2023名校版高考英語閱讀理解精

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HiddenbeneaththesurfaceintherootsofEarthsastonishing

anddiverseplantlife,thereexistsabiologicalsuperhighway

linkingtogetherthemembersoftheplantkingdominwhat

researcherscallthe“woodwideweb".

Thenetworkiscomprisedofthinthreadsoffungus（真菌）

thatgrowoutwardsundergrounduptoafewmetersfromits

partneringplant,meaningthatalloftheplantlifewithinaregion

likelyconnectedtooneanother.Thepartnershipisbeneficialfor

bothpartiesinvolved,plantsprovidecarbohydrates（碳水化合物）

tothefungusesandinexchange,thefungusesaidingathering

waterandprovidingnutrientstoitspartneringplant.

AstudyconductedbyRensenZengoftheSouthChina

AgriculturalUniversityfoundthatthisalsoallowedforplantsto

warnoneanotherofpotentialharm.ThestudyshowedBroad

Beansusedthefungalnetworktospyononeanotherfor

upcomingdanger.

LikeourInternet,thisfungalconnectivityisalsofullof

crime.Someplants,suchasGoldenMarigoldshavebeenfound

toreleasepoisonsintothenetworktoslowdownthegrowthof

surroundingplantsinthefightforwaterandlight.Otherplants,

suchasthePhantomOrchid,donothavethechlorophyll（葉綠素）

andmustgetthenecessarynutrientsfromsurroundingplants.

Researchsuggeststhatanimalssuchasinsectsandworms

maybeabletodetectslightexchangesofnutrientsthroughthe

network,allowingthemtomoreeasilyfinddeliciousrootsto

feedon;however,thishasnotbeenconclusivelymadeclearin

experimentation.Themorewelearnaboutthisphenomenon,the

moreourunderstandingoftheplantlifeofourplanetwill

continuetochange.Perhapsoneday,wemaybeabletomapout

thesecomplexnetworksentirely.

1.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?

A.Toexplaintheaimoftheweb.

B.Tointroducethemaintopic.

C.Togivedefinitionofdiverselife.

D.Toshowtheimportanceofplants.

2.Thecriminalbehaviorofplantscanbeseenasaway

to.

A.competeforsurvival

B.gathermorewater

C.takeinsunlight

D.breaknaturalrules

3.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?

A.Animalscanalsofeedonthefungus.

B.Nutrientexchangesaretooslighttodetect.

C.Noexperimentcanprovethephenomenon.

D.Moreneedstobedonetoworkoutthenetwork.

4.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.ThePartnershipbetweenPlants

B.TheUnknownRootsoftheEarth

C.TheSuperhighwayLinkingthePlants

D.TheMysteriousMapChangingtheWorld

BADC

Bothhoneybeesandantsaresocialinsectsthatliveingroups

calledcolonies.Theysurvivebymeansoftheircollective

intelligence.Theirdecisionmakingpowerisdistributed

throughoutthegroup;thatis,nooneantorbeemakesdecisions

forthegroup.Instead,theyworktogether.AsDeborah

M.Gordon,abiologistofStanfordUniversity,says,〃Antsaren'

tsmart.Antcoloniesare"Thesameistrueforbee

colonies.Althoughbeesandantsarequitedifferentphysically,

theyhavealotincommonintermsoftheirbehavior.Specifically,

honeybeesandantshavesimilarroleswithinthecolony,both

havecommunicationsystems,andbothhavethecapacityof

learning.

Antscommunicatebyusingchemicalscalledpheromones,

whichcanalertotherstodangerortoafoodsource.Forexample,

whenworkerantsfindapromisingsource,theylettherestof

colonyknowhowtofinditbyleavingatrailofpheromoneson

thewaybacktothecolony.Theotherantspickupthemessage

usingtheirsenseofsmell.Bees,ontheotherhand,use

movementtocommunicatewitheachother.Workerbeessend

messagetoeachotherbymeansofa"dance”.Differentspeeds

andmovementssenddifferentmessages.Forexample,when

workerbeescalledforscoutstogoouttofindanewhomefor

thecolony,theyreturnanddoadancefortheotherworkerbees

thatindicatesthelocationofthenewhomeandhowsuitableit

is.Thefasterthescoutsdance,thebetterthenewlocationis.

Honeybeesandantsarebothcapableoflearning.One

Chinesestudyfindsthatbeescanbetrainedtolearnand

rememberaroutetoafoodsource.Theresearchersalsofinds

thatbeescanbetaughttorecognizehiddenobjectsandusethe

conceptsof"sameness"and^difference"toaccomplish

certaintasks.Antstakethisonestepfurther.RecentAmerican

researchhasshownthatantsnotonlyhavetheabilitytolearn,

butalsocanteachtheirforagingskillstootheryounger

ants.Theyobservedthatolderantsaccompanyyoungantsin

searchoffoodandteachthemtherouteandhowtoavoid

obstacles.

Aswecansee,thesocialbehaviorofhoneybeesandantsis

quitesimilar.Bothcoordinatecomplexactionsandaccomplish

crucialsurvivaltasksbycooperatingingroupsconsistingof

manyindividuals.Unintelligentastheymaybeasindividuals,as

groupstheyoftenshowamazingbrillianceastheygoabout

theireverydayactivities.

12.Whatdoantsandbeeshaveincommon?

A.Theymakeuseofcollectiveintelligence.

B.Theyliveinsimilarsizedcolonies.

C.Theyhavesmallleadershipgroupsthatmakealldecisions.

D.Theyusethesamemethodtocommunicatewitheachother.

13.Whatdoesthespeedofabee'sdanceindicate?

A.Thedistancetoaneighboringcolony.