押南京卷第32-40題閱讀理解之說明文說明文是中考英語閱讀理解題中的重點內容之一。說明文具有與自己特點相適應的說明方法，因此說明文結構復雜，專業術語多，易于拉開考生分數檔次，便于分層次選拔。然而對于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。中考對說明文的考查多為科普知識，動植物特性、自然現象和新產品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子居多。（2021·江蘇南京·中考真題）Afterreadingsomuch,youmaywonderhowtomakeabook.It’stimeforyoutohaveatry!Haveyoueverwonderedhowabookismade?Ittakesalotofpeopletomakeabook.Itcantakemonths,orevenyears,forabooktogofromanideatoafinishedproduct.Abookbeginswhenanauthorcomesupwithanideaforabook.Authorsgetideasindifferentways.Theymaygetideasfromtheirownlives,fromwatchingtheworldaroundthem,orfromreading.Next,anauthormayplanthebookbymakinganoutline（提綱）.Sometimesauthorsdoresearchtogatherinformation.Theymayreadbooksorarticles.Theymayinterviewpeopleorvisitplaces.Then,theauthorbeginstowrite.Authorsmaywriteformonthsoryearstofinishamanuscript.Amanuscriptisthetextanauthorproducesforpublication.Finally,theauthorsendsthecompletedmanuscripttoapublisher.Ifthepublisherdecidestopublishthebook,theauthorworkswithaneditor.Aneditorreadsthemanuscript.Thenheorsherecommendschangestoimprovethebook.Acopyeditorreadsthemanuscripttocorrectanygrammaticalmistake.Afteranauthormakesthesuggestedchanges,adesignermaydecidehowthebookwilllook.Thedesignermaychoosethesize,shape,andtypestylesforthebook.Somepicturebookauthorscreatetheirownillustrations（插圖）.Ifnot,anillustratorischosentocreatepicturesforthebook.Theillustratormakessketchesofpicturesthatwillgooneachpage.Thesketchesaresenttothepublishingcompany.Theeditormakessurethepicturesclearlytellthestory.Thedesignercheckshowthewordsandpictureswillfittogetheronthepages.Afterthedesignchangesaremade,theillustratorbeginscreatingthefinalpictures.Heorshemaychangethecolours,theperspective,orthecompositionofpictures.Itmaytakemonthstocreateallthepictures.Thefinishedartisthensenttothepublisher.Thedesigneradjusts（調整）howthepicturesandwordsfittogetheronthepages.Thecompletedpagesaresenttotheprinter.Manybooksarestillmadeintobookswithpaperpages.Theprinteruseshugeprintingpressestomakethepages.Thepagesarefixedtogether.Thebookcoverisadded.Thefinishedbooksarethensenttothepublisher’swarehouse.Theyarestoredthereuntiltheyareboughtbylibrariesandbookstores.E-readershavechangedhowsomebooksaremade.Someauthorsdonotuseapublisheratall.Insteadofsendingamanuscripttoapublisher,someauthorsturntheirmanuscriptsintoeBooksthemselves.Finally,anauthor’seBookisuploaded（上傳）tovirtualbookstoresontheInternet.CustomerscanbuyanddownloadeBooksfromthesewebsites.1．Accordingtothepassage,thedesigner’sjobisto________.A．createpicturesforthebook B．makeanoutlineofthebookC．decidehowthebookwilllook D．correctgrammaticalmistakesinthebook2．Yourfirstbookwillbepublishedsoon.Whatwillfirsthappentoitaftertheillustratorhascreatedthefinalpictures?A． B．C． D．3．ThewriterusestheLASTparagraphto________.A．introducethehistoryofeBooks B．describethedisadvantagesofeBooksC．showthedevelopmentofmakingabook D．askcustomerstosupportauthorsinmakingabook4．Thewriterexplainshowtomakeabookby________.A．givingcauses B．showingsteps C．providingexamples D．expressingopinions5．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．FromIdeatoBook B．DifferentKindsofBooksC．WorkersinthePublishingHouse D．BetweenPublishersandCustomers（2021·江蘇南京·中考真題）ImagineyouchoosetojoinWorldBookDayBookClub.Nowyouarereadingabookonartforchildren.AboutartArtisavastsubject,includingallkindsofpicturesandsculptures.Thisbookintroduces32worksbysomeoftheworld’smostfamousartists.Thisisonlyasmallselection,butitreveals（揭示）hugedifferencesinwhatartistsdo.Whymakeart?Artistsmakeartformanyreasons.Sometimes,theyjustwanttocreatesomethingbeautiful.Buthundredsofyearsago-whenmanypeoplecouldn’tread-paintingswereoftendesignedtoillustratestories.Verygrandpaintingswereusuallymadetoorder,forwealthyclientswhowantedtoimpresspeople.Morerecently,artistshavebeguntopainttoexpresstheirownfeelingsorexploreideas.AboutthisbookThepicturesreproducedinthisbookwerepaintedoverthelast500years.Theyarearranged（排列）inorderofdate,soyoucanseehowideasaboutarthavechangedovertime.Ifyouwouldliketoseemoreart,thereislotsontheInternet-justfollowthelinksrecommendedthroughoutthebook.Ifyoucan,visitanartgallerytoo,soyoucanexperienceseeingthe“realthing”.6．Whyaretheworksintroducedinthebook?A．Totellreadershugedifferencesinwhatartistsdo.B．Toofferreadersallkindsofpicturesandsculptures.C．Toshareeveryfamousartist’slifestorywithreaders.D．Tointroduceanumberofworksfromanartisttoreaders.7．Theworksinthebookarearrangedinorderof________A．size B．space C．time D．importance8．Thepassageabovemainly_________.A．givesanintroductiontothebook B．showsthesizeofeachpartinthebookC．showsthenumberoftheartistsinthebook D．givesthereasonstoorderpaintingsinthebook說明文一般考查學生的細節理解能力、主旨理解能力和推理判斷能力。做閱讀理解題，首先要準確理解題意，然后根據題意和短文內容選出正確的答案。（1）考查細節理解能力，此類型題較簡單，學生準確理解題意后，直接到文中找出答案。（2）考查猜詞能力。做這種題型時，學生要根據上下文意思準確猜出詞義。3）考查推理判斷能力，此類題型較難，學生要準確理解題意后，在文中找出相關的內容做出合理的推斷。本文主要考查學生的細節理解能力。準確理解題意后，到文中找出相關的敘述，做出正確的判斷。（2024·江蘇南京·一模）DuringChineseNewYear,a40-metre-longballoonloong(theChinesepronunciationofdragon)wasshowninHongKong.OnJanuary24,theartworkwasconfirmedtohavebrokentheGuinnessWorldRecordforbeingtheworld’slargestballoonloong.Theloongisthesymbolofpower,energyandlivelinessinChineseculture.Therecord-breakingloongismadeupof38,000beautifulballoons.Itshowsagoldenlightandhasasenseofpower.“AccordingtoChineselegends(神話),theloongcontrolsrain.Onlygoodweathercanproducegoodcrops,sotheChinesehaveadmiredandrespectedtheloongsinceancienttimes,”theballoonartistWilsonPangsaid.Headdedthatmanysayingsabouttheloonghadgoodmeanings,whichweredifferentfromthoseaboutWesternDragons.Pangsaidthattheartworktookhimmuchtimeandthemostdifficultpartwastheeyes.Hemademorethan10draftsforoneeyealonebeforehewassatisfied.TheGuinnesscertificationofficerwasgreatlyimpressed,sayingitwasoneofthemostattractiveballoonartworksever.Themodeloftheloongcaughtmanypeople’sattention.“Beautiful”,“amazing”,“fantastic”and“thanksforbringinguspeace”wereamongmanypeople’smessagesPangreceivedonsocialmedia.Tothankpeoplefortheirsupport,Pangprinted5,000postcardsbasedontheloongandhadameetingwiththematamall.“Tosendawarm,lovingmessagetothepeopleofHongKongiswhatIalwayswanttodo,”Pangsaid.“IhopetosharewhatIhavelearnedwithyoungpeople.IhavewonmanymedalsmyselfandIhopetosupportthenextwinnersinthefuture.”GrowingupinHongKong,aplacebotholdandmodern,PangoftenthinksabouthowtopresentthebeautyofEasternculturewithWesternballoonart.TheballoonartisthopesthatonedayhecanintroduceballoonworksthatshowChineseculturetotheworld.“ThisiswhatIamdoingnow,”hesaid.9．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1toParagraph3?A．TheloongispowerfulandlazyinChineseculture.B．Peoplerespecttheloongbecauseitproducescrops.C．SayingsaboutWesternDragonsalwayshavegoodmeanings.D．Ancientpeoplebelievedgoodweatherdependedontheloong.10．InWilsonPang’seyes,theballoonartwork________.A．hasperfecteyesinthebeginningB．hasnothingtodowithyoungpeopleC．isawaytosendpeopleawarmmessageD．iseasiertodesignthananyotherartwork11．Whatwillthewriterprobablytalkaboutafterthelastparagraph?A．ThebeautyoftheWesternballoonartandworks.B．Chineseculturethatcanbefoundintheballoonloong.C．Pang’sgrowing-upstoriesbeforebecomingaballoonartist.D．HongKong,agreatplacewithancientandmoderncultures.12．Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．ArtistBreaksRecordforLargestLoongB．ChineseLoongStandsforSpecialMeaningsC．HongKongSpreadsTraditionalChineseCultureD．WilsonPangBecomesFamousasBalloonArtist（2024·江蘇南京·一模）AwakeningofInsects(驚蟄)fellonMarch5andendedonMarch20thisyear.Itsdateslightlychangeseachyearbecauseofthelunarcalendarsystem.Itshowsthatanimalssleepinginwinterareawakenedbyspringthunderandtheearthbeginstocomebacktolife.SpringthundercrackstheskyAnoldChinesesayinggoes,“IfthefirstspringthundercrashesbeforetheAwakeningofInsects,therewillbeunusualweatherthatyear.”AroundtheAwakeningofInsects,theearthbecomeshumid(潮濕的)andthehotairnearthesurfacerises.Atthesametime,thecolddryairfromthenorthisstrongandcreateswinds.Whenthetwoairflows(氣流)cometogether,thunderformsduringthistime.Springploughing(耕作)TheAwakeningofInsectsisimportanttofarmersbecausetheytakeitasthebeginningofthebusiesttimeforfarmwork.Duringthistime,mostareasofChinaseethequickestriseintemperatures,usuallyreachingabove10degrees.Thereisalsoabigincreaseinsunshine,whichprovidesgoodconditionsforfarming.__________AroundtheAwakeningofInsects,someanimalswakeup,andsodofish.Theyswimfromdeepwatertoshallowwaterinsearchoffood,readytohavebabies.Itisaperfecttimeforfishing.Fishingcanhelppeoplerelaxinbodyandmind,especiallyforpeoplelivinginthecity.Drivingtothecountryside,fishinginalake,bathinginthesunlight,enjoyingthesingingbirdsandbeautifulflowersmakeaperfectweekendinspring.EatingpearsEatingpearsaroundtheAwakeningofInsectsisacommonpracticeinChina.Astheweathergetswarmerandtheairbecomesdrier,peoplewillfeeltheirmouthsaredry,whichcancausecoldsorcoughs.Pearswhicharesweet,juicyandcoldmaystopacough.SopearsarehighlyrecommendedduringtheAwakeningofInsects.13．ThunderformsaroundtheAwakeningofInsectsbecause_________.A．thehotairnearthesurfacegoesupB．animalssleepinginwinterallwakeupC．thecolddryairfromthesouthspreadsD．thehothumidairmeetsthecolddryair14．ThewritertellstheimportanceoftheAwakeningofInsectstofarmersby________.A．showingtime B．givingexamplesC．explainingreasons D．presentingnumbers15．Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitablefor________?A．GoingfishingB．SwimmingindeepwaterC．DrivingtothecountrysideD．Enjoyingbeautifulflowers16．WhichsentenceisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Eatingpearscancausecoldsorcoughs.B．Peoplewholiveincitiesmaylikefishingalot.C．AwakeningofInsectsbeginsonMarch5everyyear.D．TemperaturerisesslowlyduringtheAwakeningofInsects.（2024·江蘇南京·一模）17．Therightorderofmakinghoneyis________.A．wax-water-honey B．wax-nectar-honeyC．nectar-water-honey D．nectar-wax-honey18．Fromthematerialabove,weknow________.A．thehoneywillgobadinafewyears B．thereisabout18%ofwaterinhoneyC．itisveryeasyforbeestomakehoney D．beesdancetotellothersthewayhome19．Wherecanweprobablyreadthematerial?A．Inanovel. B．Inatravelguide.C．Inasciencebook. D．Inahistoryrecord.（2024·江蘇南京·一模）Whilefake(虛假)newscantakemanyforms,itcanbedividedintotwobroadtypes:misinformationanddisinformation.MisinformationMisinformationiswhenfalseinformationissharedbysomeonewhobelievesthatinformationtobetrue.Normallyitisn’tdoneonpurpose.DisinformationDisinformationiswhenmisleadingorevenfalseinformationissharedwiththeintentiontodeceive(欺騙)others.Therearelotsofreasonswhypeoplesharefakenews.Oftenthepersonsharingitdoesn’trealizethatit’sfake.Sometimesit’sdonetoadvertiseaserviceorproduct,sothatsomeonecanmakemoney.Itcouldevenbedonetomakepeoplelaugh.Fakenewscanalsobesharedbysomeonewhowantsotherstoheartheirownpersonalopinionsandbeaffectedbythem.Still,fakenewsissharedtoinfluencetheopinionsandbeliefsofothersaboutorganizationsandbusiness.Fakenews?Questionit!Toworkoutwhetherthe“news”wearereadingisfake,wecanuseourcritical(批判性)thinkingskillstoaskourselvesthefollowingquestions.Isitamistakeorjustajoke?Peoplesometimesshareinformation,believingthatit’strue,becausetheydon’trealizethatit’sajoke.ItmightevenbeAprilFools’Day!Aretherelotsofspellingandgrammarmistakes?Ifyes,it’sasignthatnooneischeckingthecontent.Thiscouldmeanthatthosewritingthecontentarenotprofessionalwritersorjournalistsandthenewscontentisuntrustworthy(不可靠的).Isthearticleadvertisingsomething?Sometimesanewsarticlecaninfluenceustobuysomething.Companieswilloftenpayanewsorganizationtotalkabouttheirproductasifit’s“news”toencouragepeopletobuyit.Istheheadlinebelievable?Sensational(聳人聽聞的)headlinesencourageustoclickonastorybecausetheycatchourattention.Somepeoplegetpaidforeveryclick,sobeforeclicking,askyourself,doesthestorysoundmade-up,orevenimpossible?Istherebias(偏見)?Sometimescertainfactshavebeenleftoutofastorybecausethewriterwantsthereaderstobelieveit.Biasisanunderlying(隱含的)opinionthatguidesouractions.Seeifyoucanfact-checkthestorywithanothernewssourceifyou’reunsure.Whenfakenewscausesstressorhurttothepersonorpeopleittargets(將……作為目標),itisoftenthecasethatthosewhohavehelpedspreaditwillclaimtheywerenottoblame.However,sharingfakenewsisjustlikeaddingfuel(燃料)toafire.Ifthefalseinformationdoesn’tgetshared,itdoesn’tgetseenandcannotfulfilitspurpose.Whenitcomestofakenews,it’snotenoughtonotwritesomething,wemustrefusetoshareit,too.20．What’sthemaindifferencebetweendisinformationandmisinformation?A．Disinformationisharmfultothepublic,whilemisinformationisnot.B．Disinformationissharedtodeceiveothers,whilemisinformationisoftennot.C．Disinformationisaimedatyoungpeople,whilemisinformationisaimedatolderones.D．Disinformationisproducedbyprofessionals,whilemisinformationbyordinarypeople.21．Peoplespreadfakenewsforthefollowingreasonsexceptto________.A．trickorentertainpeople B．challengethenewsindustryC．makemoneythroughadvertising D．influencepublicopinionsandbeliefs22．Accordingtothewriter,whatdolotsofspellingorgrammarmistakesshow?A．Thenewsreportispublishedinahurry.B．Thenewsreportisn’tprofessionallywritten.C．Thepersonwhochecksthecontentiscareless.D．Thenewsreportislikelytobewrittenbyamachine.23．Whichofthefollowingcanhelpustellifapieceofnewsisfake?①abiasedfactisgiven

②itsheadlineissensational③thenewscontentseemslikeajoke④anyproductorserviceismentionedA．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④24．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribethewriter’sopiniononsharingfakenews?A．Support. B．Praise. C．Doubt. D．Disagree.（2024·江蘇南京·一模）Doyouknowhowmanykindsofplantsandanimalsthereareintheworld?Expertsbelievetherearebetween8and14million,butrightnowweonlyknowabout1.5million.However,scientistsarefindingnewplantandanimalspecies(物種)allthetime—andthat’sgoodnewsforus.In2009,auniversityprofessornamedChristopherAustinandhisstudentEricRittmeyerdiscoveredanewanimalspecies.TheywereinPapuaNewGuinea,studyingthewildlifeontheisland.Oneevening,theywereinthejunglelisteningtoanimalsounds.Themostcommonsoundwasthenoiseoffrogscroakingloudly.Buttherewasanothersound—amuchsofter,high-pitchedonethatsoundedlikeitcamefromsomethingmuchsmaller.Atfirst,theycouldn’tlocatethesound,butaftersometime,theyrealizeditcamefromtheground.Theysearchedthroughthegrassanddeadleavescarefully,butwhattheyfoundsurprisedthem.Itwasatinyfrog—justsevenmillimeters(微米)long.“Thisfroghasacallthatdoesn’tsoundlikeafrogatall,”saidAustin.Thefrogtheydiscoveredwasthesmallestintheworld!Researchersbelievethatfrogsareimportantbecausetheyhelpkeeptheenvironmentclean.Wecanalsousethemtocreatenewmedicines.Wheneverwefindanewspecies,welearnnewthings.Forthatreason,scientistsworkveryhardtofindnewplantsandanimalseveryday.Buttheirjobsaregettingmoredifficult.Theforeststhattheseanimalsliveinaredisappearingquickly.And,sadly,soaretheanimals.25．WhywereAustinandRittmeyersurprisedwhentheyfoundthefrog?A．Thereweren’tanyknownfrogsinthearea. B．Thefrog’scolormatchedtheleavesperfectly.C．Itdidn’tseemlikethesoundcamefromafrog.D．Thefrogcouldbeusedtomakenewmedicines.26．WhatdidAustinandRittmeyerprobablyexpecttofindinthegrass?A．Aninsect. B．Aneagle. C．Arabbit. D．Asnake.27．Thepurposeofthelastparagraphistoshowthat________.A．frogsareusefulanimals B．scientistsareworkingveryhardC．findingnewspeciesisimportant D．scientistscanuseanimalstomakemedicines28．Thewritersaysthatresearchers’jobsaregettingmoredifficultbecausetherearefewer________.A．researchers B．labs C．medicines D．animals（23-24九年級下·江蘇南京·階段練習）Timeandtimeagain,Ihearsomeoneaskwhyanyonewouldwanttokeepan“ugly”buildingorabuildingthatisdirtyandclearlyinneedofwork.Ithinkyoucouldsaywepreservationists(文物保護者)lookatbuildingsthroughadifferentangle—ananglethatcanseetheswanintheuglyduck,thestoryinthesimplelines,thebookbehindthecover.TaketheQueenEmmaBuildingforexample.Whilepeoplemayrememberthatbuildingbeingnamedasoneoftheugliestbuildingsintown,theanglefromwhichapreservationistwillviewthebuildingisthatitisuniquelyconstructedwithanartisticalbrise-soleil(遮陽板)toblockthesun.Thedesignerusedstandardconcretebrickstoformadecorativewall.Unfortunately,thebrise-soleilwasremovedin2011,makingthebuildinglooklikemanyofthecontemporarybuildingsintown.Sometimespeoplerememberabeautifulsitethatwasreplacedbya“horrid”pieceofarchitectureandcan’tgetovertheiranger,evenwhenthatbuildingbecomesanimportantpartofourstory.ThisisparticularlytrueinSanFranciscowheremanypreservationiststhemselvesdislikeanythingnewerthantheVictorianera.Yes,itwasatragedythatmanyfailedtoappreciatetheVictorianbuildingsandletmanygettorndownseveraldecadesago,butthoselossesalsotellanotherimportantstory.Ittellsthestoryofthe1950sand1960swhentherewashopeforamoreequalsocietywithinexpensivehousingfortheworkingclass.Shouldthathistorybewipedfromourmemories?Preservationisnotjustaboutkeepingpretty,well-keptbuildings,butaboutconveyingpartsofourhistory—notjustthehistoryofhugeevents,butthestoryofhoweveryoneusedtogotoacertaincornermarket.Ourhistorycannotbetoldonlyinbuildingsthatmeetsomeone’scriteriaofbeauty;sometimesourhistoryispainful,butnolessimportant.29．Howdopreservationistsseebuildings?A．Theyfocusontheirvalueratherthanappearance.B．Theypaygreatattentiontoancientbuildings.C．Theyaredevotedtorepairingfamousbuildings.D．Theypreferuglybuildingstobeautifulones.30．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofremovingthebrise-soleiloftheQueenEmmaBuilding?A．It’sconfusing. B．It’spleasing.C．It’sregrettable. D．It’sunbelievable.31．WhyweremanyVictorianbuildingsinSanFranciscotorndown?A．TowipethehistoryoftheVictorianera.B．Tomakelandavailableforcheaphousing.C．Toworkoffthedeepangeroftheworkingclass.D．TorestorethearchitecturebeforetheVictorianera.32．Whatistheauthor’sintentionofwritingthispassage?A．Tointroducesomebuildingswithhistoricalvalue.B．Toexplainthereasonwhyarchitectsmakeuglybuildings.C．Topraisetheworkofpreservationists.D．Tostresstheimportanceofpreservinguglybuildings.33．Wheredoesthetextprobablycomefrom?A．Aculturepaper. B．Asciencebook.C．Anenvironmentreport. D．Atravelmagazine.（23-24九年級下·江蘇南京·階段練習）Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachie