UnitTwoLookUpattheStarsInnovationEnglishIntegratedCourseBook4Lead-inAfter-readingTextAFromWords&SentencestoTextFromStructuretoTextAdditionalMaterialscontent01020304TextA3TeachingSessionsTextB1.5TeachingSessionsListening&Speaking1.5TeachingSessionsExercises2TeachingSessionsSuggestedTeachingSteps01Lead-inLead-inDirections:Pleasewatchthevideoclipandanswerthequestions.l.Whowasthespeaker?Whatdoyouknowabouthim?2.Accordingtothespeaker,whataretheambitiousexperimentsplannedforthefuture?Tips:l.StephenHawking(l942—20l8)wastheformerLucasianProfessorofMathematicsattheUniversityofCambridgeandauthorofABriefHisloryofTimewhichisaninternationalbestseller.2.Wewillmapthepositionsofbillionsofgalaxies,betterunderstandourplaceintheuniverse,andcontinuetoexplorespace.02TextATextAIntensiveReadingFromWords&SentencestotheTextFromStructuretotheTextTextATheUniverseGivesUpItsDeepestSecret0neofthegreatestmysteriesoftheuniverseisabouttobeunraveledwiththefirstdetailed,threedimensionalmapofdarkmatter—theinvisiblematerialthatmakesupmostofthecosmos.Astronomersannouncedyesterdaythattheyhaveachievedtheapparentlyimpossibletaskofcreatingapictureofsomethingthathasdefiedeveryattempttodetectitsinceitsexistencewasfirstpostulatedinl933.Scientistshaveknownformanyyearsthatthereismoretotheuniversethancanbeseenordetectedthroughtheirtelescopesbutitisonlynowthattheyhavebeenabletocapturethefirstsignificant3Dimageofthisotherwiseinvisiblematerial.TextAUnliketheordinarymatteroftheplanets,starsandgalaxies,whichcanbeseenthroughtelescopesordetectedbyscientificinstruments,nobodyhasseendarkmatterorknowswhatitismadeof,thoughcalculationssuggestthatitisatleastsixtimesbiggerthantherestofthevisibleuniversecombined.Ateamof70astronomersfromEurope,AmericaandJapanusedtheHubbleSpaceTelescopetobuildupapictureofdarkmatterinavastregionofspacewheresomeofthegalaxiesdatebacktohalftheageoftheuniverse—nearly7billionyears.Theyusedaphenomenonknownasgravitationallensing,firstpredictedbyAlbertEinstein,toinvestigateanareaoftheskyninetimesthesizeofafullmoon.Gravitationallensingoccurswhenlightfromdistantgalaxiesisbentbythegravitationalinfluenceofanymatterthatitpassesonitsjourneythroughspace.TextAThescientistswereabletoexploitthetechniquebycollectingthedistortedlightfromhalfamillionfarawaygalaxiestoreconstructsomeofthemissingmassoftheuniversewhichisotherwiseinvisibletoconventionaltelescopes.“Wehave,forthefirsttime,mappedthelarge-scaledistributionofdarkmatterintheuniverse,”theleadingscientistsaid.“Darkmatterisamysteriousandinvisibleformofmatter,aboutwhichweknowverylittle,yetitdominatesthemassoftheuniverse.”Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriestoemergefromthestudyisthatdarkmatterappearstoformaninvisiblescaffoldorskeletonaroundwhichthevisibleuniversehasformed.TextAAlthoughcosmologistshavetheorizedthatthiswouldbethecase,thefindingsaredramaticproofthattheircalculationsarecorrectandthat,withoutdarkmatter,theknownuniversethatwecanseewouldnotbeabletoexist.“Afilamentarywebofdarkmatteristhreadedthroughtheentireuniverse,andactsasscaffoldingwithinwhichtheordinarymatter—includingstars,galaxiesandplanets—canlaterbebuilt,”theleadingscientistsaid.“Themostsurprisingaspectofourmapishowunsurprisingitis.Overall,weseemtounderstandreallywellwhathappensduringtheformationofstructureandtheevolutionoftheuniverse,”hesaid.Thethree-dimensionalmapofdarkmatterwasbuiltupbytakingslicesthroughdifferentregionsofspace;muchlikeamedicalCTscannerbuildsa3DimageofthebodybytakingdifferentX-ray“slices”intwodimensions.TextADatafromtheHubbletelescopewassupplementedbymeasurementsfromtelescopesontheground,suchastheVeryLargeTelescopeoftheEuropeanSouthernObservatoryandtheJapaneseSubarutelescope.DetailsofthedarkmattermapwerereleasedyesterdayattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAstronomicalSocietyinSeattleandpublishedonlinebythejournalNature.Themapstretcheshalfwaybacktothebeginningoftheuniverseandshowsthatdarkmatterhasformedinto“clumps”asitcollapsedundergravity.Othermatterthengroupedaroundtheseclumpstoformthevisiblestars,galaxiesandplanets.“The3Dinformationisvitaltostudyingtheevolutionofthestructuresovercosmictime,”saidanotherfamousscientist.TextAAstronomershavecomparedthetaskofdetectingdarkmattertothedifficultyofphotographingacityatnightfromtheairwhenonlystreetlightsarevisible.Scientistssaidthenewimageswereequivalenttoseeingacity,itssuburbsandcountryroadsindaylightforthefirsttime.Majorarteriesandintersectionsbecomeevidentandavarietyofneighborhoodsarerevealed.“Nowthatwehavebeguntomapoutwheredarkmatteris,thenextchallengeistodeterminewhatitis,andspecificallyitsrelationshiptonormalmatter,”theleadingscientistsaid.“Wehaveansweredthefirstquestionaboutwherethedarkmatteris,buttheultimategoalwillbetodeterminewhatitis.”TextAVariousexperimentsonEarthareunderwaytotrytofindoutwhatdarkmatterismadeof.Onetheoryisthatitiscomposedofmysterioussub-atomicparticlesthataredifficulttodetectbecausetheydonotinteractwithordinarymatterandsocannotbepickedupandidentifiedbyconventionalscientificinstruments.Comparingthemapsofvisiblematteranddarkmatterhasalreadypointedtoanomaliesthatcouldprovecriticaltotheunderstandingofwhatconstitutesdarkmatter.DetailedStudyFromword&sentencetotextWORDSTUDY&SENTENCESTUDY1.(Para.2)Astronomersannouncedyesterdaythattheyhaveachievedtheapparentlyimpossibletaskofcreatingapictureofsomethingthathasdefiedeveryattempttodetectitsinceitsexistencewasfirstpostulatedinl933.【譯文】昨天，天文學家聲明：他們已完成了在此之前看似不可能完成的任務——自l933年假設暗物質存在以來，人們一直嘗試構建它的圖像，但每次均以失敗告終。此句是由“that”引導的賓語從句，在賓語從句中是由“since”引導的時間狀語從句。“since”意為“自……以來”。e.g.ItwasthefirsttimeI’dwonsinceIlearnttoplaychess.“since”作為副詞，有“后來”之意：e.g.ShemovedtoLondonlastMayandhassincegotajobatanewspaper.WordStudy&SentenceStudy“since”作為介詞，意為“自從”：e.g.Educationhasmaderapidprogresssinceliberation.defy

vt.(1)topresentobstaclestopreventsth.使……成為不可能，使……落空e.g.Thebeautyofthescenedefiesdescription.(2)torefusetoobeyorshowrespectforsb.inauthority,alaw,arule,etc.違(反)抗，藐(蔑)視e.g.Iwouldn‘thavedaredtodefymyteachers.Hundredsofpeopletodaydefiedthebanonpoliticalgatherings.defiancen.e.g.Hisdefianceofthelawcosthimdearly.WordStudy&SentenceStudydetectvt.

tonoticeordiscoversth.,especiallysth.thatisnoteasytosee,hear,etc.發現，察覺，探測e.g.Manyformsofcancercanbecuredifdetectedearly.Dandetectedachangeinhermood.detectableadj.

可察覺的，易發現的e.g.Thenoiseisbarelydetectablebythehumanear.WordStudy&SentenceStudy2.(Para.3)...butitisonlynowthattheyhavebeenabletocapturethefirstsignificant3Dimageofthisolherwiseinvisiblematerial.【譯文】但直到現在，科學家們才首次捕捉到了這一本不可見的物質的三維圖形。本句是強調句，強調時間。Itis(was)+狀語+that+句子，此結構用來強調狀語，充當狀語的可以是單詞、詞組或者從句，可以強調時間、地點、時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句和主語從句。ItwasyesterdaythatIboughtthebookinthebookstore.(強調時間)ItwasinthebookstorethatIboughtthebookyesterday.(強調地點)WordStudy&SentenceStudyItwasonlywhenIbadlyneededthebookthatIboughtityesterday.(強調時間狀語從句)Itwasbecause(不用Since,why,as)IbadlyneededthebookthatIboughtityesterday.(強調原因狀語從句)Itiswhatyoudothatisimportant.(強調主語從句)capturevt.(l)tosucceedinrecording,showing,ordescribingasituationorfeeling,usingwordsorpictures捕捉，抓取，獲得e.g.Iclosedmyeyestightlytocapturethepicturefirmlyinmymind.(2)tocatchapersonandkeephim/herasaprisoner俘虜(獲)e.g.Governmenttroopshavesucceededincapturingtherebelleader.WordStudy&SentenceStudycapturen.

theactofcapturingsb./sth.orofbeingcaptured俘(捕)獲，占領e.g.Thesoldierplayeddeadtoescapecapturebytheenemy.otherwise

adv.(1)exceptforwhathasjustbeenmentioned除此以外e.g.Hewastiredbutotherwiseingoodhealth.Thisspoiledanotherwiseexcellentpieceofwork.(2)inanotheroradifferentway用別的方法，不同地e.g.we’llgettheresomehow,byboatorotherwise.otherwise

conj.

ifconditionsweredifferent;ifnot…否則，不然e.g.Putthecapbackonthebottle,otherwisethejuicewillspill.Wemustrun,otherwisewe’llbetoolate.WordStudy&SentenceStudy3.(Para.8)Darkmatterisamysteriousandinvisibleformofmatter,aboutwhichweknowverylittle,yetitdominatesthemassoftheuniverse.

【譯文】暗物質占據著宇宙的大部分，它是一種神秘又難觀測到的物質，我們對其所知甚少。dominatevt.(1)tocontrolorhavealotofinfluenceoversb./sth.,ofteninanunpleasantway支配，統治e.g.Spainoncedominatedtheseas.Intelevision,threenetworksclearlydominatethemarketofAmericanviewers.(2)tobethemostimportantornoticeablefeatureofsth.在……中占主要地位e.g.Thetraincrashdominatedthenews.Sports,thoughimportant,shouldnotdominateourschools.WordStudy&SentenceStudydomination:n.支配，統治，控制e.g.Shehasbeenunderthedominationofherfathersincechildhood.4.

(Para.l0)Althoughcosmologistshavetheorizedthatthiswouldbethecase,thefindingsaredramaticproofthattheircalculationsarecorrectandthat,withoutdarkmatter,theknownuniversethatwecanseewouldnotbeabletoexist.【譯文】雖然宇宙學家已從理論上闡明了暗物質的存在，但這組發現明確地證實了宇宙學家的測算是正確的，同時也證明了如果沒有暗物質，我們已知的這個世界就不可能存在。本句為“although”引導的讓步狀語從句，主句為“that”引導的同位語從句補充和說明“proof”。WordStudy&SentenceStudytheorize

vt.(1)tothinkofapossibleexplanationforaneventorfact推理e.g.Researcherstheorizethattherewasonceacommonlanguageforallhumanity.Itisagravemistaketotheorizebeforeonehasdata.(2)toformatheoryortheoriesaboutsth.建立理論，理論化e.g.scientistshavetheorizedaboutdarkmatterforaboutseventyyears.WordStudy&SentenceStudydramaticadj.(1)excitingandimpressive激動人心的，給人印象深刻的e.g.someofthemostdramaticeventsinAmericanhistoryhappenedhere.Heropeningwordsweredramatic.(2)greatandsudden劇烈的e.g.Thegovernmentisalarmedbythedramaticincreaseinviolentcrime.(3)connectedwiththetheaterorplays戲劇性的e.g.Anewdramaticproductionisplannedattheschoolafterthestartofnextsemester.WordStudy&SentenceStudy5.

(Para.

12)Thethree-dimensionalmapofdarkmatterwasbuiltupbytakingslicesthroughdifferentregionsofspace;muchlikeamedicalCTscannerbuildsa3DimageofthebodybytakingdifferentX-ray

“slices”

intwodimensions.【譯文】暗物質的三維圖形是通過宇宙空間不同區域的橫切面構建而成，它與醫學上的CT掃描儀通過X射線獲取人體二維截面以形成人體的三維成像非常相似。like

conj.

inthesamewayas正如，像……那樣e.g.Nooneelsecanscoregoalslikehecan!Don’ttalktomelikeyoutalktoachild.WordStudy&SentenceStudy6.

(Para.14)Themapstretcheshalfwaybacktothebeginningoftheuniverseandshowsthatdarkmatterhasformedinto

“clumps”

asitcollapsedundergravity.【譯文】該圖形追溯到了宇宙發展的中期，展示了暗物質在重力作用下分裂而形成的“暗物質團”。stretch

v.(1)tomakesth.longer,wider,orlooser拉長，伸展e.g.Isthereanywayofstretchingshoes?(2)toextendorreach,ineithertimeorspace延伸e.g.Thewheatfieldstretchedtothehorizon.stretchn.actofstretchingorthestateofbeingstretched伸展，張開e.g.Thedogwokeup,hadagoodstretchandwanderedoff.WordStudy&SentenceStudycollapsev.(1)tofalldownorfallinsuddenly,oftenafterbreakingapart倒(坍)塌e.g.Theroofcollapsedundertheweightofsnow.(2)toquicklygetworse,downtoaverylowpoint病倒，昏厥e.g.Hishealthcollapsedbecauseofoverwork.collapsen.倒塌，崩潰e.g.Thecollapseofthebuildingcausednocasualties.WordStudy&SentenceStudy7.

(Para.

16)Astronomershavecomparedthetaskofdetectingdarkmattertothedifficultyofphotographingacityatnightfromtheairwhenonlystreetlightsarevisible.【譯文】天文學家認為，探測暗物質的任務如同在只有街燈的夜間從空中拍攝城市景觀一樣艱難。“compare…to…”意為“把……比作(喻為)”，“compare…with…”意為“與……相比”。e.g.ThecriticscomparedhisworktothatofMartinAmis.Wecarefullycomparedthefirstreportwiththesecond.Myownproblemsseeminsignificantcomparedwith(incomparisonto)otherpeople’s.WordStudy&SentenceStudy8.

(Para.

18)Nowthatwehavebeguntomapoutwheredarkmatteris,thenextchallengeistodeterminewhatitis...【譯文】既然我們已開始勾勒暗物質所處的位置，那下一個挑戰就是搞清楚它是什么……“nowthat”引導讓步狀語從句，意為“既然，由于”。e.g.Nowthatyouareauniversitystudent,youshouldlearntobeindependentofyourparents’help.NowthatIamfree,Icanenjoymusicforawhile.WordStudy&SentenceStudy9.

(Para.

19)Comparingthemapsofvisiblematteranddarkmatterhasalreadypointedtoanomaliesthatcouldprovecritica1totheunderstandingofwhatconstitutesdarkmatter:Comparisonsmadebetweenvisiblemattermapsanddarkmattermapshaveshownsomeunusualaspects.whichcouldproveimportantfordiscoveringwhatdarkmatterismadeupof.【譯文】對可見物質和暗物質的圖片比較已證明了暗物質的獨特之處，這對于理解暗物質的構成很關鍵。critical

adj.(1)extremelyimportantbecauseafuturesituationwillbeaffectedbyit危急時刻的，決定性的，關鍵的WordStudy&SentenceStudye.g.Thatwasacriticaltimeinthenationshistory.(2)(~ofsb./sth.)expressingdisapprovalofsb./sth.andsayingwhatyouthinkisbadaboutthem批評(判)的，評論性的e.g.Hereceivedseriouscriticalcommentsonhisinefficiencyatwork.constitute

vt.(1)tobethepartsthattogetherformsth.組(構)成e.g.Therearemanydisparatepartsthattogetherconstituteacar.(2)toofficiallyformagroupororganization正式成(建)立e.g.Thecommitteehadbeenimproperlyconstituted,andthereforehadnolegalpower.WordStudy&SentenceStudyStructureStudyFromstructuretotextSTRUCTURESTUDYSummaryoftheTextDirections:Thetextcanbedividedintofourparts.Fi11intheb1ankswithappropriatewordsfromthetexttocompletethemainideaofeachpart.PartsParagraphsMainIdeasPartOneParas.l—2Astronomersannouncedthattheyhavebeenabletol)capture

thefirstsignificant3D2)image

ofdarkmatterwhichisotherwise3)invisible.PartTwoParas.3—7704)astronomers

fromdifferentcountriesexploited5)gravitationallensing

bycollectingthedistortedlightfromhalfamillionfarawaygalaxiesto6)reconstruct

someofthemissingmassoftheuniversebutnobodyknowswhatitismadeofeventhoughit7)dominates

themassoftheuniverse.PartThreeParas.8—16Thescientistswanttoshowwhatthedarkmatterlookslike.8)Overall,itappearstoformaninvisiblescaffoldor9)skeleton

withinwhichtheordinarymatter—includingstars,galaxiesandplanets—canlaterbebuilt.PartFourParas.17—19Thescientistshavebeguntomapoutwheredarkmatteris,butour10)ultimate

goalwillbetodeterminewhatitis.Directions:Answerthefollowingguestionsaccordingtothetext.l)Werethemanyscientists,whohavetriedtodetectapictureoftheinvisiblematerialsinceitsexistencewasfirstpostulated,successful?No.Ithasdefiedeveryattempttodetectitsinceitsexistencewasfirstpostulatedinl933.2)Howdidscientistsusethephenomenonknownasgravitationallensing,firstpredictedbyAlbertEinstein,toreconstructsomeofthemissingmassoftheuniverse?Thescientistswereabletoexploitthistechniquebycollectingthedistortedlightfromhalfamillionfarawaygalaxiestoreconstructsomeofthemissingmassoftheuniverse.3)Howdidtheleadingscientistdescribethedarkmatter?Itlookslikeafilamentaryweb,whichisthreadedthroughtheentireuniverse,andactsasscaffoldingwithinwhichtheordinarymatter—includingstars,galaxiesandplanets—canlaterbebuilt.4)Isthestudyofthe3Dimageimportant?whyorwhynot?Yes.The3Dinformationisvitaltostudyingtheevolutionofthestructuresovercosmictime.5)Accordingtothetext,whydoscientistsmakeeffortstodetectdarkmatter?Becausewithoutdarkmatter,theknownuniversethatwecanseewouldnotbeabletoexist.03After-readingAfter-reading點擊此處輸入文字內容KeystoExercisesAfter-readingActivityKeystoExercisesVocabulary1.1)skeleton2)released3)captured4)collapsed5)ultimate6)intersection7)otherwise8)equivalent9)defy10)distorting2.

1)ThedesksarearrangedinaU-shape,sotheteachercaninteracteasilywiththestudents.2)Detectivesaretryingtobuildupapictureofthekidnapper.3)Usingatelescope,Galileodiscoveredstarsthatwereinvisibletothenakedeye.4)Ourpartnershipdatesbacktol960.5)Thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.6)Itisvitaltobehonestwithyourchildren.7)Theresearchprojecthasonlybeenun4erwayforthreemonths,soitstooearlytoevaluateitssuccess.8)TheBritishParliamentiscomposedoftheHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords.Structure1.1)Nowthatweknoweachotherquitewell2)Nowthatthekidshavelefthome3)Nowthatyouhavegrownupandbecomeauniversitystudent4)NowthatI’vepaidthetaxdemandedandthechildrensschoolfees5)Nowthatpricesarerisingsofast2.1)Thisbridgeovertheriveristhreetimesthelengthofthatone.2)Ourparentsbedroomistwicethesizeofmine.3)Thisswimmingpoolisfourtimesthewidthoftheoneunderconstruction.4)ItisreportedthatthemountainthatthemountaineersclimbedyesterdayistwicetheheightofTaibaiMountain.5)Wehavetoadmitthatthiswellisfivetimesthedepthofthatone.Cloze1)superior2)approach3)bluntly4)egos5)conquered6)stable7)stagger8)imperfections9)signaling10)initiateTranslation中國最新的載人航天飛船上周四與空間站對接成功，三名宇航員登上空間站，那里將是他們接下來一周的居住地。神舟十號對接空間實驗將由自動化控制。進入太空實驗室之后船員們換上了他們在空間內的藍色連身衣。他們將在空間實驗室中停留12天。期間，宇航員們將進行手動對接練習并開展科學實驗，他們還將提供一系列科學講座，提高中國太空計劃在青少年人群中的普及程度。Directions:Fromoursmallworld,wehavegazeduponthecosmicoceanforuntoldthousandsofyears.Buttheyearssince1957haveamountedtoagoldenageofspaceexploration.Usethefollowingtabletohelpyousharewhatyouknowwithyourclassmates.After-readingActivityOneDirections:Fromoursmallworld,wehavegazeduponthecosmicoceanforuntoldthousandsofyears.Buttheyearssincel957haveamountedtoagoldenageofspaceexploration.Usethefollowingtabletohelpyousharewhatyouknowwithyourclassmates.After-readingActivityOneEventTimeCrewmembersSignificance

Directions:Doyoubelieveintheexistenceofintelligentextraterrestriallife?Ifyes,whatdoesitlooklike?Whatkindsofsuperpowerdoesithave?PicturetheimageofETinyourmindinthespaceprovidedbelowandlistthesuperpoweritpossesses.Thenplanaone-daytourforyourETfriendontheearth.After-readingActivityTwoPictureofETET’sSuperPower

Directions:Doyoubelieveintheexistenceofintelligentextraterrestriallife?Ifyes,whatdoesitlooklike?Whatkindsofsuperpowerdoesithave?PicturetheimageofETinyourmindinthespaceprovidedbelowandlistthesuperpoweritpossesses.Thenplanaone-daytourforyourETfriendontheearth.After-readingActivityTwoPlanofaOne-dayTourTimeArrangementsReasons

Directions:Breakupintogroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.After-readingActivityThreeEveryyear,billionsofdollarsarespentbytheworld’sspaceagencies,butdoesthismoneybringusanybenefit?Isspaceexplorationawasteofmoneyorshouldwepulltheplugandspendthemoneyelsewhere?04AdditionalMaterialsAdditionalMaterialsActivityOneActivityTwoBackgroundInformationActivityOneDirections:Howmuchdoyouknowabouttheuniversethatwearelivingin?Readthestatementsbelowanddecidewhetherthesefactsabouttheuniversearetrueorfalse.Referenceanswers:(T)l.Theuniverseisexpanding.(F)2.Thesunisagiantcomparedtootherstars.Thesunisamediumsizedstarabouthalfwaythroughitslifecycle.(T)3.Thelawsofphysicsbreakdownatthecenterofablackhole.(T)4.Thereareaninfinitenumberofparalleluniverses.(F)5.Thereareonlyafewknowngalaxiesthatexistintheuniverse.Thereareactuallyhundredsofbillionsofgalaxiesknowninouruniverse.ActivityTwoDirections:TherearevariousChineselegendsabouttheoriginoftheuniverse.Ingroupsof4or5,usethekeywordsinthetablebelowtotellthestoryofPanguandNüwa.PanguseparatestheskyfromtheEarthNüwaCreatesHumansdarknessandchaosblurredentityvast“egg”tocrackmudtomakebyhandtoflingaropetopopulatetheearthDarkMatterLearningaboutdarkmatterhelpsdeterminetheshapeoftheuniverse,becausetheshapeoftheuniversedependsonthekindofstuffinit.Moreover,becausedarkmattercomprisessuchalargeamountoftheuniverse,understandingitsnatureandbehaviorareintegral.FritzZwickywasthepioneerinthisfield.Inl933,attheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,theswissastrophysicistZwickywasthefirsttotheorizedarkmatterafterheobservedthattherewas400timesthemassintheComaclusterofgalaxiesthanthere“should”havebeenorthathehadexpectedtheretobe.AccordingtoZwicky,theremusthavebeensomethingthatcouldntbeseenthataccountedfortherestofthismass.Furthermore,hecametoanotherconclusionbylookingatgroupsofgalaxiestensofmillionsoflight-yearsawayfromoneanother.Zwickyobservedthattheirrelativespeedsweremuchtoogreatforthemtobeheldtogetherbythegravitationalattractionofthevisiblematteralone,andthattherefore,theremusthavebeensomethingelseholdingthemtogether.Hecalledthissomethingelse“invisiblematter”or“darkmatter”.Andthenotherdiscoveriessprangforth.BackgroundInformationInl950,awomannamedVeraRubinmadeanotherstartlingdiscovery.Newtonslawspredictedthatbodiesorbitingaroundacentermovemoreslowlythefarthertheyarefromthatcenter.Instead,RubinsconclusionscontradictedNewtonianlaws.shebuiltonthetheoriesofZwickytodiscoverthatgalaxiesshowedan“extramotion”:byexamininggalacticlightsignatures,shefoundthatbodiesorbitingaroundtheoutskirtsofgalaxiestraveledatapproximatelythesamespeedasthebodiesorbitingnearthecenterofagalaxy,thereforesomeothermatterhadtoexistintheoutskirts,somematterthatwecouldntsee,thatwasactinguponthevisiblebodies.Thepunchlinewasdarkmatter.Overthesecondhalfofthe20thCenturymanyotherimportantcontributionstotheoriesofdarkmatterhavebeenmadebythelikesofMordehaiMilgromandYakovZel’dovich.However,themostimportantthingtorememberinlearningaboutthehistoryofdarkmattertheoriesisthatthereisalwaysroomforimprovement,alwaysanewwaytothinkaboutthings,alwaysanewwaytowidenourmindstocrucialquestionsabouttheuniverse.BackgroundInformationHubbleSpaceTelescopeTheHubblespaceTelescope(HST)isaspacetelescopethatwascarriedintoorbitbythespaceshuttleDiscoveryinAprill990.ItisnamedaftertheAmericanastronomerEdwinHubble.Althoughnotthefirstspacetelescope,theHubbleisoneofthelargestandmostversatile,andiswell-knownasbothavitalresearchtoolandapublicrelationsboonforastronomy.TheHubbleistheonlytelescopeeverdesignedtobeservicedinspacebyastronauts.Todate,therehavebeenfourservicingmissions.servicingMissionltookplaceinDecemberl993whenHubblesimagingflawwascorrected.servicingmissions2,3A,and3Brepairedvarioussub-systemsandreplacedmanyoftheobservinginstrumentswithmoremodernandcapableversions.BackgroundInformationEuropeanSouthernObservatoryTheEuropeanSouthernObservatory(ESO,whoseofficialnameistheEuropeanOrganizationforAstronomicalRes