第一篇：收音機(jī)RadioAutomation

Todaytheyareeverywhere.Productionlinescontrolledbycomputersandoperatedby

robots.There'snochatterofassemblyworkers,justthewhirrandclickofmachines.

Inthemid-1940s,theworkcrlcssfactorywasstillthestuffofsciencefiction.There

werenocomputerstospeakofandelectronicswasprimitive.Yethiddenawayinthe

EnglishcountrysidewasahighlyautomatedproductionlinecalledECME,which

couldturnout1500radioreceiversadaywithalmostnohelpfromhumanhands.

A

JohnSargrove,thevisionaryengineerwhodevelopedthetechnology,waswayahead

ofhistime.Formorethanadecade,Sargrovehadbeentryingtofigureouthowto

makecheaperradios.Automatingthemanufacturingprocesswouldhelp.Butradios

didn'tlendthemselvestosuchmethods:thereweretoomanypartstofittogetherand

toomanywirestosolder.Evenasimplereceivermighthave30separatecomponents

and8()hand-solderedconnections.Ateverystage,thingshadtobetestedand

inspected.Makingradiosrequiredhighlyskilledlabor-andlotsofit.

B

In1944,Sargrovecameupwiththeanswer.Uissolutionwastodispensewithmostof

thefiddlybitsbyinventingaprimitivechip-aslabofBakelitewithallthereceiver's

electricalcomponentsandconnectionsembeddedinit.Thiswassomethingthatcould

bemadebymachines,andhedesignedthoseloo.Attheendofthewar,Sargrovebuilt

anautomaticproductionline,whichhecalledECME(electronic

circuit-makingequipment),inasmallfactoryinEffingham,Surrey.

ECMELine

C

AnoperatorsatatoneendofeachECMEline,feedingintheplates.Shedidn'tneed

muchskill,onlyquickhands.Fromnowon,everythingwascontrolledbyelectronic

switchesandrelays.Firststopwasthesandbluster,whichroughenedthesurfaceof

theplasticsothatmoltenmetalwouldsticktoit.Theplateswerethencleanedto

removeanytracesofgrit.Themachineautomaticallycheckedthatthesurfacewas

roughenoughbeforesendingtheplatetothesprayingsection.There,eightnozzles

rotatedintopositionandsprayedmoltenzincoverbothsidesoftheplate.Again,the

nozzlesonlybegantospraywhenaplatewasinplace.Theplatewhizzedon.The

nextstopwasthemillingmachine,whichgroundawaythesurfacelayerofmetalto

leavethecircuitandothercomponentsinthegroovesandrecesses.Nowtheplatewas

acompositeofmetalandplastic.Itspedontobelacqueredandhaveitscircuitstested.

Bythetimeitemergedfromtheendoftheline,robothandshadfilleditwithsockets

toattachcomponentssuchasvalvesandloudspeakers.WhenECMEwasworkingflat

out,thewholeprocesstook20seconds.

D

ECMEwasastonishinglyadvanced.Electroniceyes,photocellsthatgeneratedasmall

currentwhenapanelarrived,triggeredeachstepintheoperation,soavoiding

excessivewearandtearonthemachineryTheplateswereautomaticallytestedateach

stageastheymovedalongtheconveyor.Andifmorethantwoplatesinsuccession

wereduds,themachineswereautomaticallyadjusted-orIfnecessaryhalted.Ina

conventionalfactory,workerswouldtestfaulty-circuitsandrepairthem.But

Sargrove'sassemblylineproducedcircuitssocheaplytheyJustthrewawaythefaulty

ones.Sargrove'scircuitboardwasevenmoreastonishingforthetime.Itpredatedthe

morefamiliarprintedcircuit,withwiringprintedonaboard,yetwasmore

sophisticated.Itsbuilt-incomponentsmadeitmorelikeamodemchip.

E

WhenSargroveunveiledhisinventionatameetingoftheBritishInstitutionofRadio

EngineersinFebruary1947,theassembledengineerswereimpressed.Sowasthe

manfromTheTimes.ECME,hereportedthefollowingday,"producesalmost

withouthumanlabour,acompleteradioreceivingset.Thisnewmethodofproduction

canbeequallywellappliedtotelevisionandotherformsofelectronicapparatus."

F

Thereceivershadmanyadvantagesovertheirpredecessors.Witcomponentsthey

weremorerobust.Robotsdidn'tmakethesortsofmistakeshumanassemblyworkers

sometimesdid."Wiringmistakesjustcannothappen/wroteSargrove.Nowiresalso

meanttheradioswerelighterandcheapertoshipabroad.Andwithnosolderedwires

tocomeunstuck,theradiosweremorereliable.Sargrovepointedoutthatthecircuit

boardsdidn'thavetobeflat.Theycouldbecurved,openinguptheprospectof

buildingtheelectronicsintothecabinetofBakeliteradios.

G

Sargrovewasallforintroducingthistypeofautomationtootherproducts.Itcouldbe

usedtomakemorecomplexelectronicequipmentthanradios,heargued.Andevenif

onlypartofamanufacturingprocesswereautomated,thesavingswouldbe

substantial.Butwhilehisinventionwasbrilliant,histimingwasbad.ECMEwastoo

advancedforitsowngood.Itwasonlycompetitiveonhugeproductionrunsbecause

eachnewjobmeantretoolingthemachines.Butdisruptionwasfrequent.

Sophisticatedasitwas,ECMEstilldependedonold-fashionedelectromechanical

relaysandvalves-whichfailedwithmonotonousregularity.ThestateofBritain's

economyaddedtoSargrove'stroubles.Productionwasdoggedbypowercutsand

post-warshortagesofmaterials.Sargrove'sfinancialbackersbegantogetcoldfeet.

H

TherewasanotherproblemSargrovehadn'tforeseen.OneofECME*sbiggest

advantages-thesavingsonthecostoflabour-alsoaccelerateditsdownfall.Sargrove's

factoryhadtwoECMEproductionlinestoproducethetwocircuitsneededforeach

radio.Betweenthemthesedidwhatathousandassemblyworkerswouldotherwise

havedone.Humanhandswereneededonlytofeedtherawmaterialinatoneendand

plugthevalvesintotheirsocketsandfittheloudspeakersattheother.Afterthat,the

onlyjobleftwastofitthepairofBakelitepanelsintoaradiocabinetandcheckthatit

worked.

I

Sargrovesawautomationasthewaytosolvepost-warlaborshortages.With

somewhatUtopianidealism,heimaginedhisnewtechnologywouldfreepeoplefrom

boring,repetitivejobsontheproductionlineandallowthemtodomoreinteresting

work."Don'tgettheideathatweareouttoiobpeopleoftheirjobs,1hetoldtheDaily

Mirror."Ourtaskistoliberatemenandwomenfrombeingslavesofmachines."

Theworkerssawthingsdifferently.Theyviewedautomationinthesamelightasthe

everlastinglightbulborthesuitthatneverwearsout-asathreattopeople's

livelihoods.Ifautomationspread,theywouldn'tbereleasedtodomoreexcitingjobs.

They'dbereleasedtojointhedolequeue.FinancialbackingforECMEfizzledout.

Themoneydriedup.AndBritainlostitsleadinatechnologythatwouldtransform

industryjustafewyearslater.

Question1-7

Summary

ThefollowingdiagramexplainstheprocessofECME:

CompletethefollowingchartoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomore

thantwowordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersin

boxes1-7onyouranswersheet.

Question8-11

Summary

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingno

morethantwowordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswers

inboxes8-11onyouranswersheet.

Sargrovehadbeendedicatedtocreatea8radiobyautomationofmanufacture.

Theoldversionofradiohadalargenumberofindependent9Afterthis

innovationmade,wireless-styleradiosbecame10andinexpensivetoexport

oversea.AstheSargrovesawit,therealbenefitofECME'sradiowasthatit

reduced11ofmanualwork.whichcanbeeasilycopiedtootherindustriesof

manufacturingelectronicdevices.

Cheaper、components、lighter、cost

Question12-13

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes12-13onyouranswersheet.

12WhatwereworkersattitudetowardsECMEModelinitially?A

Aanxious

Bwelcoming

Cboring

Dinspiring

13Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?C

Aapproachtoreducethepriceofradio

Banewgenerationoffullypopularproductsandsuccessfulbusiness

Canapplicationoftheautomationintheearlystage

DECMEtechnologycanbeappliedinmanyproductfields

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：

體裁說明文

題目收音機(jī)自動(dòng)化一集成電路的先驅(qū)

結(jié)構(gòu)Paragr叩h1:在電子技術(shù)極其落后的1940s,英國(guó)出現(xiàn)了收音機(jī)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)

線…ECME.

A段：收音機(jī)并不特別適合用自動(dòng)化流程生產(chǎn)。

B段：Sargrove是如何解決收音機(jī)不適合自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的問題，從而導(dǎo)致ECME誕

生的。

C段：ECME生產(chǎn)線的各道工序介紹。

D段：ECME生產(chǎn)線的先進(jìn)之處（自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線、自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、比primedcircuit

更早更先進(jìn)）

E段：各界對(duì)于ECME生產(chǎn)線的評(píng)價(jià)。

F段：ECME生產(chǎn)出來的收音機(jī)相對(duì)于之前收音機(jī)的幾項(xiàng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

G段：雖然ECME生產(chǎn)線可以被改造用于生產(chǎn)其他產(chǎn)品，但是它還是受很多因

素制約的（包括改造成本、配件的不可靠、當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)狀）。

H段：ECME可以節(jié)約大量的勞動(dòng)力，但是這卻成了它失敗的另一條原因。

I段：Sargrove認(rèn)為ECME有助于解決勞動(dòng)力短缺的問題，并將勞動(dòng)力從無聊重

復(fù)的工作中解放出來。

J段：工人們認(rèn)為ECME會(huì)不利于工人的就業(yè)。

參考答案：

l.chip2.grit3.moltenzinc4,millingmachine5.sockets

6.1oudspeakers7.valves8.cheaper9.componentslO.lighter

11.cost12.A13.C

第二篇：BondiBeach澳洲班迪沙灘

A

BondiBeach,Australia'smostfamousbeachislocatedinthesuburbofBondi,inthe

LocalGovernmentAreaofWaverlcy,sevenkilometersfromthecentreofSydney.

"Bondi"or"Boondi'1isanAboriginalwordmeaningwaterbreakingoverrocksorthe

soundofbreakingwaves.TheAustralianMuseumrecordsthatBondimeansplace

whereaflightofnullastookplace.

B

Theindigenouspeopleoftheareaboostawealthofuniqueculturesandtraditions.

Theaboriginalrockartisbelievedtobemosttypicalartform,consistingofrock

paintingsandrockengravings.TherearestillAboriginalrockcarvingsleftonthe

northernendofthebeachatBenBucklerandsouthofBondiBeachnearMcKenzies

Beachonthecoastalwalk.Later,theBritisharrivedinAustraliaandconstructedthe

firstsettlementinSydneyCoveon26January,1788.ThecategorynAboriginal

Australians1'wascoinedby(heBritishaftertheybegancolonisingAustralia,torefer

collectivelytoallpeopletheyfoundalreadyinhabitingthecontinent,andlatertothe

descendantsofanyofthosepeople.

C

Fromthemid-1800s,BondiBeachwasafavouritelocationforfamilyoutingsand

picnics.Thebeginningsofthesuburbgobackto1809,whentheearlyroadbuilder.

WilliamRobertsreceivedfromGovernorBlighagrantof81hectaresofwhatisnow

mostofthebusinessandresidentialareaofBondiBeach.In1851.EdwardSmithHall

andFrancisO'Brienpurchased200acresoftheBondiareathatembracedalmostthe

wholefrontageofBondiBeach,anditwasnamedthe"TheBondiEstate".Between

1855and1877O'BrienpurchasedHall'sshareoftheland,renamedthelandthe

"O'BrienEstate",andmadethebeachandthesurroundinglandavailabletothepublic

asapicnicgroundandamusementresort.Asthebeachbecameincreasinglypopular.

O'Brienthreatenedtostoppublicbeachaccess.However,theMunicipalCouncil

believedthattheGovernmentneededtointervenetomakethebeachapublicreserve.

D

Duringthe1900s,beachbecameassociatedwithhealth,leisureanddemocracy一a

playgroundeveryonecouldenjoyequallyBondiBeachwasaworkingclasssuburb

throughoutmostofthetwentiethcenturywithmigrantpeoplefromNewZealand

comprisingthemajorityofthelocalpopulation.Thefirsttramwayreachedthebeach

in1884.Followingthis,trambecamethefirstpublictransportationinBondi.Asan

alternative,thisactionchangedtherulethatonlyrichpeoplecanenjoythebeach.By

the1930sBondiwasdrawingnotonlylocalvisitorsbutalsopeoplefromelsewherein

Australiaandoverseas.AdvertisingatthetimereferredtoBondiBeachasthe

"PlaygroundofthePacific".

E

Thereisagrowingtrendthatpeoplepreferrelaxingnearseasideinsteadofliving

unhealthilyincities.Relatedresearchshowsthatspendingtimebytheoceanhas

manypositiveeffectsonhealthandwell-being.Whenyouputapersoninabeach

environment.1*It'snotgoingtobeanygreatsurprisetoyouthatpeoplerelax"said

studyresearcherMathewWhite,anenvironmentalpsychologistatSydney.According

tohisexperiment,oceanexposurecouldbeausefulformoftherapy.Thereforemore

peoplemovetoBondiinordertoexperienceahealthyandpurelife.Thebeautifuland

magnificentsceneryofBondiBeach一sapphirc-likcskyandtransparentsea,along

withpeoplewanderingonthesand,allcontributetoanincrediblepicture.Besides,

swimmingandsurfingarealsopopularanditwouldbetoostupidtowastethegifted

resources.

F

BondiBeachistheendpointoftheCitytoSurfFunRunwhichisheldeachyearin

August.Australiansurfcarnivalsfurtherinstilledthisimage.ARoyalSurfCarnival

washeldatBondiBeachfortheQueenElizabethIIduringherfirstvisittoAustralia

in1954.Since1867,therehavebeenoverfiftyvisitsbyamemberoftheBritish

RoyalFamilytoAustralia.Inaddition,theBondiBeachMarketisopeneverySunday.

ManywealthypeoplespendChristmasDayatthebeach.However,theshortageof

housesoccurswhenlotsofpeoplecrushtoseaside.Manlyistheseashoretownwhich

couldsolvethisproblem.However,peoplestillchooseBondiasthesatisfied

destinationratherthanManly.

G

BondiBeachhasacommercialareaalongCampbellParadeandadjacentsidestreets,

featuringmanypopularcafes,restaurants,andhotelsofvariousarchitecturalstyles,

withviewsofthecontemporarybeach.It"isdepictedaswhollymodemandEuropean.

Inthelastdecade,BondiBeach'suniquepositionhasseenadramaticriseinsvelte

housesandapartmentstotakeadvantageoftheviewsandscentofthesea.Thevalley

runningdowntothebeachisfamousworldwideforitsviewofdistinctiveredtiled

roofs.TheinspirationforbuildinghousearchitecturesisderivedfromtypicalBritish

coastaltowns.

H

BondiBeachhostedthebeachvolleyballeventatthe2000SummerOlympics.A

temporary10.000-scatstadium,amuchsmallerstadium.2warm-upcourtsand3

trainingcourtsweresetuptohostthetournament.TheBondiBeachStadiumwas

constructedforitandstoodforjustsixweeks.Campaignersopposeboththesocial

andenvironmentalconsequencesofthedevelopment.Thestadiumwilldividethe

beachintwoandseriouslyrestrictpublicaccessforswimming,walking,andother

formsofoutdoorrecreation.Peopleprotestfortheirhumanrightsofhavingapure

seasideandargueforhealthylifeinBondi.

I"Thcy'rcpreparedtorisktheBondiBeachenvironmentforthesakeofeightdaysof

volleyball"saidStephenUniacke,aconstructionlawyerinvolvedinthecampaign.

Otherenvironmentalconcernsincludethepossibilitythatsoildredgedupfrombelow

thesandwillacidifywhenbroughttothesurface.

Question1-5

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementisfalse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiven

1.ThebeachgotitsnamefromtheBritishcolonists.F

2.TheindigenouscultureinAustraliavariesgreatlyfromtheEuropeanculture.NG

3.LivingnearBondiseashorewilldoharmtopeople'shealth.NG

4.ThehotelslocatedinBondiarebuiltincontemporarystyle.T

5.TheseasidetowninBondiisaffectedbyBritishcultureforitscharacteristicred

color.F

Question6-9

Answerthequestionsbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORONENUMBERfromthe

passageforeachanswer

Writeyouranswersinboxes6-9onyouranswersheet

6.Whichkindofpublictransportationwasconstructedin19thcentury?Tram

7.WhendidQueenElizabethIIpayherfirstvisittoAustralia?1954

8.WhichsportgamedidBondiholdin2000SydneyOlympicGames?Beach

Volleyball

9.Accordingtooneproiesto^sview,whatwouldbedamagedifthestadiumwasbuilt?

Environment

Question10-13

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage1.Choose

NOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthereadingpassageforeachanswer.Write

youranswersinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.

Despitethepopularityofsportsactivitiesinthewater,BondiMarketisalso

welcomedwhichattractslotsof10topayavisithereduringholidays.Dueto

theemergenceoflargecrowd,thelocalaccommodationcannotaffordthishuge

increase.Anearbytownnamed11couldbeasecondchoicewhilesome

peoplewouldstillprefer12asthebestlocation.Thecommercialdistrictof

BondiBeachischaracterizedbyallkindsofinterestingcafes,restaurantsandhostels.

Itsseasidebuildingsarcdistinguishedforthespecialcolored13oftypical

Britishstyle.

Wealthpeople,Manly,Bondi,tiledroofs

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：

(一句話概括每段大意)

A段：班迪海灘的地理位置及名字含義

B段:班迪海灘的起源

C段:班迪海灘的形成歷程

D段:班迪海灘的建設(shè)與發(fā)展

E段：班迪海灘存在的安全隱患以及應(yīng)對(duì)措施

F段：在班迪海灘玩轉(zhuǎn)沖浪狂歡節(jié)等活動(dòng)的舉行

G段：班迪海灘商業(yè)區(qū)的建筑擴(kuò)展

H段：班迪海灘沙灘排球賽的主辦及導(dǎo)致的社會(huì)及環(huán)境后果

I段：對(duì)在班迪海灘主辦排球賽的抗議

答案：

l.FLASE2.NOTGIVEN3.NOTGIVEN4.TRUE5.FALSE

6.Tram7.19548.beachvolleyball9.Environment

lO.wealthypeople11.Manly12.Bondi13.tiledroofs

第三篇：Leaf?CuttingAntsandFungus切葉蟻和真菌

A)Theantsandtheiragriculturehavebeenextensivelystudiedovertheyears,but

therecentresearchhasuncoveredintriguingnewfindingsaboutthefungusthey

cultivate,howtheydomesticateditandhowtheycultivateitandpreserveitfrom

pathogens.Forexample,thefungusfarms,whichtheantswerethoughttokeepfree

ofpathogens,turnouttobevulnerabletoadevastatingmold,foundnowhereelsebut

inants'nests.Tokeepthemoldincheck,theantslongagomadeadiscoverythat

woulddocredittoanypharmaceuticallaboratory.

B)Leaf-cuttingantsandtheirfungusfarmsareamarvelofnatureandperhapsthe

bestknownexampleofsymbiosis,themutualdependenceoftwospecies.Theants,

achievementisremarkable-thebiologistEdward0.Wilsonhascalledit“oneofthe

majorbreakthroughsinanimalevolution'^——becauseitallowsthemtoeat,courtesy

oftheirmushroom'sdigestivepowers,theotherwisepoisonedharvestoftropical

forestswhoseleavesareladenwithterpenoids,alkaloidsandotherchemicalsdesigned

tosickenbrowsers.

C)Fungusgrowingseemstohaveoriginatedonlyonceinevolution,becauseall

gardeningantsbelongtoasingletribe,thedescendantsofthefirstfungusfanner.

Therearemorethan200knownspeciesoftheattineanttribe,dividedinto12groups,

orgenera.Theleaf-cuttersusefreshvegetation;theothergroups,knownasthelower

attinesbecauseIheirnestsaresmallerandtheirtechniquesmoreprimitive,feedtheir

gardenswithdetrituslikedeadleaves,insectsandfeces.In1994ateamoffour

biologists,UlrichG.MuellerandTedR.SchultzfromCornellUniversityandIgnacio

H.ChapclaandStephenA.RchncrfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,

analyzedtheDNAofantfunguses.Thecommonassumptionthatthefungusesareall

derivedfromasinglestrain,theyfound,wasonlyhalftrue.

D)TheIcaf-cuttcrs*funguswasindeeddescendedfiomasinglestrain,propagated

clonally,orjustbybudding,foratleast23millionyears.Butthelowerattineants

useddifferentvarietiesofthefungus,andinonecaseaquiteseparatespecies,thefour

biologistsdiscovered.CamcronR.Currie,aPh.D.studentintheUniversityofToronto,

itseemedtoMr.Currie,resembledthemonoculturesofvarioushumancrops,thatare

veryproductiveforawhileandthensuccumbtosomedisastrouspathogen,suchas

theIrishpotatoblight.Monocultures,whichlackthegeneticdiversitytorespondto

changingenvironmentalthreats,aresittingducksforparasites.Mr.Curriefeltthere

hadtobeaparasiteintheant-fungussystem.Butacenturyofantresearchofferedno

supportfortheidea.Textbooksdescribehowleaf-cutterantsscrupulouslyweedtheir

gardensofallforeignorganisms."Peoplekepttellingme,4Youknowtheantskeep

theirgardensfreeofparasites,don'tyou?'"Mr.Curriesaidofhiseffortstofinda

hiddeninterloper.

E)Butafterthreeyearsofsiftingthroughattineantgardens,Mr.Curriediscovered

theyarcfarfromfreeofinfections.Inlastmonth'sissueoftheProceedingsofthe

NationalAcademyofSciences,heandtwocolleagues,Dr.MuellerandDavid

Mairoch,isolatedseveralalienorganisms,particularlyafamilyofparasiticmolds

calledEscovopsis.Escovopsisturnsouttobeahighlyvirulentpathogenthatcan

devastateafungusgardeninacoupleofdays.Itbloomslikeawhitecloud,withthe

gardendimlyvisibleunderneath.Inadayortwothewholegardenis

enveloped.€40therantswon'tgonearitandtheantsassociatedwiththegardenjust

starvetodeath,"Dr.Rchncrsaid."Theyjustseemtogiveup,exceptfbrthosethat

haverescuedtheirlarvae.”

F)EvidentlytheantsusuallymanagetokeepEscovopsisandotherparasitesunder

conlrol.Butwithanylapseincontrol,oriftheantsareremoved,Escovopsiswill

quicklyburstforth.Althoughnewleaf-cuttergardensstartofffreeofEscovopsis,

withintwoyearssome60percentbecomeinfected.ThediscoveryofEscovopsis's

rolebringsanewlevelofunderstandingtotheevolutionoftheattineants."Inthelast

decade,evolutionarybiologistshavebeenincreasinglyawareoftheroleofparasites

asdrivingforcesinevolution,Dr.Schultzsaid.Thereisnowapossiblereasonto

explainwhythelowerattinespecieskeepchangingthevarietyoffungusintheir

mushroomgardens,andoccasionallydomesticatingnewones—tostayonestep

aheadoftherelentlessEscovopsis.

G)Interestingly,Mr.Curriefoundthattheleaf-cuttershadingeneralfeweralien

moldsintheirgardensthanihelowerattines,yettheyhadmoreEscovopsisinfections.

Itseemsthatthepricetheypayforcultivatingapurevarietyoffungusisahigherrisk

fromEscovopsis.Buttheleaf-cuttersmayhavelittlealternative:theycultivatea

specialvarietyoffunguswhich,unlikethosegrownbythelowerattincs,produces

nutritiousswollentipsfortheantstoeat.

H)Discoveryofathirdpartnerintheant-fungussymbiosisraisesthequestionof

howtheattineants,especiallytheleaf-cutters,keepthisdangerousinterloperunder

control.Amazinglyenough,Mr.Curriehasagainprovidedtheanswer.U4Peoplehave

knownforahundredyearsthatantshaveawhitishgrowthonthecuticle,saidDr.

Mueller,referringtotheinsects?bodysurface."Peoplewouldsaythisislikea

cuticularwax.ButCameronwasthefirstoneinahundredyearstoputthesethings

underamicroscope.Hesawitwasnotinertwax.Itisalive."Mr.Curriediscovereda

specialisedpatchontheants,cuticlethatharborsaparticularkindofbacterium,one

wellknowntothepharmaceuticalindustry,becauseitisthesourceofhalfthe

antibioticsusedinmedicine.Fromeachof22speciesofattineantstudied,

Mr.CameronandcolleaguesisolatedaspeciesofStreptomycesbacterium,they

reportedinNatureinApril.TheStreptomycesdoesnothavemucheffectonordinary

laboratoryfunguses.ButitisapotentpoisonerofEscovopsis,inhibitingitsgrowth

andsuppressingsporeformation.Becauseboththeleaf-cuttersandthelowerattines

useStreptomyces,thebacteriummayhavebeenpartoftheirsymbiosisforalmostas

longastheEscovopsismold.Ifso,someAlexanderFlemingofanantdiscovered

antibioticsmillionsofyearsbeforepeopledid.Evennow,theantsarcaccomplishing

twofeatsbeyondthepowersofhumantechnology.Theleaf-cuttersaregrowinga

monoculturalcropyearafteryearwithoutdisaster,andtheyareusinganantibiotic

apparentlysowiselyandprudentlythat,unlikepeople,theyarenotprovoking

antibioticresistanceinthetargetpathogen.

Questions14-19

Usetheinformationinthepassagetomatchtheoptions(listedA-C)withtheactivities

orfeaturesofantsbelow.

Writetheappropriateletters,A-C,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

ALeaf-cuttinJgants

BLowerattineants

CBothleaf-cuttingantsandlowerattineants

14canusetoxicleavestofeedfungusA

15buildsmallnestsandlivewithdifferentforeignfungusB

16usedeadvegetationtofeedfungusB

17raiseasinglefunguswhichdonotlivewithothervarietyofforeignersA

18normallykeepahighlydangerousparasiteundercontrolA

19usespecialstrategiestofightagainstEscovopsisC

Questions20-24

ReadingPassage2haseightparagraphs,A-H.

WhichparagraphcontainsIhefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes20-24onyouranswersheet.

20DangerousoutcomeofEscovopsisE

21RiskofgrowingsinglefungusD

22Comparisonofthefeaturesoftwodifferentnestsforfeedinggardens

23Discoveryofsignificantachievementsmadebyantsearlierthanhuman

24Advantagesofgrowinganewbreedoffungusintheantfarm

Questions25-26

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writeyouranswersinboxes25-26onyouranswersheet.

25WhatdocstheauthorthinkofCurrie'sopiniononthesaying“antskeeptheir

gardensfreeofparasites”?A

AHisviewpointwasverifiedlater.

BHisearlierstudyhassufficientevidenceimmediately.

CThereisnodetailmentionedinthearticle.

DHisopinionwasprovedtobewronglateron.

26Whatdidscientistsfindontheskinofantsundermicroscope?C

Asomewhitecloudmoldembedintheirskin

Bthatwaxisallovertheirskin

Casubstancewhichisusefultohumans

Dasubstancewhichsuppressesgrowthofallfungus

題目詳解

Questions14-19

14.利用題目細(xì)節(jié)信息“toxiclcaves,,和“feedfungus''定位于原文段落B末句

44becauseitallowsthemtoeat,courtesyoftheirmushroom'sdigestivepowers,theotherwise

poi-sonedharvestoftropicalforestswhoseleavesareladenwithterpenoids,alkaloidsandother

chemicalsdesignedtosickenbrowsers”。這道題的難點(diǎn)在于找到題目中“feedfungus”所對(duì)

應(yīng)的原文。文中說到"theotherwisepoisonedharvestoftropicalfbrestswhoseleaves

arcladenwithterpenoids,alkaloidsandotherchemicalsdesignedtosickenbrowsers”，既然熱帶

雨林中的葉子有毒，切葉蟻為什么還要收集而且不會(huì)中毒呢？那是因?yàn)檎婢南饔?/p>

(mushroom'sdigestivepowers)。此外，文章C段還提到"Theleaf-cuttersusefresh

vegelalion(切葉蟻使用新鮮的植被養(yǎng)活自己的真菌園)”，所以切葉蟻收集有毒的樹葉是為了

飼養(yǎng)真菌。因此，正確答案為Ao

15.利用題目細(xì)節(jié)信息“smallnests“、"different”和“foreign”定位于原文C段第3

句與D段第2句。C段第3theothergroups,knownasthelowerattinesbecausetheir

nestsarcsmallerandtheirTechniquesmoreprimitive”，這里講的是“它們的巢較小且種植技

術(shù)更原始，被稱為lowerattines”。原文中的“nestsaresmaller”對(duì)應(yīng)題目中的“small

nests”。但本段未出現(xiàn)題目中的后半部分信息，需要接著往下看。D段第2句“Butihe

lowerattineantsuseddifferentvarietiesofthefungus”,這里說"lowerattine螞蟻使用不同種

類的真菌”。原文中的“differentvarietiesofthefungus”對(duì)應(yīng)題目中的“differentforeign

fungus”。結(jié)合原文內(nèi)容，此處