《工程質量管理的基本知識》

BasicKnowledgeofProjectQualityManagement（一）建筑工程質量管理特點和原則Section1Characteristicsandprinciplesofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement1、建筑工程質量管理的特點1.Characteristicsofconstructionprojectqualitymanagement工程質量管理是確定工程質量方針、目標和責任，并通過質量體系中的質量策劃、質量控制、質量保證和質量改進，來實現所有管理職能的全部活動。Projectmanagementaimstoascertainprinciples,objectivesandresponsibilitiesoftheprojectquality,andachieveallmanagementfunctionsthroughqualityplanning,qualitycontrol,qualityassuranceandqualityimprovementinthequalitysystem.建筑工程質量管理具備以下特點：Therearefourcharacteristicsinconstructionprojectmanagement:（1）影響質量的因素多(1)Variedfactorsinfluencethequalityoftheconstructionproject（2）質量控制的難度大(2)Greatdifficultyinqualitycontrol（3）過程控制的要求高(3)Highrequirementsforprocesscontrol（4）終結檢查的局限大(4)Manylimitationsexistinthefinalcheck2、施工質量的影響因素2.Factorsaffectingtheconstructionquality影響施工質量的因素有：Thefactorsthataffectconstructionqualityareasfollows:（1）人的因素(1)Human（2）材料的因素(2)Material（3）設備的因素(3)Machine（4）方法的因素(4)Method（5）環境控制(5)Environmentcontrol3、施工質量管理原則3.Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagement

質量管理原則包括以下八個方面：Theprinciplesofconstructionqualitymanagementincludethefollowing8aspects.（1）以顧客為關注焦點。Customerfirst（2）領導作用。

Theroleofleadership（3）全員參與。

Totalinvolvement（4）過程方法。

Processmethods（5）管理的系統方法。

Systematicapproachesofmanagement（6）持續改進。Constantimprovement（7）基于事實的決策方法。Decisionmaking

basedon

facts（8）與供方互利的關系。Mutualbeneficialrelationshipwithsuppliers（二）建筑工程施工質量控制Section2Constructionqualitycontrol質量控制是質量管理的一部分，致力于滿足質量要求。質量控制的目標就是確保項目質量能滿足有關方面所提出的質量要求。質量控制的范圍涉及項目質量形成全過程的各個環節。Qualitycontrolisapartofqualitymanagementandiscommittedtomeetingqualityrequirements.Itaimstoensurethatprojectqualitycanmeetthequalityrequirementsputforwardbyrelevantparties.Itsscopeinvolveseachlinkofthewholeprocessofprojectqualityformation.質量控制的工作內容包括專業技術和管理技術兩方面。質量控制應貫徹預防為主與檢驗把關相結合的原則，對影響項目工作質量的人、機、料、法、環（4M1E）因素進行控制，并對質量活動的成果進行分階段驗證，以便及時發現問題，查明原因，采取措施，防止類似問題重復發生，并使問題在早起得到解決，減少經濟損失。Theworkcontentofqualitycontrolincludesprofessionaltechnologyandmanagementtechnology.Qualitycontrolshouldimplementtheprincipleofcombiningpreventionfirstandtakinginspection,whichmeansthatfactorsaffectingtheworkqualityoftheproject,includingman,machine,material,methodandenvironment(alsoknownas4M1E)shouldbeundercontrol,andtheresultsofqualityactivitiesshouldbeverifiedbystagesinordertofindproblemsintime,soastofindoutthereason，takemeasurestopreventsimilarproblemsfromoccurringagain,maketheproblemsresolvedintheearlystageandreducefinanciallosses.1、施工質量控制的基本內容和要求1.Basiccontentsandrequirementsofconstructionqualitycontrol施工質量控制應貫徹全面全過程質量管理的思想，運用動態控制原理，進行質量的事前控制、事中控制和事后控制。Constructionqualitycontrolshouldimplementthethoughtofwhole-processqualitymanagementinanall-roundmanner,usingtheprincipleofdynamiccontrollingtorealizepre-control,mid-controlandaftercontrolofquality.2、工序質量控制、隱蔽工程施工驗收及成品保護2.Processqualitycontrol,constructionacceptanceofconcealedworkandfinishedproductprotection.施工作業過程質量控制的內容：Thefollowingisthecontentofqualitycontrolintheconstructionprocess,including（1）進行技術交底；Disclosingtechniques（2）檢查施工工序、程序的合理性、科學性，防止工序流程錯誤導致工序質量失控；Checkingtheconstructionprocessesandproceduresinarationalandscientificwaytopreventtheprocessqualityfrombeingoutofcontrolduetothewrongprocessflow.（3）檢查工序施工條件；Checkingconstructionconditionsoftheprocess.（4）檢查工序施工中人員操作程序、操作質量是否符合質量規程要求；Checkingwhethertheoperationprocedureandoperationqualityofpersonnelinprocessconstructionmeettherequirementsofqualityregulations.（5）檢查工序施工中間產品的質量；Checkingthequalityofintermediatematerialsofprocessconstruction.（6）對工序質量符合要求的中間產品及時進行工序驗收或隱蔽工程驗收；Timelycarryingoutprocessacceptanceorconcealedworksacceptanceforintermediatematerialswithprocessqualitymeetingtherequirements.（7）質量合格的工序經驗收后可進入下道工序施工；未經驗收合格的工序，不得進入下道工序施工。Qualifiedprocesscanenterthenextoneafterpassingthetest,or,itcan’t.3、隱蔽工程施工驗收3.Acceptanceofconcealedworks（1）施工工藝順序過程中，前道工序已施工完成將被后一道工序所掩蓋、包裹而再無法檢查其質量情況，前道工序通常被稱為隱蔽工程。Intheprocedureofconstruction,thepreviousworkthatiscoveredandwrappedbythelattercannolongerbechecked.Suchprocessiscalledaconcealedwork.（2）隱蔽工程施工完畢，承包單位按有關技術規程、規范、施工圖紙先進行自檢，自檢合格后，填寫“報驗申請表”。Whencompleteaconcealedwork,thecontractorshallfirstconductaself-inspection,followingtherelevanttechnicalregulations,specificationsandconstructiondrawings.Ifeverythingisqualified,fillinthe“InspectionApplicationForm.”（3）監理工程師收到報驗申請后，首先對質量證明資料進行審查，并進行現場檢查，承包單位的項目工程技術負責人、專職質檢員及相關施工人員應隨同一起到現場。Thesupervisingengineershallfirstlyreviewthequalitycertificationandinspectthesite.Theprojectengineeringtechnicaldirector,full-timequalityinspectorandrelatedconstructionpersonnelshallfollowthesupervisingengineertothesite.4、施工質量檢查4.Constructionqualityinspection檢查驗證的方法，主要是核查有關工程技術資料、直接進行現場質量檢查或必要的實驗等。Constructionqualityinspectionmajorlyinvolvechecksonrelatedtechnicaldocumentsandon-siteprojectqualityandnecessarytests.（1）現場質量檢查內容：On-sitequalityinspectioncontent

1）分部分項工程內容的抽樣檢查；Samplinginspectionofsub-itemprojectcontent

2）工程外觀質量的檢查。Inspectionofprojectappearancequality（2）現場質量檢查時機：On-sitequalityinspectiontimings1）開工前檢查；Beforeconstruction2）工序交接檢查；Processhandover3）隱蔽工程檢查；Thecompletionofconcealedworks4）巡視檢查；Patrol5）停工后復工前的檢查；Aftertheshutdownandbeforethereopening6）分部分項工程完工后應經檢查認可；Thecompletionofsub-itemproject7）成品保護檢查。Finishedworkinspection（3）現場進行質量檢查的方法：現場進行質量檢查的方法有目測法、實測法和試驗法三種。On-sitequalityinspectionincludethreemethods:observation,measurementandtests.目測法：看、摸、敲、照。Observationswithoutmeasurementdevices:visualinspection;handcheck;knockforhallowspacesorvibratingpartscheck;inspectionofdimlylitplaceswithlights

實測法：靠、吊、量、套。Measurement:Userulerandfeelergaugetochecktheflatnessofwalls,floorsandroofs;Verticalitycheck;Checkthedeviationofsectionsize,axis,elevation,angle,etc.;Inspectionwithsquarerulerandfeelergauge試驗法：指必須通過試驗手段，才能對質量進行判斷的檢查方法。Tests:Thismethodisusedwhenthequalitycanonlybeknownthroughtests.5、成品保護措施5.Protectionoffinishedworks（1）施工順序與成品保護Constructionprocedureandprotectionoffinishedworks先在放入回填土后再作基礎防潮層，可保護防潮層不致受填土夯實損傷。樓梯間與踏步飾面宜在整個飾面工程完成后，再自上而下地進行；門窗扇的安裝通常在抹灰后進行；一般先油漆，后安裝玻璃；這些施工均有利于成品保護。Putthebackfillsoilfirstandthenmakethefoundationmoisture-prooflayertopreventdamageofthecompactionofthesoil.Thecoveringofstairwellandsteplayershouldbeaftertheentirefacingprojectandbedonefromtoptobottom.Theinstallationofdoorsandwindowsisusuallycarriedoutafterplastering.Generally,paintfirst,installwindowslater.Alltheseisbeneficialtofinishedworkprotection.先噴漿而后安裝燈具，可避免安裝燈具后又修理漿活，從而污染燈具。Installinglampsandlanternsafterguniteprocesstoavoidstainingfromslurryrepairment.當鋪貼連續多跨的卷材、防水卷材屋面時，應按先高跨、后低跨，先遠后近，先天窗玻璃油漆，后鋪卷材屋面的順序。Whenpavingcontinuousmulti-spanorwaterproofcoiledmaterial,followtheorderofhigh-spantolow-span,andfartonear（2）成品保護的措施：護、包、蓋、封。Measuresoffinishedworkprotection:Useprotectionbag,box,etc.;Wrap;Cover;Sealtopreventpipeblockageandotherproblems6、施工項目質量事故處理6.Handlingofqual