經濟學專業詞匯中英文對照A20accounting會計accountingcost會計成本accountingprofit會計利潤adverseselection逆向選擇allocation配置allocationofresources資源配置allocativeefficiency配置效率antitrustlegislation反托拉斯法arcelasticity弧彈性assumption假設asymmetricinformation非對稱性信息average平均averagecost平均成本averagecostpricing平均成本定價法averagefixedcost平均固定成本averageproductofcapital資本平均產量averageproductoflabour勞動平均產量averagerevenue平均收益averagetotalcost平均總成本averagevariablecost平均可變成本B12barrierstoentry進入壁壘baseyear基年bilateralmonopoly雙邊壟斷benefit收益blackmarket黑市blisspoint極樂點boundarypoint邊界點breakevenpoint收支相抵點budget預算budgetconstraint預算約束budgetline預算線budgetset預算集C75capital資本capitalstock資本存量capitaloutputratio資本產出比率capitalism資本主義cardinalutilitytheory基數效用論cartel卡特爾ceterisparibusassumption“其他條件不變”的假設ceterisparibusdemandcurve“其他因素不變”的需求曲線Chamberlainmodel張伯倫模型changeindemand需求變化changeinquantitydemanded需求量變化changeinquantitysupplied供給量變化changeinsupply供給變化choice選擇closedset閉集Coasetheorem科斯定理Cobb-Douglasproductionfunction柯布--道格拉斯生產函數cobwebmodel蛛網模型collectivebargaining集體協議工資collusion合謀commandeconomy指令經濟commodity商品commoditycombination商品組合commoditymarket商品市場commodityspace商品空間commonproperty公用財產comparativestaticanalysis比較靜態分析compensatedbudgetline補償預算線compensateddemandfunction補償需求函數compensationprinciples補償原則compensatingvariationinincome收入補償變量competition競爭competitivemarket競爭性市場complementgoods互補品completeinformation完全信息completeness完備性conditionforefficiencyinexchange交換的最優條件conditionforefficiencyinproduction生產的最優條件concave凹concavefunction凹函數concavepreference凹偏好consistence一致性constantcostindustry成本不變產業constantreturnstoscale規模報酬不變constraints約束consumer消費者consumerbehavior消費者行為consumerchoice消費者選擇consumerequilibrium消費者均衡consumeroptimization消費者優化consumerpreference消費者偏好consumersurplus消費者剩余consumertheory消費者理論consumption消費consumptionbundle消費束consumptioncombination消費組合consumptionpossibilitycurve消費可能曲線consumptionpossibilityfrontier消費可能性前沿consumptionset消費集consumptionspace消費空間continuity連續性continuousfunction連續函數contractcurve契約曲線convex凸convexfunction凸函數convexpreference凸偏好convexset凸集corporation公司cost成本costbenefitanalysis成本收益分析costfunction成本函數costminimization成本最小化Cournotequilibrium古諾均衡Cournotmodel古諾模型cross-priceelasticity交叉價格彈性D32dead-weightsloss重負損失decreasingcostindustry成本遞減產業decreasingreturnstoscale規模報酬遞減deduction演繹法demand需求demandcurve需求曲線demandelasticity需求彈性demandfunction需求函數demandprice需求價格demandschedule需求表depreciation折舊derivative導數derivedemand派生需求differenceequation差分方程differentialequation微分方程differentiatedgood差異商品differentiatedoligopoly差異寡頭diminishingmarginalsubstitution邊際替代率遞減diminishingmarginalreturn收益遞減diminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減directapproach直接法directtaxes直接稅discounting貼水、折扣diseconomiesofscale規模不經濟disequilibrium非均衡distribution分配divisionoflabour勞動分工duopoly雙頭壟斷、雙寡duality對偶durablegoods耐用品dynamicanalysis動態分析dynamicmodels動態模型E50economicagents經濟行為者economiccost經濟成本economicefficiency經濟效率economicgoods經濟物品economicman經濟人economicmode經濟模型economicprofit經濟利潤economicregulation經濟調節economicrent經濟租金exchange交換exchangeefficiency交換效率exchangecontractcurve交換契約曲線economyofscale規模經濟Edgeworthboxdiagram埃奇沃思圖exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworthcontractcurve埃奇沃思契約線Edgeworthmodel埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率、效益efficiencyparameter效率參數elasticity彈性elasticityofsubstitution替代彈性endogenousvariable內生變量endowment稟賦endowmentofresources資源稟賦Engelcurve恩格爾曲線entrepreneur企業家entrepreneurship企業家才能entrybarriers進入壁壘entry/exitdecision進出決策envelopecurve包絡線equilibrium均衡equilibriumcondition均衡條件equilibriumprice均衡價格equilibriumquantity均衡產量equity公平equivalentvariationinincome收入等價變量excess-capacitytheorem過度生產能力定理existence存在性existenceofgeneralequilibrium總體均衡的存在性expansionpaths擴展徑expectation期望expectedutility期望效用expectedvalue期望值expenditure支出explicitcost顯性成本externalbenefit外部收益externalcost外部成本externaleconomy外部經濟externaldiseconomy外部不經濟externalities外部性F24factor要素factordemand要素需求factormarket要素市場factorsofproduction生產要素factorsubstitution要素替代factorsupply要素供給fallacyofcomposition合成謬誤finalgoods最終產品firm企業firms'demandcurveforlabour企業勞動需求曲線firmsupplycurve企業供給曲線first-degreepricediscrimination第一級價格歧視first-ordercondition一階條件fixedcosts固定成本fixedinput固定投入fixedproportionsproductionfunction固定比例的生產函數flow流量fluctuation波動forwhomtoproduce為誰生產freeentry自由進入freegoods自由品、免費品freemobilityofresources資源自由流動freerider搭便車、免費搭車者futurevalue未來值G11gametheory博弈論、對策論generalequilibrium總體均衡、一般均衡generalgoods一般商品Giffengoods吉芬商品Giffen'sParadox吉芬之謎Ginicoefficient吉尼系數goldenrule黃金規則governmentfailure政府失敗governmentregulation政府調控grandutilitypossibilitycurve總效用可能曲線grandutilitypossibilityfrontier總效用可能前沿H9heterogeneousproduct異質產品Hicks-kaldorwelfarecriterion希克斯－卡爾多福利標準homogeneity齊次性homogeneousdemandfunction齊次需求函數homogeneousproduct同質產品homogeneousproductionfunction齊次生產函數horizontalsummation水平和humancapital人力資本hypothesis假說I52identity恒等式imperfectcompetition不完全競爭implicitcost隱性成本income收入incomecompensateddemandcurve收入補償需求曲線incomeconstraint收入約束incomeconsumptioncurve收入消費曲線incomedistribution收入分配incomeeffect收入效應incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入彈性increasingcostindustry成本遞增產業increasingreturnstoscale規模報酬遞增indexnumber指數indifference無差異indifferencecurve無差異曲線indifferencemap無差異族indifferencerelation無差異關系indifferenceset無差異集indirectapproach間接法individualanalysis個量分析individualdemandcurve個人需求曲線individualdemandfunction個人需求函數inducedvariable引致變量induction歸納法industry產業industryequilibrium產業均衡industrysupplycurve產業供給曲線inelastic缺乏彈性的inferiorgoods劣品inflectionpoint拐點information信息informationcost信息成本initialcondition初始條件initialendowment初始稟賦innovation創新input投入input-output投入－產出institution制度institutionaleconomics制度經濟學insurance保險intercept截距interest利息interestrate利息率intermediategoods中間產品internalizationofexternalities外部性內部化invention發明inversedemandfunction反需求函數invisiblehand看不見的手isocostline等成本線isoprofitcurve等利潤曲線isoquantcurve等產量曲線isoquantmap等產量族K1kinked-demandcurve彎折的需求曲線L30labourdemand勞動需求laboursupply勞動供給labourtheoryofvalue勞動價值論labourunions工會laissezfaire自由放任Lagrangianfunction拉格朗日函數Lagrangianmultiplier拉格朗日乘數lawofdemandandsupply供需法則lawofdiminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減法則lawofdiminishingmarginalrateofsubstitution邊際替代率遞減法則lawofincreasingcost成本遞增法則lawofoneprice單一價格法則leader-followermodel領導者－跟隨者模型least-costcombinationofinputs最低成本的投入組合leisure閑暇Leontiefproductionfunction里昂惕夫生產函數licenses許可證lineardemandfunction線性需求函數linearhomogeneity線性齊次性linearhomogeneousproductionfunction線性齊次生產函數longrun長期longrunaveragecost長期平均成本longrunequilibrium長期均衡longrunindustrysupplycurve長期產業供給曲線longrunmarginalcost長期邊際成本longruntotalcost長期總成本Lorenzcurve洛倫茲曲線lossminimization損失極小化lumpsumtax一次性征稅luxury奢侈品M45macroeconomics宏觀經濟學marginalbenefit邊際收益marginalcost邊際成本marginalcostpricing邊際成本定價marginalcostoffactor邊際要素成本marginalperiod市場期marginalphysicalproductivity邊際實物生產率marginalproduct邊際產量marginalproductofcapital資本的邊際產量marginalproductoflabour勞動的邊際產量marginalproductivity邊際生產率marginalrateofsubstitution邊際替代率marginalrateoftransformation邊際轉換率marginalreturns邊際回報marginalrevenue邊際收益marginalrevenueproduct邊際收益產品marginalrevolution邊際革命marginalsocialbenefit社會邊際收益marginalsocialcost社會邊際成本marginalutility邊際效用marginalvalueproducts邊際價值產品marketclearance市場出清marketeconomy市場經濟marketequilibrium市場均衡marketfailure市場失靈marketmechanism市場機制marketstructure市場結構marketseparation市場分割marketregulation市場調節marketshare市場份額markuppricing加減定價法Marshalliandemandfunction馬歇爾需求函數maximization最大化microeconomics微觀經濟學minimumwage最低工資misallocationofresources資源誤置mixedeconomy混合經濟monopolisticcompetition壟斷競爭monopolisticexploitation壟斷剝削monopoly壟斷，賣方壟斷monopolyequilibrium壟斷均衡monopolypricing壟斷定價monopolyregulation壟斷調控monopolyrents壟斷租金monopsony買方壟斷N17Nashequilibrium納什均衡naturalmonopoly自然壟斷naturalresources自然資源necessarycondition必要條件necessities必需品netdemand凈需求nonconvexpreference非凸性偏好nonconvexity非凸性nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinearpricing非線性定價nonrivalry非對抗性nonpricecompetition非價格競爭nonsatiation非飽和性non-zero-sumgame非零和對策normalgoods正常品normalprofit正常利潤normativeeconomics規范經濟學O17objectivefunction目標函數oligopoly寡頭壟斷oligopolymarket寡頭市場oligopolymodel寡頭模型opportunitycost機會成本optimalchoice最佳選擇optimalconsumptionbundle消費束optimalresourceallocation最佳資源配置optimalscale最佳規模optimalsolution最優解optimization優化orderingofoptimization(social)preference（社會）偏好排序ordinalutility序數效用ordinarygoods一般品output產出outputelasticity產出彈性outputmaximization產出極大化P68parameter參數Paretocriterion帕累托標準Paretoefficiency帕累托效率Paretoimprovement帕累托改進Paretooptimality帕累托優化Paretoset帕累托集partialderivative偏導數partialequilibrium局部均衡patent專利payoffmatrix收益矩陣、支付矩陣perceiveddemandcurve感覺到的需求曲線perfectcompetition完全競爭perfectcomplement完全互補品perfectmonopoly完全壟斷perfectpricediscrimination完全價格歧視perfectsubstitution完全替代品perfectinelasticity完全無彈性perfectelasticity完全有彈性plantsize工廠規模pointelasticity點彈性positiveeconomics實證經濟學PostHocFallacy后此謬誤prediction預測preference偏好preferencerelation偏好關系presentvalue現值priceadjustmentmodel價格調整模型priceceiling最高限價priceconsumptioncurve價格消費曲線pricecontrol價格管制pricedifference價格差別pricediscrimination價格歧視priceelasticityofdemand需求價格彈性priceelasticityofsupply供給價格彈性pricefloor最低限價pricemaker價格制定者pricerigidity價格剛性priceseeker價格搜求者pricetaker價格接受者privatebenefit私人收益principal-agentissues委托－代理問題privatecost私人成本privategoods私人用品privateproperty私人財產producerequilibrium生產者均衡producertheory生產者論producttransformationcurve產品轉換曲線productdifferentiation產品差異productgroup產品集團productioncontractcurve生產契約曲線productionefficiency生產效率productionfunction生產函數productionpossibilitycurve生產可能曲線productivity生產率productivityofcapital資本生產率productivityoflabour勞動生產率profitfunction利潤函數profitmaximization利潤最大化propertyrights產權propertyrightseconomics產權經濟學proposition定理proportionaldemandcurve成比例的需求函數publicbenefits公共收益publicchoice公共選擇publicgoods公共商品purecompetition純粹競爭pureexchange純交換puremonopoly純粹壟斷Q3quantity-adjustmentmodel數量調整模型quantitytax從量稅quasi-rent準租金R18rateofproducttransformation產品轉換率rationality理性reactionfunction反應函數regulation調節，調控relativeprice相對價格rent租金rentseeking尋租rentseekingeconomics尋租經濟學resource資源resourceallocation資源配置returns報酬、回報returnstoscale規模報酬revealedpreference顯示性偏好revenue收益revenuecurve收益曲線revenuefunction收益函數revenuemaximization收益最大化ridgeline脊線S43satiation飽和，滿足saving儲蓄scarcity稀缺性lawofscarcity稀缺法則second-degreepricediscrimination二級價格歧視secondderivative二階導數second-ordercondition二階條件service勞務shadowprices影子價格short-run短期short-runcostcurve短期成本曲線short-runequilibrium短期均衡short-runsupplycurve短期供給曲線shutdowndecision關閉決策shortage短缺shutdownpoint關閉點singlepricemonopoly單一定價壟斷slope斜率socialbenefit社會收益socialcost社會成本socialindifferencecurve社會無差異曲線socialpreference社會偏好socialsecurity社會保障socialwelfarefunction社會福利函數socialism社會主義sol