統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)ZHENGZHOURAILWAYVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGE客車電氣裝置/BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATIONSpeaker主講人Zhangjia張嘉1.作用Function統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源控制箱中的充電機(jī)采用的也是一種抽屜式的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要元器件有統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)電池恒壓限流充電，延長(zhǎng)電池使用壽命。Realizeconstantvoltageandcurrentlimitingchargingofbatteries,prolongingtheservicelifeofbatteries.由充電電路和觸發(fā)回路組成。Itconsistsofachargingcircuitandatriggeringcircuit.變壓器B1熔斷器RD1電壓表PV過(guò)充保護(hù)選擇開關(guān)KK1充電電流檢測(cè)電阻R103充電機(jī)有電指示燈D106半控整流橋(由晶閘管SCR1、SCR2和二極管D107、D108組成)續(xù)流二極管D109電流表PA電感器L1熔斷器RD2充電機(jī)印刷電路板···2.組成CompositionTheunifiedtypechargerintheemergencypowercontrolboxisalsoadrawertypestructure,themaincomponentsare:transformerB1,fuseRD1,voltagemeterPV,overchargeprotectionselectionswitchKK1,chargecurrentdetectionresistorR103,chargerwithpowerindicatorD106,semi-controlledrectifierbridge(consistingofthyristorsSCR1,SCR2anddiodesD107,D108),continuousflowdiodeD109,ammeterPA,inductorL1，fuseRD2,

chargerprintedcircuitboardandsoon.充電機(jī)主電路Maincircuitofthecharger光電耦合控制觸發(fā)脈沖電路Photoelectriccouplingcontroltriggerpulsecircuit同步移相控制觸發(fā)信號(hào)電路Synchronousphaseshiftcontroltriggersignalcircuit統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)一、充電機(jī)主電路Maincircuitofthecharger充電機(jī)是一種單相半控橋式整流充電裝置Thechargerisasingle-phasehalf-controlbridgerectificationchargingdevice.將W、N相輸送過(guò)來(lái)的AC220V交流電壓，經(jīng)變壓器次級(jí)B1（3-4）繞組降壓后輸出低壓交流電，經(jīng)晶閘管整流器的SCR1、SCR2，電流表(PA)，阻流圈(L1)，熔斷器(RD2)，至48V電池正極。充電電流從電池負(fù)極經(jīng)電流檢測(cè)電阻R103，二極管D107，D108回到變壓器次級(jí)。IttransfersAC220VACvoltagetransmittedbyWandNphases,outputslowvoltageACvoltageaftertransformersecondaryB1winding,passesSCR1,SCR2,currentmeter,currentresistancering,fuse,tothepositiveelectrodeof48Vbattery.ChargingcurrentturnstothetransformersecondaryfromthebatterynegativeelectrodebythecurrentdetectionresistanceR103,diodeD107,D108.圖中，D109為續(xù)流二極管。在充電主電路中，控制晶閘管SCR的控制角的大小，便可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)輸出充電電流的大小及輸出電壓的高低控制，加上反饋控制便可實(shí)現(xiàn)恒壓限流充電。Inthefigure,D109isacontinuousflowdiode.Inthemainchargingcircuit,thesizeofthecontrolangleofthecontrolthyristorSCRcanrealizethesizeoftheoutputchargingcurrentandthevoltagecontrolandthefeedbackcontrolcanrealizetheconstantvoltagelimitcurrentcharging.統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)在充電主電路中，單相半控橋式整流電路輸出電壓、電流的平均值。Inthemaincircuit,thesingle-phasehalf-controlbridgerectificationcircuitoutputstheaveragevalueofvoltageandcurrent.即充電電壓為Chargingvoltageisshownintheformula:充電電流為Thechargecurrentisshownintheformula:式中：RL是充電回路的負(fù)載電阻，α是晶閘管的控制角。Intheformula,RListheloadresistanceofthechargingcircuitandαisthecontrolAngleofthethyristor.控制晶閘管SCR的控制角α的大小，便可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)輸出充電電流的大小及輸出電壓的高低控制，加上反饋控制便可實(shí)現(xiàn)恒壓恒流充電。BycontrollingthesizeofthecontrolangleαofthethyristorSCR,wecancontrolthesizeoftheoutputchargingcurrentandthevoltage,andthefeedback-controlcanrealizetheconstantvoltageandconstantcurrentcharging.統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)二、光電耦合控制觸發(fā)脈沖電路Photoelectriccouplingcontroltriggerpulsecircuit主要由光電耦合器TIL-113、三極管VT18、電阻R14~R18、電容器C5~C8和二極管V5~V8等組成。ItismainlycomposedofphotoelectriccouplerTIL-113,triodeVT18,resistorsR14toR18,capacitorsC5toC8,diodesV5toV8,etc.TIL-113導(dǎo)通時(shí)間↑→SCR導(dǎo)通角↑→充電電壓和電流↑，反之亦然。TheTIL-113conductiontimeincreasesthentheSCRconductionangleincreasesthenthechargingvoltageandcurrentincreases,andviceversa.變壓器次級(jí)繞組5-6、二極管V5-V8、電容器C7-C8組成本電路的輔助電源(約7V)。Transformersecondarywinding5-6,diodeV5-V8,andcapacitorC7-C8formtheauxiliarypowersupplyofthiscircuit.其控制電路主要包括：Itscontrolcircuitmainlyincludes:統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)三、同步移相控制觸發(fā)信號(hào)電路Synchronousphaseshiftcontrolsthetriggersignalcircuit正常供電時(shí)，充電機(jī)能根據(jù)蓄電池的工況，自動(dòng)控制恒壓恒流充電過(guò)程。Whenthenormalpowerissupplied,thechargingmachinecanautomaticallycontroltheconstantvoltageconstantcurrentchargingprocessaccordingtotheworkingconditionofthebattery.其中，電壓基準(zhǔn)電路、誤差放大器、鋸齒波產(chǎn)生電路和移相比較電路的電路功能主要由開關(guān)集成電路U1(LM3524)完成。Amongthem,thecircuitfunctionsofvoltagereferencecircuit,erroramplifier,sawtoothwavegenerationcircuitandshiftcomparisoncircuitaremainlycompletedbytheswitchintegratedcircuitU1.電壓基準(zhǔn)電路voltagereferencecircuit誤差放大器erroramplifier電壓電流反饋電路voltageandcurrentfeedbackcircuit與電網(wǎng)同步的鋸齒波產(chǎn)生電路Sawtoothwavegenerationcircuitsynchronizedwiththepowergrid移相比較電路phasecomparisoncircuit光電耦合控制SCR觸發(fā)脈沖電路photoelectriccouplingcontrolSCRtriggerpulsecircuit控制電路用低壓輔助電源電路lowvoltageauxiliarypowersupplycircuitforcontrolcircuit···統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)（一）開關(guān)集成電路LM3524SwitchintegratedcircuitLM3524該集成電路內(nèi)部包含5V基準(zhǔn)電壓穩(wěn)壓器、誤差放大器、振蕩器、脈沖寬度調(diào)制比較器(PWM)、相位分離觸發(fā)器(T觸發(fā)器)、交變輸出晶體管對(duì)、限流電路(CL)和關(guān)閉控制電路等。Theintegratedcircuitcontains5Vreferencevoltageregulator,erroramplifier,oscillator,pulsewidthmodulationcomparator,phaseseparationtrigger,alternatingoutputtransistorpair,currentlimitingcircuitandclosecontrolcircuit,etc.統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)（二）同步與移相Synchronizationandphase-shifting1234同步移相觸發(fā)是晶閘管整流器正常工作的必須條件。Synchronousphaseshifttriggerisanecessaryconditionforthenormaloperationofthethyristorrectifier.同步是保證當(dāng)正弦交流電過(guò)零點(diǎn)時(shí)，晶閘管可靠關(guān)斷SynchronizationistoensurethatwhenthesinusoidalACpasseszero,thethyristorisreliablyturnedoff.移相是控制晶閘管在半個(gè)周期內(nèi)導(dǎo)通的起始時(shí)間，如此才能達(dá)到控制輸出電壓、電流大小的目的。Phaseshiftisthestartingtimetocontrolthethyristorsinhalfacycle,soastoachievethepurposeofcontrollingtheoutputvoltageandcurrentsize.移相多少通常用移相角α表示，即加到晶閘管整流器控制極的觸發(fā)脈沖的前沿至電網(wǎng)電壓過(guò)零點(diǎn)的電角度稱為移相角(也稱控制角)，當(dāng)負(fù)載為純電阻時(shí)，晶閘管整流器的導(dǎo)通角β＝180°－α，原理分析如下Theamountofphaseshiftingisusuallyexpressedbythephaseshiftangleα,thatis,theelectricalangleoftheleadingedgeofthetriggerpulseofthethyristorrectifiercontrolpoletothezeroofthegridvoltageiscalledthephaseshiftangle.Whentheloadispureresistance,theconductionAngleofthethyristorrectifierisβ=180-α.Theprincipleanalysisisasfollows:統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)（二）同步與移相Synchronizationandphase-shiftingB1變壓器次級(jí)輔助繞組7-8-9，與二極管V1，V2組成單相全波整流電路，整流得100Hz正弦半波電壓如圖所示。Thesecondaryauxiliarywinding7-8-9ofB1transformerandthediodesV1andV2formasingle-phasefull-waverectificationcircuitandtheoutputof100Hzsinusoidalhalf-wavevoltageisasshowninFigure.統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)（二）同步與移相Synchronizationandphase-shifting電壓（a）經(jīng)R3加到三極管VT16基極，故VT16基極為梯形波電壓(b)。Thevoltage(a)isaddedtothetriodeVT16basebyR3,sotheVT16basepoletrapezoidalwavevoltage(b).VT16集電極接三極管VT17基極，當(dāng)半波電壓瞬時(shí)值小于0.7V時(shí)，VT16截至VT17導(dǎo)通，在VT17基極形成與電網(wǎng)過(guò)零同步的窄脈沖(c)TheVT16collectorisconnectedtothebaseofthetriodeVT17.Whenthehalfwavevoltageislessthan0.7V,VT16isonuptoVT17,forminganarrowpulse(c)synchronizedwiththepowergridattheVT17base.該脈沖期間VT17導(dǎo)通，強(qiáng)迫C4放電，得到與電網(wǎng)同步的鋸齒波(d)。Duringthispulse,VT17goesonandforcesC4todischargetoobtainazigzagwave(d)synchronizedwiththepowergrid.PWM比較器將鋸齒波與放大器輸出電平(即9腳電平)相比較，當(dāng)U9>U據(jù)，輸出低電平，PNP晶體管導(dǎo)通，反之截止。得到輸出晶體管的基極波形(e)。ThePWMcomparatorcomparesthesawtoothwavewiththeamplifieroutputlevel.WhenU9>Udata,theoutputislowlevel,thenthePNPtransistorison,andviceversa.Thebasepolewaveform(e)oftheoutputtransistorisobtained.統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)（二）同步與移相Synchronizationandphase-shifting晶體管對(duì)截止時(shí)，發(fā)光二極管導(dǎo)通產(chǎn)生觸發(fā)信號(hào)，即得到觸發(fā)脈沖(f)，此脈沖通常稱為移相觸發(fā)脈沖，其寬度依9腳電平而變。電阻負(fù)載時(shí)，SCR導(dǎo)通波形如(g)。Whenthetransistoriscutoff,thelightemittingdiodeisusedtogeneratethetriggersignal,whichisthetriggerpulsewaveformasshowninfigure(f).Thispulseisusuallycalledaphase-shifttriggerpulse,anditswidthvariesatthe9-footlevel.TheSCRconductionwaveformisshownin(g).統(tǒng)型應(yīng)急電源充電機(jī)此外還包含恒流恒壓充電控制電路、輔助電路，使系統(tǒng)獲得恒流充電、恒壓性能，工作穩(wěn)定。Inaddition,italsoincludesc