SCHWABFOUNDATIONFORSoclALENTREPRENEURSHIP

IncollaborationwithDeloitte

WJRLD

ECCNMIC

FORUM

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreen

andDigitalTransitions

INSIGHTREPORTJANUARY2025

Cover:Rags2Riches

Contents

Preface3

Executivesummary4

Introduction5

1

Whatisequityinthegreenanddigitaltransitions?7

1.1Originsofequitydiscussionsinthegreen8

anddigitaltransitions

1.2Marginalizedcommunitiesatriskofexclusion9

1.3Introducingaframeworkforeconomicequity10

2

Howdoesthesocialeconomydriveeconomicequity11

inthegreenanddigitaltransitions?

2.1Employmentandjobtransition13

2.2Affordabilityofgoodsandservices15

2.3Accessibilityofgoodsandservices16

2.4Accessibilityoffinancingandinvestments17

2.5Accessibilityofcapacityandmarkets19

3

Policyactionstoadvancethesocialeconomyinthe20

greenanddigitaltransitions

3.1Dedicatedactionplansforthesocialeconomy23

3.2Reducedtaxationofpublicbenefitcompanies23

3.3Subsidiesforessentialproductsandservices24

3.4Investmentsinsocialimpact24

3.5Publicprocurementtobuildinclusive,sustainablemarkets25

3.6Marketregulation25

3.7Public-privatesectorcollaboration26

Conclusion:Aninclusiveandsustainablefuture27

Contributors28

Endnotes30

Disclaimer

ThisdocumentispublishedbytheSchwabFoundationforSocialEntrepreneurship,inpartnershipwiththeWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.The

findings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocess

facilitatedandendorsedbytheSchwabFoundationbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheSchwabFoundationortheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.

?2025theSchwabFoundationforSocialEntrepreneurshipandtheWorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.

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UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions2

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions3

September2024

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:

TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions

Preface

HildeSchwab

Co-FounderandChairperson,SchwabFoundationfor

SocialEntrepreneurship

ChantalLineCarpentier

Co-Chair,UnitedNationsInter-AgencyTaskForceonSocialandSolidarityEconomy(UNTFSS)

Weliveinatimeofgreattransformation,with

thegreenanddigitaltransitionsleadingthe

currentwaveofchange.Thegreenanddigital

transitions,oftencalledthe“twintransitions”,arecloselyinterconnected.Digitizationplaysavital

roleindrivingsustainablegrowth,particularly

duringthisdecisivedecadeforclimateaction.

However,growingattentionisbeingpaidtothe

significantenvironmentalfootprintofthedigital

economyandthedisproportionateburdenplacedonbothdevelopingcountriesandmarginalized

communitieseverywhere.

Thetransformationassociatedwiththegreenanddigitaltransitionsbringsdisruptionsandpotentiallyexacerbatesexistinginequalities.Inaglobal

economyincreasinglydefinedbydigitalskills,

2.6billionpeoplearestillwithoutreliableinternet

access1and760millionpeoplearewithoutaccesstoelectricityworldwide.2Inthegreeneconomy,

communitiesthatheavilydependonfossilfuel

industries,suchascoalminingandoildrilling,andthosethatdependonagriculture,areatriskof

losingtheircurrentlivelihoodsandbeingleftbehind.

Toaddresstheseinequalities,leadersmustfind

solutionsthatimprovetheinclusivityofourglobaleconomyandvaluechains.Theymustensurethatthegreenanddigitaltransitionsalsobenefitthe

historicallyunderservedandthenewlydisrupted.

Enterprisesinthesocialandsolidarityeconomy

areprovidinginclusiveandinnovativebusiness

practicesservingasaninspirationtogovernmentsandbusinessesonhowtomakethathappen.

Byprioritizingsocialandenvironmentalimpact,thesocialandsolidarityeconomy,majority-led

bywomenandyouth,intentionallydrivesamoreequitableeconomy.Learningfromthesuccessfulapproachesandmodelsusedbyentitiesofthesocialandsolidarityeconomy,policy-makers

candesignpoliciestoachievegreaterequityandinclusivityinthegreenanddigitaltransitions.

WritteninpartnershipwiththeWorldEconomicForumandDeloitte,thisreportbytheSchwabFoundationforSocialEntrepreneurshipaimstoguidegovernmentpolicy-makersandcorporateleaderstowardsinclusiveoutcomesthrough

innovativepolicies.

Bydoingso,wecanmakethegreenanddigital

transitionsmoreinclusive,equitableandeffectiveforeveryone.Westandatanimportantmomentinaneraofgreatchange.Byactingnowtosupportsocialandsolidarityeconomyentitiesandtheir

innovations,wecanharnesstheincrediblepowerofthesegreenanddigitaltransitionstoensurethatbusinesssuccessandsocialprogressbothmoveforwardtogether.

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions4

Executivesummary

Thereisanopportunitytopromoteequityinpoliciesaddressingclimatechange.

Thisreportfocusesonthetransformativeforcesofthegreenanddigitaltransitionsthatarereshapingthewaypeopleliveandwork.Thegreentransitionisdrivenbythedesiretodecarbonizeindustries

andpromoteenvironmentalsustainability.The

digitaltransitionharnessestechnologiestoenhanceproductivityandinnovation.

Bothpresenteconomicopportunities.Nature-

positivesolutionsareprojectedtocreate$10.1

trillioninbusinessopportunitiesand395millionnewjobsby2030.3In2022,thedigitaleconomyalreadyaccountedformorethan15.5%ofglobalgross

domesticproduct(GDP).4

However,thecostsandbenefitsofthetransitions

arenotevenlydistributed.Inaglobaleconomythatwillbeincreasinglydefinedbydigitalskills,2.6billionpeoplearestillwithoutreliableinternetaccess5

and760millionpeoplearewithoutelectricity

worldwide.6Inthegreeneconomy,communitiesthatheavilydependonfossilfuelindustriesareatriskoflosingtheircurrentlivelihoods.

Thisreportshowcasesthatamidgrowing

inequalityanddisruptiveglobaltransitions,the

socialeconomydriveseconomicequity.Social

enterprises(businessesthatprioritizepeopleand

theplanetoverprofit)arenotonlyspearheading

innovationinthegreenanddigitaltransitionsbut

alsocreatingbetteroutcomesforthosewhoneedthemmost.Thereareanestimated10millionsocialenterprisesglobally,generatingover$2trillionin

annualturnover–whichismorethanthefashionoradvertisingindustry.7

Buildingontheeconomicequityframework(Figure1)presentedbytheWorldEconomicForumin

2024,thisreportdemonstratesthatthesocialeconomycouldhelpdriveeconomicequityby:

–Trainingandemploying200millionpeoplefromtargetpopulations

–Producingaffordablegoodsandservices

throughsmartuseoftechnologyandinnovation,tieredpricingstrategiesandthepromotion

ofreuse,repairandrecycling

–Ensuringaccesstorelevantproductsandservicesthroughcommunityengagementandinclusiveinnovations

–Makingcloseto$1.6trillioninfinanceand

investmentavailable,oftentomarginalized

groups,throughimpactinvesting,microfinanceandfintech

–Buildingcapacitytocreateandsellrelevantproductsandservicesthroughtraining,

networkingandsocialmarketplaces.

Policy-makersandbusinessleadersstandto

gainfrompartneringwithandinvestinginsocial

enterprisestopromoteeconomicequityinthe

greenanddigitaltransitions.Aliteraturereviewandinterviewsacrossthepublicandprivatesectors

revealarangeofpolicyactionsthatthegovernmentcouldconsidertakingtoadvancesocialenterpriseinthegreenanddigitaltransitions.Thesepolicy

actionsinclude:

–Dedicatedactionplansandstrategiestopromotesocialeconomy

–Taxincentivesforpublicbenefitenterprises

–Subsidiesforessentialproductsandservices

–Theinclusionofsocialandenvironmentalcriteriainprocurementdecisions

–Theinclusionofsocialcriteriaininvestmentsinthegreenanddigitaltransitions

–Marketregulation

–Public-privatecollaborationonkeytransitionchallenges.

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions5

Introduction

Policy-makershaveanopportunitytopromoteequityinpoliciesaddressingclimatechange

andrapiddigitaltransformations.

Currenttimesaredefinedbyarapidlytransitioningworldandtheneedtoadapttoconstantchange.Theworldisfacingmajortransformations,all

occurringatonce.Theyareeconomic,includingthedramaticdecarbonizationofindustry;

technological,duetothemergingofthedigital

andphysicalworldsandembeddingofartificial

intelligence(AI);geopolitical,drivenbytheshift

fromaunipolartomultipolarenvironment;and

social,ascitizenscopewithmassivechangesandsometimesconflictingvalues.

Thisreportfocusesonthegreenanddigital

transitionsthatareradicallytransformingour

societiesandeconomies.Thesetransitionsoffersocial,environmentalandeconomicopportunitiesbutalsopresentrisks.

Digitaljobsareexpectedtorisegloballyfrom73

millionto92millionby2030,8and14millionjobsareforecasttobecreatedingreentechnologiesby2030inAsiaandthePacificalone.9Asimpressiveandpromisingasthesestatisticsseem,serious

challengeslieinthewayofachievingasustainableandequitablefuture.Acrossbothtransitionsinourglobaleconomy,progressisleavingmanybehindand,insomecases,worseningexistingdisparities.

Moreover,thegreenanddigitaltransitionsare

closelyinterconnected.Digitalsolutionscanplayanimportantroleinreducingglobalemissions.AnalysisbyAccenture,incollaborationwiththeWorld

EconomicForum,showsthatdigitaltechnologies,ifscaledacrossindustries,coulddeliverupto20%

ofthe2050reductionneededtohittheInternationalEnergyAgencynet-zerotrajectoriesintheenergy,

materialsandmobilityindustries.10Atthesametime,UnitedNationsTradeandDevelopment's(UNCTAD)

DigitalEconomyReport2024

highlightsthatdigitaltechnologyandinfrastructuredependheavilyon

rawmaterials,andtheproductionanddisposalofmoreandmoredevices,alongwithgrowingwaterandenergyneeds,aretakinganincreasingtollontheplanet.

Indesigningpoliciestocombatclimatechange

andrespondtorapiddigitaltransformationssuch

asAI,policy-makerscandesignforequity.Astheynavigatethecomplexityofdeliveringajusttransitionandaninclusivedigitaltransformation,somepolicy-makershaveturnedtoinclusiveandinnovative

businessmodelsinthesocialeconomy.

Forexample,in2022,theEuropeanCommission

publishedthetransitionpathwayforproximityand

socialeconomy,11identifying14actionareasand30specificactionstohelpthesocialeconomyleadthewayongreenanddigitaltransformation.In2024,theAfricanUnion(AU)adoptedits10-yearSSEstrategyandimplementationplan,12whichdirectlycontributestotheaspirationsoftheAU’sAgenda206313todriveinclusiveandsustainabledevelopment.

Thisreporthighlightshowthesocialeconomyiscontributingtoeconomicequityinthegreenanddigitaltransitions.Itpresentsarangeofpolicy

actionstakenbygovernmentstopromotethesocialeconomy.

Partsofthesocialeconomycontributetothegreenanddigitaltransitionsatlargebysupplyingsustainablegoodsandservicesandbridgingthedigitaldivide.Theirparticipatorybusinessmodels,whichconsidertheneedsofcitizens,employeesandotherstakeholders,helpensurethatthetransitionsarefairandinclusive.

Source:EuropeanCommission.(n.d.).Thetransitionpathwayfortheproximityandsocialeconomy.

https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/proximity-and-social-economy/transition-pathway_en

.

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions6

Imagecredit:FairTrade

Reportmethodology

Thereportbuildsontheinsightsgatheredthroughextensivedesktopresearch,literaturereviewsandover20interviewswithgovernment,businessandsocialenterpriseleaders.

Theteamreviewedliteratureaboutthegreenanddigitaltransitions,socialenterprises’abilityto

driveeconomicequityandpolicy’sroleincreatingenablingenvironmentsfortheequitabletransitions.Theinterviewsincludedastandardizedseriesof

questions,including,butnotlimitedto:

–Whatarethemechanismsbywhichsocialenterprisesdriveequity?

–Howhavepolicy-makersfosteredaconduciveenvironmentfordigitalandgreensocial

enterprises?

–Whatpolicymeasuresareneededtoensurethatthegreenanddigitaltransitionsare

equitable?

Interviewsincludedleadersfromthefollowingglobalregions:Europe,Africa,NorthAmerica,South

AmericaandAsia.

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions7

1

Whatisequityinthegreenanddigitaltransitions?

Leftunaddressed,theexclusionofmarginalizedgroupsinthegreenanddigitaltransitionsis

predictedtobecostly.

Imagecredit:SEKEM

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions8

Thepotentialriskofthegreenanddigital

transitionswideninginequalitiesisnotaperipheralconcern.Itissetagainstabackdropofalready

wideninginequality.Thereisnoregioninthe

worldwherethepoorest50%ofthepopulation

ownmorethan5%ofwealth.14Whilethefull

impactoftheglobalpandemiconinequalityisstillunknown,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)

indicatesinequalityhaslikelyincreasedinmany

countries,giventheevidenceofrisingpovertyand,simultaneously,risingbillionaireincomes.15

Whilethegreenanddigitaltransitionsdidnot

createtheseinequalities,datasuggeststheycanexacerbateexistinginequalitiesandleavenew

groupsbehind.

Theaccelerationofthedigitaltransformationwidensthegapbetweenthosewithaccesstodigitaltechnologiesandthosewithout.New

technologiesemergeeveryday,butmany

communitiesstruggletoaccessthebenefitsofthesetools.Anestimated2.6billionpeople,or

one-thirdoftheglobalpopulation,remainedofflinein2023.Thisparticularlyconcernswomenand

ruralpopulations.16Additionally,thegrowinguse

oftechnologiessuchasAIcanacceleratethe

lossoftraditionaljobssuchasmanufacturing

whilealsocreatingnewworkforcerisksforpeopleearninglowerincomes.17IntheUSalone,adoptinggenerativeAIcouldautomatenearly10%oftasks,disproportionatelyaffectinglower-wagejobs,

whichare14timesmorelikelytoresultinjob

displacementortransitionthanhigher-wagejobs.18

Thetransitiontowardsagreeneconomycould

alsosignificantlyimpactthelabourmarket,with78millionworkersexposedtojoblossby2030.19Thejoblosswilllikelybeconcentratedamongasubsetofmostlylow-wage,low-skilled,informal,ageingandruralworkerswhoalreadyfeelleftbehind.20

Lackofaccessduetocostorinfrastructurehasimpactedcommunities’abilitiestoparticipate

inthegreentransition.Smallholderfarmers,forexample,oftenlackthecapitaltoinvestinsustainablefarmingpractices.21

Imagecredit:TheClothingBank

1.1

Originsofequitydiscussionsinthegreenanddigitaltransitions

Inthelast50years,publicdebatehasincreasedoninequalityasafundamentalproblem.Discussionsaroundjusticeintheclimatetransitionstarted

inthe1970sandwereshapedbytheeffortsoflabourunionstoachievejusticeforworkerswhilerespondingtoenvironmentalconcerns.22Sincethen,therehasbeenabroaderemphasison

dialogueandengagementwithkeystakeholdergroupsbeyondworkersanddecentjobs.For

example,therehasbeenanincreasingfocusoncommunities(e.g.lossofland,culturalcapital),humanrights(e.g.useofchildlabourincobalt

mining)andbroaderstakeholderengagement(e.g.representationandinclusivityindecision-making).

Thepublicdebateaboutinclusioninthedigitaltransitiongainedprominenceinthelate1990sandearly2000s.23Theterm“digitaldivide”

wasintroducedtohighlightdisparitiesindigitalaccessbasedonsocioeconomicstatus,

geography,raceandeducation.Beyonddigitalaccess,concernsaroundprivacy,surveillanceandrepresentationinthedevelopmentof

technologieshaverecentlyincreased.

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions9

1.2

Marginalizedcommunitiesatriskofexclusion

Whilemarginalizationiscontext-specificand

dependentongeography,historicallymarginalizedgroupsareatgreaterriskofbeingexcludedfrom

thebenefitsofthegreenanddigitaltransitions.

Theymayfacegreaterrisksofexclusionbecauseofseveralinterlinkedfactors,including:

–Politicalmarginalization:Historically,

marginalizedgroupshavehadlesspolitical

powerandrepresentation.Thislackofinfluencemeanstheirneedsandinterestsareoften

overlookedinpolicy-makingprocesses.24

–Economicdisparities:Marginalizedgroups

oftenfacehigherlevelsofpovertyandlower

incomelevels.25Thehighcostsassociatedwithgreenanddigitaltechnologiescanbeprohibitiveforlower-incomeindividuals,potentially

skewingbenefitstowardswealthiergroups.

–Educationalbarriers:Asnewtechnologies

andsustainablepracticesemerge,thereisa

criticalneedtoprovidewidespreadaccess

totrainingprogrammesforall.Lowerlevels

ofeducationandlimitedaccesstoquality

educationalresourcescanpreventindividualsinmarginalizedgroupsfromgainingtheskillsand

knowledgeneededtoparticipateinthedigitaleconomyandunderstandgreentechnologies.26

–Lackofaccesstoinfrastructure:Marginalizedgroupsoftenlackaccesstocriticalinfrastructureandfinancing,includingreliableinternet,modernenergygridsandtransportnetworks,further

isolatingthemfromthebenefitsofgreenanddigitaladvancements.27

Theexclusionofmarginalizedgroupshasproven

tobecostlyforboththeindividualsconcerned,

andwidersociety.Excludedindividualsmayface

physicalandmentalhealthcostsandlossof

wages.Forwidersociety,risinginequalityhasbeenassociatedwithsocialdiscontentandcontributedtoincreasedpoliticalpolarization.Itcanweakentrustinpublicinstitutionsandunderminesdemocratic

governance.28Theeconomiccostsofexclusionarealsosignificant:globally,thelossinhumancapitalwealthduetogenderinequalityisestimatedat

$160.2trillion.29IntheUSalone,itisestimatedthatthewideningracialwealthgapwillcostthecountryupto$1.5trillionineconomicgrowthby2028.30

Thistranslatestoacapongrossdomesticproduct(GDP)growthof6%.31

Imagecredit:AmazonSacredHeadwatersAlliance

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions10

Introducingaframeworkforeconomicequity

1.3

Thereisnotyetaunifyingdefinitionof“just”or

“equitable”transitionsorasharedunderstanding

ofhowtoachievetheminpractice.Thisreport

considerstheeconomicequityframeworkas

presentedinthe2024WorldEconomicForum

report,AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:A

FrameworkforEconomicEquity.Economicequity

considersthefairnessindistributingthecostsandpotentialbenefitsofthegreenanddigitaltransitions.

Economicequityisonlyonedimensionoffairness.Itdoesnotinclude:

Dimensionsofproceduralequity:thedegreeofinvolvementandinclusivenessinrulemakinganddecisions.

Dimensionsofcontextualequity:pre-existing

conditionsthatlimitorfacilitatepeoplesaccesstodecision-makingprocedures,resourcesand,thereby,benefits.32

Economicequityisbrokendownintofivekeyareas:employmentandjobtransitions,affordabilityof

productsandservices,accessibilityofproducts

andservices,accesstofinancingandinvestments,andaccesstocapacity(Figure1).

Economicequityframework

FIGURE1

Greentransitiondimensions

–Transitioningawayfromfossilfuels

–Scalinguplow-carbonenergysources

–Greeningtransportandmobility

–Greeningagricultureandfoodproduction

–Greeningheavyindustry

–Greeninginfrastructureandbuiltenvironment

–Movingtoacirculareconomy

Digitaltransitiondimensions

–Shiftingtoe-commerce

–Scalingupdigitalbankingservices

–Digitalizingeducation

–Movingtotelemedicine

–Digitallytransformingpublicservices

–Risingoftheplatformeconomy

Economicequitydimensions

Employment

Affordabilityof

Accessibility

Accessto

Access

andjobtransition

goodsandservices

ofgoodsandservices

?nancingand

investments

tocapacity

Abilitytopurchase

relevantproductsandservices(e.g.impactofshort-termpricehikes)aswellasgreenand

digitalalternatives

Availabilityofand

abilitytouserelevantproductsandservicesaswellasgreenanddigitalalternativesbyovercoming

geographical,physical,socioeconomicand

technologicalbarriers

Abilitytonavigatethe

evolvingjobmarketinadigitaleconomythroughadequatesocialsupport,reskilling,andaccesstonewemployment

opportunitiescreatedbygreeninganddigital

Abilitytoaccess

Abilitytoaccess?nanceandinvestmentsto

transitionintoandoutofindustries/sector

withinthedigitalandgreentransitions

knowledge,technologyandotherresourcestocreateandsellrelevantproductsandservicesasneededforsuccessinadigitally-driven

world

advancements

Source:AdaptedfromWorldEconomicForum.(2024).AcceleratinganEquitableTransition:AFrameworkforEconomicEquity.

/docs/WEF_Accelerating_an_Equitable_Transition_A_Framework_for_Economic_Equity_2024.pdf

.

Imagecredit:RLabs

UnlockingtheSocialEconomy:TowardsEquityintheGreenandDigitalTransitions11

2

Howdoesthesocial

economydriveeconomicequityinthegreenand

digitaltransitions?

Throughinclusiveandsustainablebusinesspractices,thesocialeconomycandrive

equityinthegreenanddigitaltransitions.

BOX1

Thesocialeconomyhasbeenhelpingtodrive

inclusiveoutcomesfordecades.Itcomprises

distinctbusinessmodelsthatprioritizesocialand

environmentalvalueandareorganizedorregisteredasassociations,co-operatives,foundations,

not-for-profitorganizations,voluntarygroupsandsocialenterprises.Themillionsofpeopleengaged

inthesocialeconomyhighlighttheirpotentialto

enactscalablechange.Arecentstudybythe

WorldEconomicForumfoundthattherecouldbeasmanyas10millionsocialenterprisesglobally,

employing200millionpeople.33Theyarecollectivelygeneratingover$2trillioninannualturnover,whichislargerthanthefashionoradvertisingindustry.34

Whatisasocialenterprise?

Socialenterprisesareintentionallydrivingequity.

AstudyfromEuropesuggeststhatthepurposeof66%ofallsocialenterprisesistoimproveoutcomesfortargetbeneficiaries.Thetopfivetargetgroups

forsocialenterprisesinEuropeareyouth,women,individualswithmentaldisabilities,individualswithphysicaldisabilitiesandlong-termunemployed.36

Thefollowingsectionsoutlinehowthesocial

economydrivesimpactalongthefivedimensionsofeconomicequity.Whileeachsectionfocusesononeofthefivedimensions,manysocialenterprisesdriveeconomicequityacrossmultipledimensions.

Thesocialeconomyandsocialinnovationactivelyaddresssocioeconomicand

environmentalchallengesandcontributetoajusttwintransitionbyaimingfor

marginalizedgroupstonotbeleftbehindandthatthebenefitsofthesetransitionsaresharedequitably.Thisincludeschallengesrelatedtopovertyalleviation,

healthcare,education,housingandcommunitydevelopment,aswellasenvironmentalconservationandpromotingfairaccesstoresources.

Source:OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).(n.d.).SocialEconomyandSocialInnovation.

/en/topics/sub-issues/social-economy-and-social-innovation