組分段關閉失靈，機組導葉直線關閉，關閉時間短，機組蝸殼內水壓力比分段關閉大。若經論證不會發生分段關閉失靈，也可不計算此工況。機組蝸殼最大壓力尾水管進口最小壓力CT6校核水位，額定出力，同一水力單元一臺機導葉關死，另一臺機導葉關至0出力開度并在流入調壓室流量最大時開機。相繼甩負荷工況的確定需考慮電氣主接線型式。尾水系統各斷面最大壓力CT7上游低水位，間隔1個或2個振蕩周期連續開機。調壓室最高涌波水位引水系統個斷面最高點處的最小壓力1.2計算結果導葉關閉規律初步計算時先擬定導葉關閉時間為10s，開啟時間為25s。機組參數結果大波動機組參數結果如表1.3。表1.3大波動機組參數結果工況機組號蝸殼最大壓力(m)時間(s)尾水管最小壓力(m)時間(s)最大轉速升高率時間(s)DT14#119.611.681.844.9449.96.6DT21#114.641.680.334.9450.647.412#114.53344.020.64.8149.516.623#118.281.920.911.1851.67.474#116.791.771.241.03517.43DT3-11#120.184.50.483.9844.426.52#119.034.350.773.8643.96.483#124.14.730.854.2741.236.524#122.594.581.344.1444.716.5DT41#121.25917.880.84917.3341.47919.52#119.87917.81.23917.2744.94919.483#124.65917.951.58917.3746.29919.534#123.23917.851.88917.2941.77919.5DT54#126.282.050.462.1811.13.14DT61#86.830.151.2736.4400.012#88.091.382.970.0200.013#86.870.151.2734.7300.014#88.410.462.470.900.01DT71#116.78532.141.39531.5342.53533.712#116.32869.691.77531.4742.02533.693#120.18532.182.08531.5743.37533.744#118.79532.132.38531.542.86533.72DT81#111.83873.44-0.55531.5848.36534.652#112.24879.45-0.26531.547.445343#111.86533.390.13531.6349.34534.74#111.78879.710.4531.5448.76534.67CT11#97.83224.442.7544.8734.54239.12#1131.520.554.81496.383#97.02316.193.21103.0734.28216.264#116.21.771.191.0350.87.36CT21#116.041.6816.564.9440.976.922#111.52311.7116.834.8139.966.483#119.361.9217.031.1842.027.484#1181.7717.351.0341.487.43CT31#116.87912.4717.33910.9842.1913.522#111.82912.217.58911.6741.09913.083#119.88912.7117.99911.0343.18914.084#118.63912.418.24910.9542.63914.04CT4(間隔1s)1#120.541.680.374.9444.557.52#118.854.350.753.8643.856.473#124.461.920.871.1841.367.534#122.394.581.324.1444.666.5CT4(間隔2s)1#120.816.560.426.1444.658.512#118.744.350.743.8643.816.463#124.66.840.626.3841.468.544#122.274.581.34.1444.626.49CT4(間隔3s)1#121.117.560.327.0544.739.522#118.694.350.733.8643.796.463#1258.060.827.3241.549.554#122.24.581.294.1444.66.48CT4(間隔4s)1#121.638.690.437.9644.8710.522#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#121.668.980.918.5241.6810.554#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔5s)1#122.0510.550.529.2141.0211.512#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#121.639.940.649.4141.8311.544#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔6s)1#122.9710.550.3310.0741.1612.512#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#121.8810.810.8110.3541.9712.544#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔7s)1#122.411.71-0.2311.0741.2913.52#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#126.4912.020.6811.2846.1113.544#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔8s)1#122.3812.740.1412.0341.4114.512#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#126.4512.940.2112.4846.2314.534#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔9s)1#122.3813.710.1813.1341.5211.52#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#121.9413.890.3912.4846.3311.534#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT4(間隔10s)1#122.4614.540.4414.141.616.52#118.684.350.733.8643.786.453#126.4311.080.8714.2946.4216.534#122.184.581.294.1444.596.48CT51#120.184.50.483.9844.426.52#119.034.350.773.8643.96.483#124.14.730.854.2741.236.524#122.594.581.344.1444.716.5CT61#134.598.2814.028.2839.027.42#114.661.5219.864.8137.726.373#131.018.2811.088.2839.877.474#117.621.7720.361.0339.337.42CT71#90.360.154.9436.4300.012#90.40.551.621109.5400.013#90.360.154.9434.7400.014#90.410.461.611104.0500.01機組極值統計表1.4大波動機組極值統計蝸殼末端最大動水壓力(m)尾水管最小壓力(m)轉速最大上升率(%)蝸殼末端最大動水壓力(m)尾水管最小壓力(m)轉速最大上升率(%)控制標準140-1.555140-1.555極值設計工況126.28-0.5551.6校核工況131.01-0.2350.8時間(s)2.05531.587.478.2811.077.36對應工況DT5DT8/1#DT2/3#CT6/3#CT4(7s)/1#CT1/4#機組沿線壓力分布表1.5機組上游側壓力分布距離進水口的距離(m)管道中心線高程(m)最高壓力（m）最低壓力(m)0.0002362.324.70019.70034.9002362.331.00012.54011186.150234661.38418.08611206.150234463.39620.06611261.350234463.45819.95911378.0672291.4116.08072.31211866.1372291.4129.92567.242表1.6機組下游側壓力分布距離進水口的距離(m)管道中心線高程(m)最高壓力（m）最低壓力(m)11641.3672276.85053.85319.22311711.2572281.70043.53612.56311866.1372298.50026.2833.8501.3結果分析蝸殼進口最大動水壓力控制工況是設計工況DT5和校核工況CT6。設計工況DT5極值為126.28m，校核工況CT7極值為131.01m，均能滿足控制要求。尾水管進口最小動水壓力的控制工況是設計工況DT8