話題28科技發(fā)展與科學家精神Ⅰ.閱讀理解JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidsodespiteunbelievabledifficulties.“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasaseniorinhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Joseremembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhischildhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesandcucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmasandstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefuntotravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthePacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewithFranklinChang－Diaz.“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesamelanguageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalreadyovercomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’tuntilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19thclassofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarthguy.JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhecontinueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.【語篇解讀】本文是記敘文。文章主要講述了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose在中學時期受FranklinChang－Diaz的事跡激勵而夢想成為一名宇航員，他為此付出了極大的努力并最終取得了傲人的成績，實現(xiàn)夢想的故事。1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.答案B[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知，當Jose通過收音機得知FranklinChang－Diaz被選為宇航員的那一刻，早就對理工科感興趣的他立志成為一名宇航員。]2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?A.Hedidmuchfarmwork. B.Hetraveledalotforfun.C.HehatedlearningEnglish. D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.答案A[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，Jose來自墨西哥的移民農(nóng)民家庭，他童年時做了大量的農(nóng)活。]3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?A.Inspired. B.Valued.C.Relaxed. D.Puzzled.答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，當Jose見到FranklinChang－Diaz本人時，他意識到他倆有很多共同經(jīng)歷，這包括他目前遇到的障礙，但對方都已經(jīng)克服了這些障礙，這使得Jose充滿信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。]4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ClimboverBarriers B.ReachfortheStarsC.WorktheHardWay D.LearnfromYourPast答案B[標題歸納題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose為了成為一名宇航員付出了極大的努力，最終實現(xiàn)夢想，飛上了太空的故事。B項(有九天攬月之志)能概括文章大意，適合作文章標題。]Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemorelikelytodevelopdementia(癡呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuchasheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleaguesanalyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，whichlaunchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000Britishvolunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reportedtheirsleeppatterns.During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmostdiagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribedhowthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60swere30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedsevenhours.Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeplossitselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelievetheresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothedisease.Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecadesbeforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthebrain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholaterdevelopeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheyweresleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrainchanges.“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsendementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementianeurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutsideduringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtimeroutinethatworksforyou.”【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。一項針對老年癡呆癥的重大研究表明，中年時每晚經(jīng)常睡6小時或更少的人比那些每天睡7小時的人更容易患癡呆癥。文章介紹了研究開展的過程以及研究人員對此的看法和建議。5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?A.Sleeploss. B.Age.C.Poormentalhealth. D.Heartcondition.答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知，這篇文章關注的是癡呆的風險因素是睡眠不足。]6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.答案D[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Sabia，anauthorofthestudy...morethan10，000Britishvolunteers.”可知，法國科學家通過分析以前的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)得到研究結果。]7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?A.Casual. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Cautious.答案D[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段可推知，科學家們用謹慎的語氣談論這項研究。]8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A.Togiveexamples. B.Tocollectproofs.C.Tooffersuggestions. D.Topresentarguments.答案C[寫作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建議。]Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecyclingdiscardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillionsofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaystorecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterialsthatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthestudy.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedindeterminingwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginalmaterials.”Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomakeconstructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，pulverized(粉狀的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechniqueinvolvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthemixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthoftheresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerialsexceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，aseniorcollaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterialoverthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltorsugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurableproductsresistedrot，fungi(菌類)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechangesinappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，itiscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancestopreparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintaintheirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.【語篇解讀】本文是說明文，主要介紹了一項研究。東京的研究人員開發(fā)了一種新的方法，通過將廢棄的水果和蔬菜殘渣回收成堅固的建筑材料來減少食物浪費，這項科技有很大的發(fā)展空間。9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.答案B[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知，這種做法浪費了很多錢，不環(huán)保，所以科學家們一直在尋找新的方法，把這些廢料變成有用的東西。]10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?A.Contains. B.Processes.C.Presses. D.Originates.答案A[詞義猜測題。分析句子可知，which引導定語從句，指代foodwaste，結合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推斷，食物浪費包括可食用的殘羹剩飯，畫線詞與A項“包括”意思相近。]11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthanconcrete.C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintaintheiroriginaltaste.答案C[正誤判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetopreparematerialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知，用食物殘余物來做成足夠堅固的材料用于建筑工程，為未來技術打開了大門，因此推斷這項技術有很大的創(chuàng)造性使用空間。]12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Atouristbrochure. B.Arecipebook.C.Abiographybook. D.Asciencemagazine.答案D[文章出處題。根據(jù)第一段中的“researchersinTokyohaveorobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了一項研究，因此，文章很可能來自科學雜志。]Ⅱ.七選五(2024·濰坊高三測試)ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasIsteppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(遠征)hadbeentoAntarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.TheicywatermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3Yougetfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(賊鷗)attackingapenguinchick,yourheartaches.ThenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.Thecyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyuniqueandspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceisbeginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeabletobreakthroughtheice.Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather－changingprocess.5Theexpeditionteam