考研英語翻譯-（二）

（總分：500.00,做題時間：90分鐘）

一、{{B}}SectionIUseofEnglish{{/B}}（總題數：5,分數：500.00）

Muchhasbeenmadeofthe400thanniversarythisyearofGalileopointing

atelescopeatthemoonandjottingdownwhathesaw.But2009isalso

the400thanniversaryofthepublicationbyJohannesKepler,aGerman

mathematicianandastronomer,of^AstronomiaNovaz，.{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Thiswasabookthatcontainedanaccountofhisdiscoveryof

howtheplanetsmovearoundthesun,correctingCopernicus，sownmore

famousbutincorrectlyformulateddescriptionofthesolarsystem.{{/U}}

AnditestablishedthelawsforplanetarymotiononwhichIsaacNewton

basedhiswork.

FourcenturiesagothereceivedwisdomwasthatofAristotle,whoasserted

thattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverse,andthatitwasencircled

bythespheresofthemoon,thesun,theplanetsandthestarsbeyondthem.

Copernicushadnoticedinconsistenciesinthistheoryandhadplacedthe

sanatthecentre,withtheEarthandtheotherplanetstravellingaround

thesun.

{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}SomesixdecadeslaterwhenKeplertackled

themotionofMars,heproposedanumberofgeometricmodels,checking

hisresultsagainstthepositionoftheplanetasrecordedbyhis

boss{{/U}}.Keplerrepeatedlyfoundthathismodelfailedtopredictthe

correctpositionoftheplanet.Healtereditand,insodoing,created

firstegg-shaped〃orbits"and,finally,anellipse（橢圓）withthesun

placedatonefocus.{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Keplerwentonto

showthatanellipticalorbitissufficienttoexplainthemovementof

theotherplanetsandtodevisethelawsofplanetary,motionthatNewton

builton.{{/U}}

A.E.L.Davisthisweektoldastronomersandhistoriansthatitwasthe

rotationofthesunthatprovideKeplerwithwhathethoughtwasoneof

thecausesoftheplanetarymotionthathislawsdescribed,althoughhis

reasoningwouldtodaybeconsideredentirelywrong.

{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}In1609astronomyandastrologywereseen

asintimatelyrelated;mathematicsandnaturalphilosophy,meanwhile,

werequiteseparateareasofendeavor;however,Keplersoughtphysical

mechanismstoexplainhismathematicalresult.{{/U}}Hewantedtoknow

howitcouldbethattheplanetsorbitedthesun.{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Oncehelearnedthatthesunrotated,hecomfortedhimselfwith

thethoughtthatthesun'sraysmustsomehowsweeptheplanetsaroundit

whilesomemagnetismaccountedfortheexactellipticalpath.{{/U}}As

today，sastronomersstruggletodeterminewhethertheycanlearnfromthe

past,Kepler，staleprovidesasalutaryreminderthatonlysome

explanationsstandthetestoftime.（分數：100.00）

正確答案：（這部著作論述了他發現的行星圍繞太陽運行的規律，從而修正了哥白尼給太陽系作的錯誤描述,

盡管哥白尼的論述更加廣為人知。）

解析：

正確答案：（大約60年后，開普勒為研究火星運行軌跡假設了大量的幾何模型，但是根據這些模型預測出

的結果和他上司記錄的火星位置不一致。）

解析：

正確答案：（接著，開普勒又證明橢圓軌道模型同樣適用于解釋其他行星的運行軌跡，并且依此模型足以歸

納出行星運行定律，而這些定律日后成為了牛頓的理論基礎。）

解析：

正確答案：（1609年，天文學和星象學被視為聯系緊密的兩個學科，而數學和物理學則是完全獨立的兩個

研究領域，但開普勒卻試圖以物理機制來驗證數學結果。）

解析：

正確答案：（當他得知太陽存在自轉現象時，他就自欺欺人地認為太陽的光線無論如何一定會照射到周圍的

行星，而某種磁力使得這些行星沿著規則的橢圓軌道運行。）

解析：

Themiddleclasseshavealwaysbeenthedefensewallofsociety.{{U}}

{{U}}6{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotlebelievedtheyweredemocracy'ssecret

weapon-theprotectorsofsocialvalues,themoderatorsofpolitical

extremism,andbelieversinasocietyrunbylawsinsteadofby

strongmen.{{/U}}Theyhavealsobeentheenginesofeconomicgrowth,

settingthestagecenturiesagofortheexpansionofcapitalismandglobal

trade,andcontinuingthroughtheagestosnapupeverynewgadgetinsight.

{{U}}{{U}}7{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Now,withtheWesternmiddleclasses

sinkingintodebtanddistress,manyeconomistslooktoanew

emerging-marketmiddleclassasthepotentialfoundationforanewage

ofglobalsafetyandprosperity.{{/U}}Aslargedevelopingnationsbecame

moreprosperous,itwasalwaysassumedthattheywouldbecomemorelike

thesuburbsofWashingtonorLondon-liberal,democratic,market-friendly

bastionsnotonlyofWestern-styleconsumerismbutalsoofpolitical

liberty.Withtimeandwealth,"they"wouldbecomejustlike〃us?〃

Thetruthisthat〃they〃arenotbecomingjustlike〃us.〃{{U}}{{U}}8

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theglobalmiddleclassisrisingfasterthanexpected,

innumbersandinwealth,butconvergingincomesarenotyieldingshared

values{{/U}}.Theemergingbourgeoisieisapatchworkofcontradictions:

clamorousbutrarelyconfrontationalpolitically,supportersof

globalizationyethighlynationalistic,proudoftheirnations，upward

mobilityyetinsecureandfearfultheywillfallback,fiercely

individualisticbutreliantongovernmentsubsidies,andoftensocially

conservative.Manyoftheaspiringeliteseemwillingtoletthepowers

thatbe-whetherauthoritariangovernmentsorelectedones-calltheshots

aslongastheydeliverthespoilsofgrowth.

It'salsoworthrememberingthatthenewmiddleclassesare

psychologicallydrivenbyanoddmixofprideandinsecurity.{{U}}{{U}}

9{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Closeto30percentofBraziFsnewmiddleclassowes

itslivelihoodtotheinformalmarket,whereincomeisirregular,safety

netsarenonexistent,andopportunityforentrepreneurshipis

limited{{/U}}.Manyhaveborrowedtheirwaytohigherlivingstandards,

onereasonperhapsthat53percentsaytheyliveinfearofunemployment,

lossofincome,orevenbankruptcy.Theyhavebenefitedfromtheexplosion

ofprivateschoolsbuthaveseentheoverallqualityofeducationplummet,

erodingoneoftheclassicmiddle-classpathstosocialmobility.{{U}}

{{U}}10{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indeed,somedevelopmenteconomistsarguethat

thepoorwillbeagreaterforceforsocialchange,buttheirabilityto

becomeaforceforbettergovernment,greaterfreedoms,lesscorruption,

andmoreeconomiclibertyismuchlesscertain.{{/U}}“They"haveavery

longwaytogobeforebecoming〃us.〃（分數：IOO.oo）

正確答案：（亞里士多德認為中產階級是民主政治的秘密武器一一他們保護社會價值，調和政治極端主義，

并且相信社會是由法律而非一兩個強權者主導。）

解析：

正確答案：（現在，西方許多中產階級深陷債務和苦惱之中，因此，很多經濟學家都在指望新興市場上的中

產階級，將他們看做是全球安全繁榮新時代下的潛在基石。）

解析：

正確答案：（全球中產階級興起的速度，不論是從數量上看還是從財富上看，都要比想象中快得多。然而,

聚集在中產階級身上的那些財富并沒有相應帶來統一的價值觀。）

解析：

正確答案：（巴西有將近30%的新興中產階級還靠著非正式市場謀生，那里收入不穩定，沒有安全網絡，創

業機會也十分有限。）

解析：

正確答案：（的確，有些發展經濟學家爭論說，貧困階級將是社會變革更大的推動力，但是他們是否能推動

建立一個更好的政府、實現更大程度的自由、減少腐敗滋生、最終達到經濟自由，這就未可知了。）

解析：

LeeKuanYew（李光耀）embodiesauniquelyAsianapproachtogovernance

thathasoftenbeenatoddswiththeWesterndemocraticprinciples.{{U}}

{{U}}11{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Fordecades,hehasspokeninfavorof"Asian

values”,apoliticalphilosophythatmightbelooselysummedupasrespect

forauthorityandorder,whileputtingthegoodofsocietyabovethatof

theindividual.{{/U}}Hiscriticismshavefocusedontheexcessesof

democracy,particularlyfreedomofspeech,andtheimpacttheyhaveon

thesearchforeconomicgrowth.

{{U}}{{U}}12{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Inthepast,Leehasnotbeenshyabout

singlingoutthosenationsinwhichanexcessofdemocracy，smessiness

hastemperedsteadyeconomicprogressandthebettermentofthelife

chancesofordinaryfolk.{{/U}}Butthestrengthofhisargumentdoesnot

restonlyonothernations，failures.Forasanyvisitorcanattest,the

scaleofwhatLeeandhiscolleagueshaveachievedbyapplyinghis

principlesissimplyastonishing.

Itisanalmostmiraculousachievement,andoneinwhichLeeandhis

colleaguestakejustifiablepride.Itis,moreover,somethingthathas

beenmuchadmired,tothepointofimitation,aroundtheregion.{{U}}

{{U}}13{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}AsianleaderslikeMalaysia，sPrimeMinister

MahathirandIndonesia，sPresidentSuhartomayrarelyhavechosentoadmit

it,buttheir"economyfirst"strategyowesmuchtotheintelligenceof

thisCambridge-educatedlawyer{{/U}}.AboveallChina，sleadershavefor

threedecadescometoSingaporetolisten,tolearn,andtoadmire.

YetforallSingapore，ssuccess,thereremainsafeelingthatithascome

ataprice.Lee'smethodshavefoundplentyofcriticsathomeandabroad.

{{U}}{{U}}14{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}OrdinarySingaporeanswhenquestioned

aboutticsofLeeandhisfamily,withoutquiteknowingit,theyoften

instinctivelylowertheirvoicesandglanceovertheirshoulders.{{/U}}

“Peoplearestilltoofrightenedtotalkaboutthetaboosubjects,wrote

CatherineLim.Therearefewvoicespreparedtospeakoutinfavorofwider

democraticdebate.

{{U}}{{U}}15{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Forhispart,LeeKuanYewacknowledges

thatthereisaneedtomakeSingaporeanslessdependentonthegovernment

andtoencouragemoreopendebate{{/U}}.HeinsiststhattherulingParty

canabsorbandbenefitfromdissentingvoices.Butheisdeterminedthat

Singaporeansarenotyetreadyforthevociferousfreemarketofideas

thattypifies,forexample,politicsintheU.S.〃Iseethemarketplace

ofideas,asinthePhilippines,andIseechaos,〃hesays,whileadding:

''Gradually,wewillloosenup.〃（分數：100.00）

正確答案：（幾十年來，他始終提倡“亞洲價值觀”，這一政治哲學思想大致可概括為尊重權力和秩序，同

時強調社會利益高于個人利益。）

解析：

正確答案：（過去，李光耀總是毫不顧忌地指出哪些國家因民主造成了過度混亂的局面，因此阻礙了經濟的

穩步發展以及老百姓生活的改善。）

解析：

正確答案：（一些亞洲國家領導人，如馬來西亞總理馬哈蒂爾、印度尼西亞總統蘇哈托可能不愿承認這一點,

但他們推行的“以經濟建設為中心”的策略很大程度上都是受到這位劍橋畢業的律師的啟發。）

解析：

正確答案：（普通的新加坡公民?旦被問及李光耀的執政情況和他的家庭時，通常不自覺地壓低了聲音，回

頭張望，盡管他們知道的并不多。）

解析：

正確答案：（在李光耀看來，減少公民對政府的依賴，鼓勵更多的公開言論是有必要的。）

解析：

Likeotherformsoflifeonthisplanet,humanbeingsconfrontabasic

task:todealsatisfactorilywiththeirconflictsandtherebysecurethe

advantagesofcommunityandcooperation.{{U}}{{U}}16{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Uniikeotherformsoflife,humanbeingsareendowedwitha

capacitytoreflectonthistaskandtosearchforbettersolutionsby

consciousthoughtanddeliberatechoices.{{/U}}

Thetaskofovercomingconflictsandachievingcommunityandcooperation

arisesbecausehumanbeingsareunableandunwillingtoliveincomplete

isolation.{{U}}{{U}}17{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theadvantagesofcooperation

andcommunitylifearesonumerousandsoobviousthattheymusthavebeen

evidenttomanfromearliesttimes.{{/U}}Bynow,ourancestorshave

closedoffthechoice;formostofustheoptionoftotalisolationfrom

acommunityis,realisticallyspeaking,nolongeropen.

{{U}}{{U}}18{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Nonetheless,howeverstrongly_human

beingsaredriventoseekthecompanyofoneanother,anddespitethousands

ofyears'practicetheyhaveneverdiscoveredawayinwhichtheycanlive

togetherwithoutconflict{{/U}}.Conflictexistswhenoneindividual

wishestofollowalineofactionthatwouldmakeitdifficultor

impossibleforsomeoneelsetopursuehisowndesires.Conflictseemsto

beaninescapableaspectofthecommunityandconsequentlyofhumanbeing.

Whyconflictseemsinescapableisaquestionthathastroubledmanypeople:

philosophers,theologians,historians,socialscientists,anddoubtless

agreatmanyordinarypeople.JamesMadisonheldthatconflictwasbuilt

intotheverynatureofmenandwomen.Humanbeingshavediverseabilities,

hewroteinTheFederalist,andtheseinturnproducediverseinterests.

{{U}}{{U}}19{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}“Aslongasmanhasirrationalideas,

andheisatlibertytoexerciseit,〃Madisonwrote,“differentopinions

willbeformed.z/{{/U}}

Whatevertheexplanationforconflictmaybe,andMadison'sisbutone

ofmany,itsexperienceisoneoftheprimefactsofallcommunityoflife.

Yetifthisweretheonlyfact,thenhumanlifewouldfitthedescription

bytheEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,ThomasHobbes,inhisLeviathan

（1651）.Hobbesdescribesmankindinastateofnature-aconditionwithout

government-havinglittleinthewayofagriculture,industry,trade,

knowledge,arts,lettersorsociety.{{U}}{{U}}20{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}“Andwhichisworstofall,〃heconcludedinafamoussentence,

toexistwithoutgovernmentwouldmean"continualfear,anddangerof

violentdeathandthelifeofman,solitary,poor,nastyandshort.z，{{/U}}

（分數：100.00）

正確答案：（不同于其他生物的是，面對這一難題，人類生來就能認真思考，慎重選擇，尋找更好的解決辦

法。）

解析：

正確答案：（人類在遠占時期一定已經明白，合作和社群生活有諸多明顯的優勢。）

解析：

正確答案：（然而，盡管人類強烈需要結伴生活，也經歷了幾千年的磨合，但人類還是沒有找到能和睦共處

的方法。）

解析：

正確答案：（“只要人類一直存在不理性的想法，并能隨意付諸實施，”麥迪遜寫道，“意見分歧就會形

成。”）

解析：

正確答案：（“最糟糕的是，”他以一句名言做了總結，無政府的人類存在就意味著“持續的恐慌、暴斃的

危險，以及孤獨、窮困、骯臟而短暫的人生”。）

解析：

Environmenta1istsclaimthemoralhighground:theirinterestsarein

preservingourpreciousplanet,protectingdefenselessanimals,ensuring

ourchildrenhavecleanwatertodrinkandairtobreathe.Yet

environmentalists*policieshavebeenamuchmoremixedbagintermsof

theiractualconsequences.{{U}}{{U}}21{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indisputably,

manyregulationsandinitiativeshavereducedpollutionandimprovedair

andwaterquality,tothebenefitofeveryone,butotherenvironmental

effortshavebackfired,somewithtrulydisastrousconsequences.{{/U}}

Considerwhat'shappenedwithDDT(achemicalusedtokillinsectsthat

harmcrops).ThepesticidecameintouseduringWorldWarIIandhelped

eliminatemalaria.Howeverin1962,anenvironmentalistwrotethatthe

chemicalwascausingcanceranddestroyingwildlife.In1972,DDTwas

bannedintheU.S.andultimatelyworldwide.Asaresultoftheban,

malariaremainedaplagueinmanypoorcountries.{{U}}{{U}}22{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}SoduringthedecadesinwhichDDTwasnotused,whentheworld

bowedtoundoubtedlywell-intentionedenvironmentalactivists,about50

millionpeople-overwhelminglyAfricanchildren-died,mostly

unnecessarily.{{/U}}

Ethanolprovidesanotherexample.Foryears,biofuelswereheraldedas

thepromisingalternativetofossilfuels,yetitturnsoutbiofueTs

environmentalimpactismuchmorecomplicated.In2008,Timemagazine

wroteaboutethanol，sdubiousenvironmentalbenefits.{{U}}{{U}}23

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Thearticlewarnedthatforests,wetlands,and

grasslandswerebeingsacrificedinarushtofarmcropsthatcouldbe

turnedintogasoline,sotheonceenvironmentallyfavoredsolutiontoour

energyproblemsisnowrecognizedasapotentialenvironmental

catastrophe{{/U}}.It'sworthnotingthat,beyondbiofueTs

environmentaleffects,usingfoodforfuelha