專題03選詞填空

目錄

題型綜述.........................................................................2

解題攻略.........................................................................2

考點01熟詞生義題..............................................................2

考點02一詞多性題...............................................................4

考點03構詞法知識題............................................

考點04固定搭配題...............................................................5

高考練場.........................................................................6

真題回顧（2025年1月上海春考'小貓釣魚'深度剖析及教學啟示..................6

變式演練圖表圖畫題............................................................14

01題型綜述

上海高考英語的“小貓釣魚”題型，自2008年起采用，主要考查學生在語篇中應用詞匯和語法知識的能力。文章長度

一般在350詞左右，首句通常為主題句且不設空，每隔10-30個詞會有一個空缺，共10個空。題目會給出11個選項，學生

需要從中選出10個填入空缺處，使文章完整。這種題型將詞匯的使用與完形閱讀緊密結合,綜合考查詞匯與閱讀理解能

力。

考向詮釋：

＞詞匯方面：主要考查名詞，動詞，形容詞,副詞等實詞。選項中的詞匯會涉及一詞多性，一詞多義，派生和合成詞等。

＞語法方面：考查詞性之間的關系和句子結構分析能力。例如,通過分析句子成分來判斷空缺處應填入的詞性。

＞邏輯方面：考察上下文邏輯聯系和語篇分析能力。需要根據文章的語境和邏輯關系來選擇合適的詞匯。

解題技巧：

＞通讀全文，把握大意：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章的主題和脈絡。這樣可以更好地理解上下文，為填空提供語境支持。

＞整理選項，標注詞性：將選項中的單詞按詞性分類，并注意詞性的判斷與多樣性。例如，動詞的不同形式（如現在分

詞，過去分詞）需要特別注意。

＞選詞填空，邏輯先行：根據上下文邏輯和語篇分析，結合語法判斷,逐步填入合適的詞匯。例如，通過冠詞，形容詞等線

索判斷空缺處的詞性。

＞復讀調整，確保連貫：完成填空后，再次通讀全文,調整確保上下文連貫，情感色彩一致。這有助于發現并修正可能的

錯誤。

02解題攻略

【要點梳

理】

詞性考察考點分析做題技巧

1,主要考察名詞作主語和賓語1,先判斷方框單詞

名詞

2,注意名詞也可作前置定語的詞性詞義，注意

詞多性和詞

do/does形式:

多義。

1,句子缺少一個謂語動詞,可根據“謂語動詞數=連詞數+1”規則判斷

2,精讀第一句，掌

2,注意三單和動詞及物不及物

握文章主題。

3,根據語法知識確

動詞doing形式:定被填入空格詞

1,可能是動名詞和現在分詞的詞性，縮小范圍。

2,動名詞主要考察作主語，賓語4,根據文章理解確

3,現在分詞主要考察作表語，定語，狀語，賓補，注意分詞短語作后置定定答案。

語情況5,仔細檢查，最終

done形式:敲定答案。

1,可能是謂語動詞過去式,被動語態及過去分詞

2,若空格前有be動詞，要根據句意判斷是被動還是表狀態的過去分詞

3,過去分詞主要考察作表語，定語，狀語，賓補，注意分詞短語作后置定

o國困

語情況，注意單個過去分詞作后置定語的情況，如：

第一步，判斷方

left,saved,remained,gained等

有些詞具有多

往往能大致合

第二步，略讀邦

形容詞單個形容詞作前置定語，形容詞短語作后置定語

略讀文章，細讀

句子結構完整時用副詞,位置可放句首，句中，句末

副詞第三步，填詞）

1,確認空處可」

2,同性詞篩選.

3,按邏輯關系4

>考點一：熟詞生義

A.addressB.fascinationC.governedD.imposingE.offensiveF.originally

G.overlookingH.rebellionI.reminderJ.randomlyK.swept

Notlimitedtomilitarypurposes,castlesalsoservedasofficesfromwhichthelordwouldadministercontroloverhis

fiefdom.Thatistosay,thelordofthelandwouldholdcourtinhiscastle.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththelordwouldcome

toreporttheaffairsofthelandsthatthey___37___andpaytributetothelord.Theywould___38___disputes,handlebusiness,

feast,andenjoyfestivities.InthiswaycastlesservedasimportantsocialcentersinmedievalEngland.（2018上海春考）

A.competitorsB.philosophyC.properlyD.maximizeE.enthusiasticF.candidate

G.mirrorsH.backgroundI.extremelyJ.conductedK.cultural

Youneedtocommunicateinawaythat38theircompanystandards;thiswillshowthatyoucanfitinthatorganization.

（2017上海春考模擬卷）

＞考點二：一詞多性

Thesedemandsmustalsobebalancedwiththeneedtocreateinteriors（內飾）thatinsomewayenhance,establishor

promoteacompany'simageandwillenableemployeesto49attheirbest.

A.accessB.alternativesC.designedD.confirmedE.conflicting

F.elementsG.functionH.innovativeLprospectiveJ.separateK.supporting

>考點二：構詞法知識（派生/轉化/合成/綴合）

（2016上海高考）

A.accountB.adjustableC.appliancesD.captureE.decorationsF.direct

G.experimentH.intendedI.operatedJ.soullessK.squeeze

Moreisnotabore.TheAmerican-bornarchitectRobertVenturiconcludedthatifsimplicityisdonebadly,theresultis43

design.

Forexample,thinkofa(n)47desklamp.Itneedstobeconstructedfrommaterialsthatwillstandtheheatofthelamp

andregularadjustmentsbytheuser.

(2017黃埔一模)

A.administeredB.assessC.evaluatingD.externallyE.improperlyF.life-threatening

G.measuresH.originalI.preexistingJ.principlesK.vital

Next,—(assess)thescene,askingotherpeopleortheinjuredperson'sfamilyorfriendsaboutdetailsoftheinjuryor

illness,anycarethatmayhavealreadybeengiven,andpreexistingconditionssuchashearttrouble.Unlesstheaccident

scenebecomesunsafeorthevictimmaysufferfurtherinjury,donotmovethevictim.

Firstaidrequiresrapidassessmentofvictimstodeterminewhetherlife-threateningconditionsexist.

A考點四：固定搭配

在選詞填空中，約定俗成的固定搭配不是很多，但對固定搭配的理解很常見。此外，非常重要的一點是注意小品詞,即我們

通常所說的to,in,on,at,from等等,某種程度上能給我們選擇的提示。如：

l).Hebelievesdesignmusttakeintothesensorysideofournature-sight,smell,touchandtaste.(account)(2016

上海高考)

2).Sinceyoureally__yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,alittlehelpwouldcomeinhandy,wouldn'tit?(commit)

(2014上海高考)

3).TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-calledntrafficlightsystem"tofoodsashealthyorunhealthy.

(classify)(2014上海高考)

03高考練場

【真題回顧】

2025年1月上海春季高考英語真題

【題源出處】選自2023年10月《Independent》上關于碳標注可持續旅行的介紹。

IX1)1￡P1￡X1)1￡XT-

NCWSSPOCTTSVOICESCUITXNIEUFESI-VLETRAVELPREMIUMMOREIZM":Pt2M”：X*I

Tr?RM4*SwtamaMvtravel

￥rxi>Ei?B>n>E>rrPREMIUM

Iscarbonlabellingthebigfuturetravel

trendthatwillmakeyourholidaymore

sustainable?

Asmoretravelcompaniesgetseriousaboutmeasuringtheircarbonfootprints,therkextstepisproviding

hoitdaymaleerswiththeinformationtheyneedtop?ckthemostsustainabietrip.H?lenCoffeyanv^stigates

wh?th?rlabelscouldtrulyhelpus.makemoreresponsibletravelchoices

A.anchorB.comparingC.calorieD.chargeE.operatorF.calculates

G.insufficientH.liveI.plugJ.specializingK.tailor-made

Carbonlabellingisn'tnew,butitisgainingalotmoretractionoflate-especiallywhenitcomestotravel.Carbonlabels

shouldbeaneasywayof(11)productsorservicestoseewhicharethemostsustainableataglancebyprovidinga

comprehensive,numberedfootprint.

Increasingnumbersofbusinessesacrossavarietyofsectorsaregettingonboardwiththeidea.Forexample,inthelast

monthalone,exercisetrackingappStravaannouncedanewtooltocalculatecarbonsavingsfromgoingforruns,walks,cycles

ande-bikerides.

Butperhapsoneoftheindustriesinwhichtheconceptcouldbemostcomplicatedistravel.Itisoneofthemost

carbon-intensiverecreationalactivitiesanyofuswillevertake,andoneforwhichthemajorityofushave(⑵ideasofthe

impact.Ifyoubreakitalldown,whichisreallyworse:anall-inclusivecruiseroundtheBahamas?Oratriptoaneco-lodgein

CostaRicathatinvolvesa24-hourround-triponaplane?Asanordinaryindividual,itfeelslikeanimpossibletasktofigureout

ifoneholidayis“better“thananother.

Manyapioneering(13)starteddoingthehardworkofmeasuringtheimpactoftrips,downtothesmallestelement,and

postingtheresultsontheirpackagesseveralyearsago.MuchBetterAdventuresledthe(14),trialingtheideaatthe

beginningof2021-thefirstinternationaltravelcompanytodoso."DoIthinkitwillbeeverywhere?Ido,"SamBruce,the

business'sco-founder,toldmeatthetime.tcItshouldgobeyondtravelandtheyshouldbeonallproductsthatwebuy;carbon

labelsshouldbethenew(15).

InMuchBe注erAdventures*case,thelabelincludescarbonemissionsfromalllocaltransportaccommodation,activities,

guides,staffandofficeoperations.

PuraAventura,(16)inholidaystoLatinAmerica,SpainandPortugal,wasn'tfarbehind,thoughwithadifferentslant.

“Thecomplexitywehaveisthatallourtripsare(17)-sowecan'tsaywe'vegot50tripsandlet'smeasurethecarbonof

eachone/saidcofounderandCEOThomasPower.C4Everytripisdifferent.Youneeda(18)tool-sowebuiltitintoour

database.

Thecompanydoesn'tjustmeasurethetripitself,butincludesthetraveltogetthere,door-to-door:"Wewanttoknow

whereyoulive,wheretheairportis,whichflightyou'retaking/saysThomas.4tWecanfl9)intothedatabaseyourpostcode,

Gatwickairport,yourshort-haulflight-andthenthecarbonfactor(20)thejourneyandtheamountofcarbonproduced.

【請對比一下2014年上海高考英語選詞填空】

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthere

isonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.alertB.classifyC.commitD.delicatelyE.gentleF.impose

G.labelsH.moderationI.relieveJ.signalsK.simply

Let'ssayyou'vedecidedyouwanttoeatmorehealthfully.However,youdon'thavetimetocarefullyplanmenusformeals

orreadfood_41—atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally_42—yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,alittlehelpwouldcomein

handy,wouldn'tit?Thisiswherea"choicearchitect"canhelp_43—someoftheburdenofdoingitallyourself.Choice

architectsarepeoplewhoorganizethecontextsinwhichcustomersmakedecisions.Forexample,thepersonwhodecidesthe

layoutofyourlocalsupermarket-includingwhichshelfthepeanutbuttergoeson,andhowtheorangesarepiledup-isachoice

architect.

Governmentsdon'thaveto_44—healthierlifestylesthroughlaws---forexample,smokingbans.Rather,ifgivenan

environmentcreatedbyachoicearchitectonethatencouragesustochoosewhatisbest-wewilldotherightthings.Inother

words,therewillbedesignsthatgentlypushcustomerstowardmakinghealthierchoices,withoutremovingfreedomofchoice.

Thisideacombinesfreedomtochoosewith__45_hintsfromchoicearchitects,whoaimtohelppeoplelivelonger,healthier,

andhappierlives.

TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-called"trafficlightsystem"to_46—foodsashealthyor

unhealthy.Thismeansthatcustomerscanseeataglancehowmuchfat,sugar,andsalteachproductcontains__47_bylooking

atthelightsonthepackage.Agreenlight_48_thattheamountsofthethreenutrientsarehealthy;yellowindicatesthatthe

customershouldbe49—;andredmeansthatthefoodishighinatleastoneofthethreenutrientsandshouldbeeatenin

—50—.Thecustomerisgivenimportanthealthinformation,butisstillfreetodecidewhattochoose.

(2022年7月上海高考)

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereis

onewordmorethanyouneed.

ApursuitsB.interestsC.comparableD.innovationE.schedule

EoptionsG.realizationHroutesI.subjectsJ.recipesK.motivated

CreativityIsaHumanQualityThatExistsinUS

Whenyouthinkaboutcreativity,itmightbehighlycreativepeoplelikeMozart,daVinciorEinsteinwhospringto

mind.TheywereallconsideredtobenGeniuses,,fortheirsomewhatuniquetalentsthatledtoglobal(31)intheirfields.

Theirtypeofcreativityiswhat*sknownas"BigCcreativity”(orhistorical)andisnotverycommonineverydaylife.Notallof

uscancreateworksofartormusicorscientifictheoriesthatarenewtotheworld.

Butwhilewecan'tallbeMozart,daVinciorEinstein,manypeopledoenjoycreativeactivitythroughhobbiessuchas

watercolourpaintingorplayingthepiano.Andthesetypesof(32)areoftenwhatpeoplethinkofwhenaskedwhat

beingcreativelookslike.Ourfinishedpiecesmaynotbe(33)withthelikesofthegreatmasters,butoftentheprocess

istherapeuticandtheendresultcanbeaestheticallypleasing.

Ontopofhobbiesand(34),weallpossesscreativeattributesthatcanhelpaswesolvelift'sproblemsandmake

decisions.Itisthistypeofcreativitythatenablesustoplandifferent(35)togettothesamedestination,orhowtofit

inatriptothesupermarketwhenour(36)looksfull.

Itmightnotsoundverycreative,butthisaspectofcreativityreliesonourabilitytoconsider(37)andassess

theirsuitability,aswellashowtomakedecisionsbasedonpersonalpriorexperienceorwhatwehavelearntformallyor

informally.Theseexamplesareknownas"SmallCcreativity"。1'"personaleverydaycreativity.

WhileBigCcreativityisvaluedandcelebrated,ItisoftenSmallCcreativitythathasallowedhumanstoflourishover

thousandsofyears.itsetsusapartfromotheranimalsanditisalsothetypeofcreativitywhichcanbefosteredthroughour

educationsystemandbeyondintotheworkplace.

Traditionally,researchtellsusthatcreativityhasbeenlargelyassociatedwiththearts.Ourpreviousresearchhasshown

thatteachersareoftenabletogiveexamplesofcreativeactivityinarts(38),butfindithardertodosowhenaskedto

describecreativityinsubjectssuchasscience.

Butthereisagrowing(39)thatopportunitiestobecreativearefoundacrossabroaderrangeofsubjects.For

instance,engineeringprovidesopportunitiestobecreativethroughproblemsolving,andhistorygivestheopportunitytothink

creativelyaboutwhyeventshappened.

andwhat(40)thoseinvolved.

(2018上海春考)

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisone

wordmorethanyouneed.

A.addressB.fascinationC.governedD.imposingE.offensiveF.originally

G.overlookingH.rebellionI.reminderJ.randomlyK.swept

Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefenda

fortress,butfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakingorqueeninmind.

Whenitcomestostructuresthatareboth___31____andwell-fortified,theclassic

Europeancastleisthepinnacleofdesign.Acrosstheagescastleschanged,developed,

andeventuallyfelloutofuse,buttheystillcommandthe___32___ofourculture.

Castleswere___33___builtinEnglandbyNormaninvadersin1066.As

WilliamtheConqueror___34___throughEngland,hefortifiedkeypositionsto

securethelandhehadtaken.ThecastleshebuiltallowedtheNormanlordstoretreattosafetywhenthreatenedbyEnglish

___35___.Castlesalsoservedasbasesofoperationforoffensiveattacks.Troopsweresummonedto,organizedaround,and

deployedfromcastles.Inthiswaycastlesservedboth___36___anddefensiverolesinmilitaryoperations.

Notlimitedtomilitarypurposes,castlesalsoservedasofficesfromwhichthelordwouldadministercontroloverhis

fiefdom.Thatistosay,thelordofthelandwouldholdcourtinhiscastle.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththelordwouldcome

toreporttheaffairsofthelandsthatthey___37___andpaytributetothelord.Theywould___38___disputes,handlebusiness,

feast,andenjoyfestivities.InthiswaycastlesservedasimportantsocialcentersinmedievalEngland.Castlesalsoservedas

symbolsofpower.Builtonprominentsites___39___thesurroundingareas,castlesconstantlyloomedinthebackgroundof

manypeasants'livesandservedasadaily___40___ofthelord*sstrength.

莖區演冕

(-)

(2025年浦東新區一模)

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisone

wordmorethanyouneed.

A.accompanyB.alternativeC.diverseD.doubt

E.predictableF.reflectingG.reframeH.reportedly

I.seekingJ.sociallyK.undesirable

Voicechangesasyouage

Doyousound...old?Asweage,reductionsinmusclesandchangesinthepositionyousitorstandmakeitharderto

producethesamesoundsthatcameeasilyinthepast.Actually,manyoftheinconveniencesthat(11)agingcan

damagethevoice.Ifyou'venoticedyourvoicechangingasyouage,you'renotalone.Uptooneinthreeolderadults

(12)experiencesachangein"normalvoicequality.^^

TreatmentsthatpreserveorimproveUOCQ/(嗓音的)functionforagingadultsarehighly(13).There9s

medicationlikehormonereplacementtherapyor的欣d(甲狀腺)medicationtargetedatreducinganenlargedthyroid,which

cancausevocalchanges.Butthefront-line(14)isusuallyanon-invasivetherapeuticapproach.Itisapersonalized

physicaltherapyincludingvocalandbreathingexercisesdesignedtomaintainvocalrange,preservevolume,andhandle

individualissues.

Overall,surgeryisoftenunnecessaryforthevastmajorityofpatientswithage-relatedissues.Keepingactiveandfitasyou

agecanpreservemusclemass,strength,andbenefitthebreathingsystem.Voiceexpertsfurtherstresstheimportanceof

nutritionand/zyd廠Gio〃(水化作用)，suggestingolderadultsdrinkplentyofwater,adopthealthydietsandusesteamgenerators

athome.Whileresearchersmay(15)therolethatvariousfactorsplayinvoicepreservation,theyagreethatquitting

smokingsignificantlyreducestheriskofdevelopingage-relatedvoicedisorders.

Whatisnoteworthyisthat(16)voicechangeswillcauseotherhealthconcerns.Ifolderadultsarefeelinglike

theirvoiceischanging,andit'simpactingtheirabilitytoengageinpersonalandprofessionalgrowth,orinterpersonal

communication,theycanstarttowithdraw(17)andbecomedepressed.Researchersareincreasinglytryingto

(18)many“disorders“oftheagingvoiceasanaturalpartofaging.Thus,ifscrucialforolderadultstorecognize

thatthesechangesareinevitable,(19)thepassageoftime.

Besidesmedicalinterventions,psychologicalsupportalsoplaysavitalroleinhelpingolderadultshandlevoicechanges.

Sinceage-relatedvoicechangesareinevitable,there5snoshamein(20)help.Ourvoiceisverypersonalatanyage.

(二)

(2025年閔行一模)

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereis

onewordmorethanyouneed.

A.displayB.featuresC.homeD.peakE.timingF.mass

G.equivalentH.favorI.extensiveJ.upsetsK.distinction

TheAtacamaDesertstretchesalongthecoastofnorthernChile,coveringover40,000squaremilesofdryland.Ithasa

reputationastheharshestdesertintheworld,althoughthat(11)technicallybelongstotheAntarcticadesert.

Infact,someweatherstationsintheAtacamahaveneverrecordedrainfall.Despitethesevereconditions,theAtacama

Desertis(12)toasurprisingnumberofplantspecies,manyofwhichhaveevolvedtosurvivelongperiodsof

drought.

Theseflowerslieinactive,comingtolifeinabreathtaking(13)thatcanstretchacrossthousandsofsquare

kilometerswhenconditionsarefavorable.Thisphenomenoniscalledadesertbloom.Itoccurswheninfrequentrainscausea(n)

(14)growthofseedsthathavelaininactiveinthesoilforyears.Theseseedsarecapableofresistingextremeheat

andextendeddryness.

Thecurrentfloweringisn'tyet(15)enoughtoberegardedasadesertbloom,coveringonlyafewhundred

squarekilometers.Buthere'sthestrangething:thisphenomenonusuallyhappensinthespring.Now,inChile,it'swinter------

soit'sunusuallyearlyforsomethinglikethistohappen.

ElNino,anaturalclimatephenomenonthatinfluencesglobalweather,oftenplaysacrucialroleinthedesertbloom.

However,itisnotyetconfirmedwhetheritistoblameforthe(16)ofthisbloom.Thisphenomenon(17)

normalweatherpatterns,regularlybringingincreasedrainfalltoregionsthataretypicallydry.Inthecaseofthe

Atacamadesert,itcanleadtooccasionalbutsignificantrainevents,whichcreatestheperfectconditionsforadesertbloom.

Thedesertbloom(18)acollectionofnativeflowers,eachofwhichhasadapteditselfuniquelytotheharsh

environment.Thecurrentevent,however,seemsto(19)aspecificpurpleflowerthatdoesn'tneedalotofwaterand

growsinsandysites.Atits(20),adesertbloomcanincludeupto200species,showcasingthetoughnessoflifein

thisunpleasantenvironment.

(三)

(2025年普陀區一模)

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisone

wordmorethanyouneed.

A.accentsB.acquireC.boundariesD.fulfillE.guidelines

F.liberallyG.preciselyH.priorityI.prospectJ.scheduleK.suspect

FindYourLife'sWork

Everyonehastheirownlifevalues.Youwonderwhatyourvocationisandwhereyoucouldsuccessfully___11___your

potential?Herearesometips.

?TurnPassionintoProfit

Donot___12____thisstatement:findsomethingyoulikeandyouwon'thavetoworkaday.Thereisnobetter___13____

thangettinggoodmoneyforyourhobby.So,thinkaboutwhatyoureallyliketodoevenforfree.Evenifyouonlylovetoplay

onlinegamesandtastedeliciousfood,youcangoforcookingortasting,gamedevelopmentorgointoe-sports,startathematic

blog-asyoucansee,therearealotofoptions.

?ImagineanIdealWorld

Anotherwaytounderstandwhatismostimportanttoyouistoreflectonwhatanidealworldshouldlooklike.Perhaps

yourpurposeis___14___tobringtherealworldclosertothisidealimage.Don'tlimityourselfto___15___.Letgooffantasy

andletyourselfjustdream.Writedownanythoughtsthatcometomind.Payattentiontoallthedetailsand___16___,and

thenthinkabouthowtotranslatethemintoreality.

?RecallYourBestMoments

Todetermineyourtop___17____,thinkaboutthemomentsinwhichyouexperiencedthegreatestjoy.Whathasgiven

youthemostsatisfactioninthepast?Takealittletimeandrememberallthetimeswhenyouweresincerelyglad.So,youwill

understandwhatyourmain___18___areatthisstageoflife.

?CreateaRoadmap

You'veidentifiedyourgoals.Now,developadetailedplan,likedrawingamapfromyourcurrentlifetoyourdesiredfuture.

FindthebestroutefrompointAtopointB.Thinkaboutwhatskillsyouneedto___19____andwhatdailyhabitsareworth

addingtoyourlife.Themorespecificpointsyouputonthemap,theeasieritwillbeto___20___themandstartmoving

towardsyourgoal.

（四）

(2025年嘉定一模)

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereis

onewordmorethanyouneed.

A.accessB.endedC.exchangedD.increased