12024～2025學(xué)年度(上）沈陽(yáng)市五校協(xié)作體期末考試高一年級(jí)英語(yǔ)試卷時(shí)間：120分鐘分?jǐn)?shù)：150分第一部分聽(tīng)力（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分7.5分）1.WhatwillSophiadoatthelibrary?A.Writeareport. B.Printsomepapers. C.Borrowsomebooks.2.WhatdoesJudyadviseJacktodo?A.Asktheteacherforhelp.B.Reviewwithhertogether.C.Gooverthematerialgradually.3.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Theirdinnerplan. B.Theirshoppinglist. C.Theirdiningexperience.4.WhyisMrBrowncallingJessica?A.Tomakeanoffer.B.Tocancelanappointment.C.Toconfirmanarrangement.5.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Atagym. B.Atapark. C.Atabookstore.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分22.5分）聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)，回答以下小題。6.WhatwillLucydoforhersoapbusinessnextmonth?A.Haveasalespromotiononline.B.Developnewsoapdesigns.C.Expandhersaleschannels.7.Howmuchwillthewomanspendintotal?A.$24. B.$29. C.$39.聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)，回答以下小題。8.WheredidDylangettheinformationaboutLisa?A.Fromafriend. B.FromaTVprogram. C.Fromanewspaper.9.Whatvolunteeractivitywouldthewomanliketodo?A.Outdoorcleaning. B.Treeplanting. C.Animalcare.聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)，回答以下小題。10.HowdidMarkgettoMountElbertfromLeadville?A.Byplane. B.Bycar. C.Bybus.11.Whatdidthewomandoovertheweekend?A.Shewentonahike.B.Shemadeanewdish.C.Sheplayedafootballgame.12.What’stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Husbandandwife. B.Coworkers. C.Collegefriends.聽(tīng)下面一段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話(huà)，回答以下小題。13.Whathasthetrainingcoveredsofar?A.Companyhistory. B.Industryknowledge. C.Softwareapplication.14.WhatdidAmy’smanagerdotosupportAmy?A.ShetaughtAmyteamworkskills.B.SheallowedAmyaflexibleworkschedule.C.ShefamiliarizedAmywithothercolleagues.15.WhatwillAmyprobablydointhecomingthreeweeks?A.GoonabusinesstripB.Keeponreceivingtraining.C.Handleherownprojects.16.HowdoesAmyfeelaboutherfuturework?A.Stressed. B.Excited. C.Doubtful.聽(tīng)下面一段獨(dú)白，回答以下小題。17.Howdidthespeaker’scompanyassisther?A.Byarranginghousing.BBypayingforlanguageclasses.C.Byintroducinghertothelocals.18.WhatdidthespeakerdotobetteradapttoShanghai?A.Shemadefriendsonline.B.Shefoundafellowcountryman.C.Shetriedtofitinwiththelocalcommunity.19.Whatwillthespeakerdointwoyears?A.Gobacktoherhomecountry.B.ContinuestayinginShanghai.C.Movetoanothercountry.20.Whatisthespeakertryingtodo?A.Deliveraworkreport.B.Shareherexperiencesabroad.C.Introducelanguagelearningtips.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分37.5分）AManyplacesaroundtheworldhostmarathonsthataimtoprovidetheirrunnerswithaspecialexperience.Ifyou’replanningtorunarace，checkoutsomeofthesebeautifulmarathondestinations.IncaTrailMarathonAreyouupforachallenge?HostedatCusco,Peru,theIncaTrailMarathonisregardedasoneofthemostdifficultmarathonsintheworld.WithCusco’srichhistoryofbeingoncethecapitaloftheIncaEmpire,participantscanexploreseveralancientarcheologicalsites.Duringtherun,participantswillgettoseethesurprisinglandscapeofthe“LostCityoftheIncas”,MachuPicchu,andtheSacredValley.AthensMarathonHeldinGreece,theAthensMarathonisperfectforthoseofyouwhoareinterestedinhistorymythology(神話(huà)),andarchitecture.TherearemanytouristspotsandhistoricsitestovisitliketheParthenonandtheAcropolisofAthens.Duringtherace,audiencewillbecheeringontheparticipantscreatinganatmospheresimilartotheOlympics.BigSurInternationalMarathonHeldatCarmel，California，theBigSurInternationalMarathonisknownastheworld’slargestruralmarathon.Beforetherace，participantsgenerallyvisittheworld—famousMontereyBayAquarium(水族館),whichownsrichanimals.TheJuliaPfeifferBurnsStateParkisanotherattractionstretchingfrom3,000-footmountainridges(山脈)tounderwatercanyonsandrockyseasidecliffs.BigFiveMarathonLocatedatLimpopo,SouthAfrica,participantscanexploreandcheckoutthewildlifeoftheAfricansavannah.Themarathonisheldinoneofthe“BigFive”gamereservesinAfrica.TherearenofencesorriversthatseparatetherunnersfromtheAfricanwildlife.MakesuretokeepyourmindclearYoumightfindanelephantorevenfindyourselfrunningalongsidegiraffes.21.WhatcanparticipantsdoattheIncaTrailMarathon?A.Theycanmakethebestperformance.B.Theycanenjoyancientarchitecture.C.TheycanlearnabouttheIncaEmpire.D.TheyrunthroughtheSacredValley.22.WhatdoparticipantsoftendobeforetheBigSurInternationalMarathonstarts?A.Theygoup3,000-footmountainridges.B.Theyseeallkindsofseacreatures.C.Theyvisitunderwatercanyons.D.Theyclimbrockyseasidecliffs.23.Whichareyouadvisedtotakepartinifyouareinterestedinbuildings?A.TheAthensMarathon.B.TheIncaTrailMarathon.C.TheBigSurInternationalMarathon.DTheBigFiveMarathon.BTerryFoxneverthoughthe’dlivearemarkablelife.Helikedsports,butnoonethoughthewastalented.Duringhisfirstyearintheuniversity,hehadapaininhisrightknee,whichwassobadthathecouldn’tstandup.Hewenttothedoctorfortests.Theyshowedthathehadcancer.Hewasgoingtolosehislegandbegivenanartificialone.Terry’sfamilyandfriendsallgavehimfantasticsupport.Terrysaidthatheknewallthosepeoplereallycaredandhelpedhim.Hedecidedtofaceitwithbravery.OnenightTerrywaslookingthroughanarticleaboutDickTraum,whoalsohadanartificiallegandhadrunintheNewYorkMarathon.“Ifhecandoit,”thoughtTerry,“Ican,too.Infact,I’llrunacrossCanadaandraisemoneyforcancerresearch.ItwillbeaMarathonofHope!”Forthenext16months,Terryhadspecialtreatmentsforhiscancer.Andthenhealsobegantorunalittleeveryday.Eachdayheranalittlefarther.Itis5,300milesacrossCanada.Terryhopedtorunthirtytofortymilesadaysothatitwouldtakehimsixmonths.Mostofall,hehopedtoraise$1millionforcancerresearch.BecauseTerryhadanartificialleg,runningwasn’teasyorstraightforward.Hehadtomovebyjumpingononefoottwiceandthentakealongstepwithhisrealleg.Althoughitlookedawkward,hestillkeptonrunning.Hisactionmadepeoplejoinhimasheran:children,footballstars,wheelchairathletesandevenhisbrother,Darrell.AsTerryran,peoplewavedandcheered.Somuchmoneywasdonatedthatthevolunteersusedlargegarbagebagssoeveryonecouldgive.ThenoutsideThunderBay,Ontario,Terryfeltasharppaininhischest.Thepainwasfromcancer;thistimeinhislungs.HehadtoabandontheMarathonafter3,339miles.Hetoldthepeoplebeforeheleft,“Iwon’tgiveup.Ijusthopepeoplewillcontinuetogivemoney.”Andtheydid.Justunder$25millionwasgiven.Terryreceivednumerousawards.At22,hewastheyoungestCanadiantoeverreceiveCanada’shighestaward,theCompanionoftheOrderofCanada.24.WhatmadeTerrydecidetorunacrossCanada?A.HispassionforMarathon.B.Adesiretoliveanormallife.C.Thesupportofhisfamilyandfriends.D.TheexcitingexperienceofDickTraum.25.PeoplejoinedhimwhenheranmainlybecauseA.theyweremovedbythesceneofTerry’srunningB.theyserveaasvolunteersinthemarathonC.theyconsideredTerryasagreatheroD.theylovedrunningverymuch26.Whydidhefinallystopthemarathon?A.Hecollectedenoughmoneyforthedonation.B.Hisfamilyandfriendspersuadedhimtoabandonit.C.Hegotgreatpaininhisbodybecauseofthecancer.D.Runningwiththeartificiallegwasn’tstraightforward.27.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTerry?A.Generous. B.Independent. C.Determined. D.Creative.CONTUESDAY，theShenzhenteamofBlueSkyRescue，anonprofitcivilrescueteam，confirmedthattwoofitsmembershaddiedtryingtorescue24touristswhohadgotintodifficulties.Accordingtotheofficialnews，itwasonMondaythattherescueteamreceivedatelephonecallfrom24travelers，whoweretrappedinarivervalley，withastormonthewayandoneofthefemaletravelersbeingbadlyinjured.Theteamrespondedimmediately.However，whentheyhelpedthetravelers，twoteammembergottrappedbytherisingriverwater.Thenextday，theywereconfirmeddead.ThetwoheroeswhogavetheirownlivestosaveothersarebeingmournedbyallWhocanrescuetherescuers？Thequestionarousedaheateddiscussionamongpeople.Mostofthemthinkwewouldrathersuch"heroicdeeds"werenotrequired.However，thatdependsonpeoplebeingmoresensible.Inthepastseveralyears，therehavebeenmanycasesinwhichtravelers，ignoringthesignssayingcertainareasaredangerousandoff﹣limits，stillhavekepton"exploring"unpavedandunmarkedregionsandendedupneedingtoberescued.Bysodoing，theyputnotonlytheirownlivesatriskbutalsothelivesofthosewhogototheiraid.Inthiscase，althoughthetravelersmayhavebeeninanauthorizedarea，theyignoredthewarningsofanapproachingtyphoon.Itwasextremelyreckless（魯莽）ofthemtotravelintothewildonsuchaday，asthelocalweatherforecasthadwarnedpeopleagainsttheupcomingtyphoon.Tworescuershavelosttheirlivesbecauseofthethoughtlessnessofothers.Thelawhasalreadymadeitclearthatifatravelerorgroupgetsintodifficultieswhenenteringunauthorizedregions，theymustbearthecostsoftherescueoperations.Theregulationsneedstrengtheningtodetertravelersfromputtingtheirownlivesandthelivesofothersatrisk.28.Whathappenedtoawomantraveler？A.Shelostherway.B.Shewastrappedonthemountain.C.Shediedinthestorm.D.Shewasseriouslyhurt.29.Whatisthewriter'sattitudetowardssometourists？A.Critical.B.Sympathetic.C.Understanding.D.Admiring.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedworddeterinthelastparagraphmean？A.protect.B.keep.C.excuse.D.separate.31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthispassage？A.TheBlueSkyRescue.B.Whocanrescuetherescuers？C.Whoshouldbearthecosts？D.Adeadlytyphoon.DPalacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendalargebuilding,butusuallythesebuildingsarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccessCastleswereoriginallybuiltinEnglandbytheNormansin1066.Theybuilttowersandwallstosecurethelandtheyhadtaken.ThesecastlesprovidedtheNormanswithaquietandsafeplace.Theyalsoservedasbasesofoperationforattacks.Inthiswaycastlesservedbothdefensiveandoffensiveroles.Besides,castlesservedasofficesforgovernors.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththegovernorwouldcometoreportaffairsandexpresstheirrespect.Theywouldaddressproblems,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivitiesincastles.Socastlesservedassocialcentersaswell.Thefirstcastlesweremadefromearthandwood,andtheywerelikelytosufferfromattacksbyfire.Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffofthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.DuringtheMiddleAges,attacksincreasedinregularity,socastledefenseswereupdated.Arrow-slitswereadded.Theyweresmallholesinthecastle,whichalloweddefenderstofirewithoutbeinghurt.Towerswerebuiltfromwhichdefenderscouldprovidefireonbothsides.Thetowerswereconnectedtothecastlebywoodenbridges,sothatifonetowerfell,therestofthecastlewasstilleasytodefend.Alotofringsofcastlewallswereconstructed,sothatevenifattackerswentpastonewall,theywouldbecaughtonakillinggroundbetweeninnerandouterwalls.Alloftheseincreasedthedefenseofcastles.Theendofcastlescanbeattributedtogunpowder.Duringthe15thcentury,artillery,akindoflargeguns,becamepowerfulenoughtobreakthroughstonewalls.Thisgreatlymadetheroleofcastleslesseffective.Thoughcastlesnolongerservetheiroriginalpurposes,remainingcastlesreceivemillionsofvisitorseachyearwhowishtoexperiencethesituationsofancienttimes.32.Whatwastheoriginalfunctionofcastlesaccordingtothepassage?A.Theyservedastouristattractions.B.Theywereimportantsocialcenters.C.Theymarkedreligiousceremonies.D.Theywerebuiltforuseinemergencies.33.Thereasonwhywoodencastleswerereplacedbystonecastleswasthat.A.stonecastlescostlessmoneyB.stonecastlesofferedbetterdefenseC.woodencastleswereuncomfortableD.woodencastlestookalongtimetobuild34.Whichofthefollowingshowedanimprovementincastledefenses?A.Castlesweretotallyseparatedbystones.B.Arrow-slitsweremadeinlargequantities.C.Ringsofwallswerebuilttodefendthetowers.D.Windowsandentrancesweremovedtothehigherfloor.35.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.FancyLiving:LearningaboutCastlesB.Normans:BringingCastlestoEnglandC.AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastlesD.DefendingCastles:TechnologiesUsedtoDefendCastles第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分12.5分）Someindividualsarebornwithagiftforpublicspeaking.___36___Doyouwanttobeagoodpublicspeaker?Herearesomeprinciplesyoumustmaster.Peoplewanttolistentosomeonewhoisinteresting,relaxedandcomfortable.Toooftenwhenyoustanduptogiveaspeech,youfocusonthe“public”attheexpenseofthe“speaking.”___37___Focusonthespeaking.Talkdirectlytoyouraudience,beyourselfandmakeaconnection.Eventhemostsuccessfulpublicspeakerwillmakemistakes.Yet,theonlyonewhocaresaboutanymistakeistheonewhoisspeaking.People’sattentionwandersconstantly.Infact,mostpeopleonlyabsorbabout20percentofaspeaker’smessage.So,don’tstopspeakingwhenyoumakeamistakeunlessit’satrulyseriousone.___38___Yourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.___39___Andlikeeverythingelseinlife,thattakespractice.Remember,evenworldchampionathletespracticetheirskillsonaconsistentbasis.___40___It’sraretohearsomeonesay,“Iwishthatspeakerhadspokenlonger.“Ontheotherhand,youprobablycan’tcountthetimesthatyou’vethought,“I’mgladthattalkisover.Itseemedtogoonforever!“Sosurpriseyouraudience.Alwaysmakeyourpresentationjustabitshorterthananticipated.It’sbettertoleaveyourlistenerswishingformorethanshiftingrestlesslyintheirseatswaitingforyourspeechfinallytoend.A.Dotheopposite.B.Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C.Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforaminorslip.D.Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymoreETheobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudienceF.TakethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocusingonyourlistenersG.However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheytraintobe.第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分15分）HecamefromsomewheresouthofRome.OneSundayeveningIfoundhimstandinginthedriveway,extremelythin.“MynameTonyandImow(割)yourlawn(草坪).”hesaid.Itwashardtounderstandhis___41___English.ItoldhimIcouldn’tafforda___42___.“Imowyourlawn,”hesaidagainandwalkedaway.WhenIgothomethenextevening,thelawnhadbeenmowed,thewalks___43___.MywifeandIthoughtitstrangethathehadnotaskedfor___44___.Thenextfewdayswerebusy,andI___45___abouthim.ButonFriday,sawhimagain,behindmygarageandbusyaround.I___46___toworkoutsomesmallweeklypayforhim.Summerpassedintofallandwindsblewcold.“Mr.Craw,whenwintercome,letmecleanthesnowinthefactory.”Tony___47___.Well,howcouldIresistsuchdetermination?___48___,Tonygothisjob.“Iwanttobeanapprentice(學(xué)徒),”hesaidoneday.___49___wehadagoodapprenticeschooltraininglaborers,Idoubtedwhetherhecouldevenreadblueprints(圖紙).However,Idecidedtogivehimatry.Tohis_____50_____,hegraduatedasakilledgrinder.Afterabouttwoyears,Tonyturnedupatourusualmeetingspot,much_____51_____thanheusedtobeandtakingonalookof_____52_____.Hehadhisownhouseandacutefamily!TonycametoAmericaseekingtheAmericanDream.Buthedidnotfindit—he_____53_____ithimself.Tonydidn’tbeginonthefirst_____54_____.Hebeganinthebasement.Allhehadwere24hoursaday.He_____55_____noneofthemandsucceededfinally.41.A.broken B.fluent C.standard D.simple42.A.designer B.gardener C.partner D.survivor43.A.decorated B.dug C.swept D.blocked44.A.award B.advice C.pay D.leave45.A.wandered B.thought C.worried D.forgot46.A.managed B.happened C.pretended D.refused47.A.ordered B.stressed C.requested D.applied48.A.However B.Instead C.Yet D.Thus49.A.Evenif B.Nowthat C.Incase D.Eversince50.A.regret B.amazement C.creditD.disappointment51.A.paler B.heavier C.stranger D.thinner52.A.amusement B.confidence C.confusion D.annoyance53.A.discovered B.revived C.appreciated D.created54.A.place B.floor C.step D.stage55.A.wasted B.floor C.treasured D.explored第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。China’sGrandCanal(大運(yùn)河)Forcenturies,thepowerofChineseemperorsroseandfellwith____56____(they)controloftheGrandCanal.Today,thisimportantwaterwayisshorterthanitoncewas,____57____itisstillthelongestman-maderiverintheworldandcontinuestoplayanimportantculturaland____58____(economy)roleinmodernChina.Theoriginalcanalsystembeganaroundtheyear605,____59____Emperor-Yangrealizedthat-inordertofeedhisarmy--heneededawaytomovefoodquicklyfromChina’ssouthernrice-growingregiontothecountry’snorth.____60____(complete)in611,thecanalgrewmoreandmoreimportantthroughoutChinaoverthenext500years.In1279,KublaiKhanbegantorepairandbuildnewpartsofthecanal.Thisrebuildingworkcreatedamoredirectnorth-southroutetoandfromBeijing.Future____61____(rule)thencontinuedtoexpandandimprovethecanal.Inadditionto____62____(move)ricearoundChina,theGrandCanalwasalsoanimportantculturalwaterway.Ideas,regionalfoods,andculturalpracticesweretransportedfromonepartofChina____63____anotheralongthecounty’swateryhighway.Today,boatsstillcarrytonsofcoal,food,andothergoodstopointsbetweenHangzhouandJining.In2014,thehistoricGrandCanalwasmadeaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.It____64____(hope)thatGrandCanal,oneoftheworld’sgreatengineeringaccomplishments,willcontinuetolinknorthandsouthChinaforcenturies_____65_____(come).第四部分寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分40分）第一節(jié)（滿(mǎn)分15分）66.假定你是李華，是一所國(guó)際學(xué)校攝影社團(tuán)的負(fù)責(zé)人，該社團(tuán)打算征集以“中國(guó)航天”為主題的短視頻，以喚起學(xué)生對(duì)航天事業(yè)的熱愛(ài)。請(qǐng)你在學(xué)校網(wǎng)站寫(xiě)一則通知，內(nèi)容包括：1.征集短視頻的目的;2.對(duì)征集作品的要求;3.歡迎參加。注意：1.寫(xiě)作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80字左右：2.中國(guó)航天：ChinaAerospace3.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。Notice________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PhotographyGroup第二節(jié)（滿(mǎn)分25分）67.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Thehomemadebookbagwasplacedacrossmybed.Itappearedtohavetakenovertheentireroom.Iknewthatmymomhadspentalldayhappilysewingasshepicturedmeproudlywalkingfromclasstoclasswithitovermyshoulder.ThenextdayIwastostartseventhgradeatanewschool,inanewstate,inthemiddleoftheschoolyear.Iwasnervousandexcited.ThatfirstdayatschoolIheardthewhispers.“Haveyouseenthenewgirl?She’sfromCalifornia.Didyouseethatbigbag?”Thenthereweregiggles(咯咯笑).BecauseIstartedschoolinthemiddleoftheyear,allofthelockershadbeenassignedtootherkids.Therewasnoextralockeravailableforme,soIwasforcedtocarryallmystuffaroundintheoversizedbag.WildstoriesflewbackandforthaboutwhatIkeptinthebagthatneverleftmyside.Drugs?Somekidswondered.Clothes?Isshehomeless?Therewasnothinginterestinginthatbag,justmycoatduringcoldweather,schoolbooks,papersandpens.Eventually,moststudentsprettymuchignoredme,butsomeofthekidsmadefunofmybag.Peoplegrabbedatit,pretendedtotreatitlikeadogandtriedtodroplitterintoit.Myteachersdidn’tseemtonotice,probablybecauseIdidn’tevercomplainoraskforhelp.Astheyearprogressed,Istartedtohatethatbag.Iblamedallmyproblemsonit.Ifelthelpless,aloneandhomesickforCaliforniaandmyoldfriends.Onedaytowardtheendoftheschoolyear,mymathteacherassignedeachstudentapartnertoworkwithonwordproblems.IwastoldtoworkwithDebbie,apopulargirlwhowasinseveralofmyclasses.Shesmiledandwavedmeovertowardherdesk,soIgrabbedmybagandquietlymovedtowardher.AsIsatdown,IrealizedthatIhadneverspokentoherbefore.注意：1.續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。“So,what’sinthebag?"Debbieaskedloudlywithasmile.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________