普陀區2024學年第一學期高三英語質量調研英語試卷考生注意：1.考試時間105分鐘,試卷滿分115分。2.本次考試設試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂(選擇題)或寫(非選擇題)在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。3.答題前，務必在答題紙上填寫準考證號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反面清楚地填寫姓名。I.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WhyHastheGreatWallPreservedSoWell?TheGreatWall,asymbolofancientcivilization,stretchesacrossnorthernChina.Despiteitsgrandeur,____1____remainstodayisonlyapartofitsformerself,duetothewearanddamagecausedbytimeandnature.However,arecentdiscoveryrevealsthatnature____2____mightbeplayingacrucialroleinpreservingthishistoricalwonder.Thinlayersofbacteriaandotherorganisms,knownasbiocrusts,havebeenconsidered____3____(protect)sectionsoftheGreatWall,shelteringitfromwindandrain,andotherdestructiveelements.AstudypublishedinScienceAdvanceshighlightsthesignificantrolethese“livingskins”playinconservingthisancientarchitecturalmarvel.____4____advancesintechnologyandresearch,scientistsarenowexploringthepotentialofcultivatingnewbiocruststopreventfurtherdegradationoftheWall.NicholeBarger,anecologist,praisesthestudyas“innovativeandcreative”,notingthattheprotectiveeffectsofbiocrusts____5____(gain)increasingrecognitioninrecentyears.Itisacknowledgedthatdrylandecosystems____6____(stabilize)andsoilerosion(侵蝕)ispreventedbythesebiologicallayers.____7____themorefamoussectionsoftheGreatWallareconstructedfromstonesorbricks,otherpartswerebuiltusingpackedsoil.Yet,thesamepackedsoilscanalsohostbiocrusts,____8____coverabout12%oftheEarth’slandsurface,particularlyindryregionslikenorthernChina.Thesebiocrustsvaryinform,____9____(range)fromthinbacterialnetworkstothickerlayersoflichen(青苔).SoilscientistBoXiaofromtheChinaAgriculturalUniversity,alongwithhiscolleagues,conductedastudytoinvestigatetheroleofbiocrustsinpreservingtheGreatWall.Theirresearchrevealedthatbiocrusts,primarily_____10_____(compose)ofmossorbacteria,coveredmorethantwo-thirdsoftheWall’ssurfaceintheareastheyexamined.Bystudyingthephysicalproperties,theymadeasignificantdiscovery.【答案】1.what2.itself3.toprotect##tobeprotecting4.With5.havegained6.arestabilized7.While##Though##Although8.which9.ranging10.composed【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了長城為什么保存得這么好的原因。【1題詳解】考查主語從句。句意：盡管它宏偉壯觀，但由于時間和自然造成的磨損和破壞，今天剩下的只是它以前的一部分。該空引導主語從句（____1____remainstoday），從句中缺乏主語，意為“……的事物”，用連接代詞what。故填what。【2題詳解】考查反身代詞。句意：然而，最近的一項發現表明，自然本身可能在保護這一歷史奇跡方面發揮著至關重要的作用。強調“大自然本身”所扮演的角色，用反身代詞itself。故填itself。【3題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：被稱為生物結皮的薄層細菌和其他生物被認為可以保護長城的部分區域，使其免受風雨和其他破壞性因素的影響。beconsideredtodosth.(被認為做某事)，protect可用不定式的一般式形式（表示與謂語動詞同時發生或緊隨其后的動作），或用不定式的進行式形式（表示正在進行的或與謂語動詞同時發生的動作）。故填toprotect/tobeprotecting。【4題詳解】考查介詞。句意：隨著技術和研究的進步，科學家們現在正在探索培育新的生物結皮以防止長城進一步退化的潛力。結合句意可知，介詞with(隨著)符合，首字母大寫。故填With。【5題詳解】考查時態。句意：生態學家NicholeBarger稱贊這項研究“具有創新性和創造性”，并指出近年來生物結皮的保護作用得到了越來越多的認可。由時間狀語inrecentyears可知，從句謂語動詞gain用現在完成時表過去動作對現在產生的影響，注意主謂一致。故填havegained。【6題詳解】考查時態和系表結構。句意：人們承認，旱地生態系統是穩定的，這些生物層可以防止水土流失。形容詞stabilized(穩定的)，此處為系表結構bestabilized，結合下文謂語isprevented可知，用一般現在時，注意主謂一致。故填arestabilized。【7題詳解】考查讓步狀語從句。句意：雖然長城的著名部分是用石頭或磚塊建造的，但其他部分是用壓實的土壤建造的。前后句讓步關系，結合句意，用從屬連詞while/though/although(盡管)引導讓步狀語從句，首字母大寫。故填While/Though/Although。【8題詳解】考查定語從句關系詞。句意：然而，同樣的堆積土壤也可能存在生物結皮，生物結皮覆蓋了地球約12%的陸地表面，特別是在中國北方等干旱地區。該空引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是biocrusts，指物，關系詞替代先行詞在從句中作主語，用關系代詞which。故填which。【9題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這些生物結皮的形式各不相同，從薄的細菌網絡到較厚的地衣層。邏輯主語Thesebiocrusts和非謂語動詞range是主動關系，range用現在分詞形式作狀語。故填ranging。【10題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：他們的研究表明，在他們檢查的區域，主要由苔蘚或細菌組成的生物結皮覆蓋了長城表面的三分之二以上。becomposedof(由……組成)，用過去分詞短語composedof…作名詞biocrusts的后置定語。故填composed。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.accentsB.acquireC.boundariesD.fulfillE.guidelinesF.liberallyG.preciselyH.priorityI.prospectJ.scheduleK.suspectFindYourLife’sWorkEveryonehastheirownlifevalues.Youwonderwhatyourvocationisandwhereyoucouldsuccessfully___11___yourpotential?Herearesometips.●TurnPassionintoProfitDonot___12___thisstatement:findsomethingyoulikeandyouwon’thavetoworkaday.Thereisnobetter___13___thangettinggoodmoneyforyourhobby.So,thinkaboutwhatyoureallyliketodoevenforfree.Evenifyouonlylovetoplayonlinegamesandtastedeliciousfood,youcangoforcookingortasting,gamedevelopmentorgointoe-sports,startathematicblog—asyoucansee,therearealotofoptions.●ImagineanIdealWorldAnotherwaytounderstandwhatismostimportanttoyouistoreflectonwhatanidealworldshouldlooklike.Perhapsyourpurposeis___14___tobringtherealworldclosertothisidealimage.Don’tlimityourselfto___15___.Letgooffantasyandletyourselfjustdream.Writedownanythoughtsthatcometomind.Payattentiontoallthedetailsand___16___,andthenthinkabouthowtotranslatethemintoreality.●RecallYourBestMomentsTodetermineyourtop___17___,thinkaboutthemomentsinwhichyouexperiencedthegreatestjoy.Whathasgivenyouthemostsatisfactioninthepast?Takealittletimeandrememberallthetimeswhenyouweresincerelyglad.So,youwillunderstandwhatyourmain___18___areatthisstageoflife.●CreateaRoadmapYou’veidentifiedyourgoals.Now,developadetailedplan,likedrawingamapfromyourcurrentlifetoyourdesiredfuture.FindthebestroutefrompointAtopointB.Thinkaboutwhatskillsyouneedto___19___andwhatdailyhabitsareworthaddingtoyourlife.Themorespecificpointsyouputonthemap,theeasieritwillbeto____20____themandstartmovingtowardsyourgoal.【答案】11.D12.K13.I14.G15.C16.A17.H18.E19.B20.J【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了如何找到自己畢生的事業，并給出了一些實用的建議。【11題詳解】考查動詞。句意：你想知道你的職業是什么，以及你在哪里可以成功地發揮你的潛力？根據句意“發揮潛力”可知，空格處應填動詞fulfill作謂語，意為“實現，發揮”，情態動詞could后跟動詞原形。故選D項。【12題詳解】考查動詞。句意：不要懷疑這句話：找到你喜歡的事情，你就一天都不用工作。根據句意“懷疑”可知，空格處應填動詞suspect作謂語，在祈使句中用動詞原形。故選K項。【13題詳解】考查名詞。句意：沒有什么比從你的愛好中獲得好報酬更好的前景了。根據句意“前景”可知，空格處應填名詞prospect作主語，結合系詞is可知，主語是單數名詞或者不可數名詞。故選I項。【14題詳解】考查副詞。句意：也許你的目的就是正是把現實世界帶得更接近這個理想形象。根據句意“正是”可知，空格處應填副詞precisely修飾動詞bring，作狀語。故選G項。【15題詳解】考查名詞。句意：不要把自己限制在界限內。根據句意“界限”可知，空格處應填名詞boundary，且為可數名詞，表“范圍；界限”常用復數形式。故選C項。【16題詳解】考查名詞。句意：注意所有的細節和口音，然后想想如何把它們變成現實。根據句意“口音”以及后文“translatethemintoreality”可知，用名詞accent作賓語，考慮到在此語境下，accent在廣義上也可以理解為某種“特點”或“特色”，且下文中有復數代詞them，故此處用復數形式更為貼切。故選A項。【17題詳解】考查名詞。句意：要確定你的首要任務，想想你經歷最大快樂的時刻。根據句意“首要任務”可知，空格處應填名詞priority作賓語，此處指你的首要任務，應用單數形式。故選H項。【18題詳解】考查名詞。句意：所以，你會明白在這個階段的生活中你的主要準則是什么。根據句意“準則”可知，空格處應填名詞guideline作從句主語，可數名詞，結合系動詞are可知，主語復數名詞。故選E項。【19題詳解】考查動詞。句意：想想你需要獲得什么技能，以及什么日常習慣值得添加到你的生活中。根據句意“獲得”可知，空格處應填動詞acquire，且needtodosth.為固定短語，用原形構成不定式作賓語。故選B項。【20題詳解】考查動詞。句意：你在地圖上標注的點越具體，就越容易把它們列入日程并開始朝著你的目標前進。根據句意“列入日程”可知，空格處應填動詞schedule，用原形構成不定式短語。故選J項。II.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.InIndonesia,researchersrecentlycapturedaremarkablebehavioronvideo.AwildapenamedRakus,withadeepwoundonhischeek,wasseen___21___akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury.Surprisingly,thewoundhealedwithoutinfection.Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties,whichlikely___22___hisrecovery.Rakus’sactionsdemonstrateadeepunderstandingofbotany—aknowledgeofplantsfewhumans___23___today.Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___24___ofplantsisdeclining.Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem___25___.Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(專門知識)toensureourwellbeing.However,thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking,andthis___26___hasraisedconcernswithinthefield.TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.Whilethatnumberhassince___27___slightly,with489degreesawardedin2023,thenumberofinstitutionsofferingbotanydegreescontinuestodecline,from76in2002to59in2023.“BotanyPhDsaredisappearing,”saysKathrynParsley,abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegreeduetolimited___28___.Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___29___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,____30____appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.This____31____impactsuniversityfundingdecisions,leadingmanyschoolstoreduceoreliminatebotanyprograms.Thedeclining____32____inbotanyisfurtherdrivenby“plantblindness,”aphenomenonwherepeopleignoreplantsintheirenvironment,failingtorecognizetheirimportance.IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot____33____,leavingagapinplantexpertise.This____34____couldbecomeapressingissue,particularlyinsectorslikeecologicalrestoration,whereplantidentificationskillsarecrucial.Whilesomebotanistsbelievethefieldisevolvingratherthandisappearing,thedemandforplantknowledgeremainscritical.Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.____35____,thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.21.A.covering B.absorbing C.harvesting D.skipping22.A.accountedfor B.putoff C.tookon D.resultedfrom23.A.revise B.enhance C.subscribe D.possess24.A.sampling B.understanding C.occupation D.organization25.A.personally B.originally C.naturally D.joyfully26.A.greed B.tradition C.impression D.trend27.A.endured B.stimulated C.recovered D.discounted28.A.edition B.availability C.research D.conservation29.A.forinstance B.forsure C.incase D.ontheotherhand30.A.channeling B.equipping C.favoring D.blocking31.A.entry B.combination C.comparison D.shift32.A.interest B.emergence C.intention D.evidence33.A.invited B.replaced C.registered D.involved34.A.launch B.shortage C.motive D.pattern35.A.Hence B.Moreover C.Meanwhile D.Nevertheless【答案】21.C22.A23.D24.B25.A26.D27.C28.B29.A30.C31.D32.A33.B34.B35.D【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了當今對植物學有深刻了解的人甚少，專業植物學家的數量正在減少并說明了原因，并且呼吁人們了解植物學并保持植物技能。【21題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：一只名叫Rakus的野生猿，臉頰上有一個很深的傷口，被看到正在收割一種葉子，咀嚼它們，然后把它們敷在他的傷口上。A.covering覆蓋；B.absorbing吸收；C.harvesting收割，收獲；D.skipping跳躍。根據后文“akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury”可知，先收割這種葉子，才能咀嚼葉子并敷到傷口上。故選C項。【22題詳解】考查動詞短語詞義辨析。句意：研究表明這些植物有醫療特性，這可能是他康復的原因。A.accountedfor解釋；B.putoff推遲；C.tookon呈現；D.resultedfrom由于；根據前文“Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties”可知，研究表明這些植物有醫療特性，說明這可能是解釋他康復的原因。故選A項。【23題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：Rakus的行為表明了他對植物學的深刻理解——一種當今很少有人擁有的植物知識。A.revise修訂；B.enhance提高；C.subscribe訂閱；D.possess擁有。根據后文“Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___4___ofplantsisdeclining.”可知，盡管我們對植物科學的集體知識在增長，但個人對植物的了解卻在下降。說明Rakus有一種當今很少有人擁有的植物知識。故選D項。24題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管我們對植物科學的集體知識在增長，但個人對植物的了解卻在下降。A.sampling取樣；B.understanding了解，理解；C.occupation職業；D.organization組織。根據后文“Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem”可知，在現代生活中，雖然我們仍然依賴植物生存，但很少有人覺得有必要了解它們很多，說明個人對植物的了解在下降。故選B項。【25題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：在現代生活中，雖然我們仍然依賴植物生存，但很少有人覺得有必要親自了解它們。A.personally親自；B.originally最初地；C.naturally自然地；D.joyfully高興地。根據后文“Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(專門知識)toensureourwellbeing.”可知，我們大多數人依靠植物學家來識別和了解植物，相信他們的專業知識可以確保我們的健康，說明很少有人覺得有必要親自了解它們。故選A項。【26題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，專業植物學家的數量正在減少，這一趨勢引起了該領域的關注。A.greed貪婪；B.tradition傳統；C.impression印象；D.trend趨勢。根據前文“thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking”可知專業植物學家的數量正在減少，說明這是一種趨勢。故選D項。【27題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：雖然這個數字后來略有回升，到2023年授予了489個學位，但提供植物學學位的機構數量繼續下降，從2002年的76個減少到2023年的59個。A.endured忍耐；B.stimulated刺激；C.recovered恢復；D.discounted打折。根據前文“thenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400”和后文“with489degreesawardedin2023”可知，美國授予植物學學位的人數已降至400人以下，到2023年授予了489個學位，說明授予植物學學位的人數后來略有回升。故選C項。【28題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“植物學博士正在消失，”KathrynParsley說，她是一位專注于植物研究的生物學家，但由于機會有限，她沒有攻讀植物學學位。A.edition版本；B.availability可用性，可得性；C.research研究；D.conservation保護。根據前文“abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegree”可知，她是一位專注于植物研究的生物學家，沒有攻讀植物學學位是因為可得到的機會有限。故選B項。【29題詳解】考查介詞短語詞義辨析。句意：例如，美國國家科學基金會已將其資助重點，從傳統植物學移除出來，支持具有經濟潛力的應用科學。A.forinstance例如；B.forsure肯定地；C.incase以防萬一；D.ontheotherhand另一方面。根據前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)”和后文“hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知資金轉移是導致植物學衰落的主要因素，說明此處在舉一個例子解釋說明植物學衰落的原因，故選A項。【30題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意同上。A.channeling引導；B.equipping配備；C.favoring支持；D.blocking阻礙。根據前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,”和后文“appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知，美國國家科學基金會已將其資助重點從傳統植物學轉移到具有經濟潛力的應用科學上，說明美國國家科學基金會支持具有經濟潛力的應用科學。故選C項。【31題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這種轉變影響了大學的資金決策，導致許多學校減少或取消植物學課程。A.entry進入；B.combination結合；C.comparison比較；D.shift轉變。根據前文“TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.”可知，美國國家科學基金會已將其資助重點從傳統植物學轉移到具有經濟潛力的應用科學上，由此推知，這是一種轉變。故選D項。【32題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：人們對植物學興趣的下降進一步受到“植物盲目性”的影響，這種現象是指人們忽視環境中的植物，未能認識到它們的重要性。A.interest興趣；B.emergence緊急情況；C.intention目的，意圖；D.evidence證據。根據前文“TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.”可知美國國家教育統計中心早在2015年就敲響了警鐘，指出美國授予植物學學位的人數已降至400人以下，由此推知，“植物盲”進一步推動了人們對植物學興趣的下降。故選A項。【33題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在美國和英國，當植物學教授退休時，他們往往沒有人接替，留下了植物專業知識的空白。A.invited邀請；B.replaced取代，接替；C.registered注冊；D.involved參與。根據后文“leavingagapinplantexpertise”可知沒有人接替退休的植物學教授，留下了植物專業知識的空白。故選B項。【34題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這種短缺可能成為一個緊迫的問題，特別是在生態恢復等領域，植物識別技能至關重要。A.launch發射，上市；B.shortage短缺；C.motive動機；D.pattern模式。根據前文“IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot___13___,leavingagapinplantexpertise.”可知在美國和英國，當植物學教授退休時，他們往往沒有人接替，留下了植物專業知識的空白，由此推知，這是一種短缺。故選B項。【35題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，保持基本植物技能的挑戰仍然存在，這突出了認識和解決植物學價值的迫切需要。A.Hence因此；B.Moreover此外；C.Meanwhile與此同時；D.Nevertheless然而。根據前文“Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.”和后文“thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.”構成轉折關系可知，此處應用表示轉折的副詞nevertheless“然而”。故選D項。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)SummerhillThisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.Obviously,aschoolthatmakesactivechildrensitatdesksstudyingmostlyuselesssubjectsisabadschool.Itisagoodschoolonlyforthosewhobelieveinsuchaschool,forthoseuncreativecitizenswhowantobedient,uncreativechildrenwhowillfitintoacivilizationwhosestandardofsuccessisfameandfortune.Ihadtaughtinordinaryschoolsformanyyears.Iknewtheotherwaywell.Iknewitwasallwrong.Itwaswrongbecauseitwasbasedonanadultconceptionofwhatachildshouldbeandofhowachildshouldlearn.Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.Inordertodothis,wehadtoabandonalldisciplines,alldirections,allsuggestions,allmoraltraining,andallreligiousinstructions.Wehavebeencalledbrave,butitdidnotrequirecourage.Allitrequiredwaswhatwehad—acompletebeliefinthechildasagood,notanevil,being.Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.Iflefttohimselfwithoutadultsuggestionsofanykind,hewilldevelopasfarasheiscapableofdeveloping.Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(勢利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.36.Accordingtothepassage,whatwastheprimaryideabehindstartingSummerhillSchool?A.Toensurestudentsbecomehappyscholars.B.Tofocusonmoralandreligiousinstructions.C.Tomaketheschooladapttotheneedsofeachchild.D.Tomakechildrensuitablefortheexistingsocialsystem.37.ThefoundersofSummerhillSchoolbelievethatchildren________.A.needstrictdisciplinetobesuccessful B.arenaturallywiseandrealisticC.shouldfocusprimarilyonreligiouseducation D.aremorecreativewithadultguidance38.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.SummerhillSchoolusesauniqueeducationalapproachcenteredongivingchildrenfreedom.BSummerhillSchoolbelieveseverychildhasthepotentialtobecomeasuccessfulscholar.C.SummerhillSchoolrejectsstrictdisciplineandfocusesonachild-centeredenvironment.D.SummerhillSchoolchallengesthetraditionalmodelbyemphasizingchildren'sindependence.39.Whydoestheauthormentionpreferringa“happystreetcleaner”toan“anxiousscholar”?AToencouragestudentstoavoidbecomingworriedscholars.B.Toemphasizethatstreetcleanersarehappierthanscholars.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofastress-freeandenrichinglife.D.TodemonstratethatSummerhillcareslessaboutacademicachievements.【答案】36.C37.B38.A39.C【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了Summerhill(夏山學校)的辦學理念和實踐。【36題詳解】細節理解題。由第一段中“WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(當我和妻子創辦這所學校時，我們有一個主要的理念：讓學校適合孩子——而不是讓孩子適合學校)”可知，創辦Summerhill的主要理念是讓學校適應每個孩子的需求。故選C項。【37題詳解】細節理解題。由最后一段中“Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.(我的觀點是，孩子天生聰明、現實)”可知，Summerhill的創始人認為孩子們天生聰明而現實。故選B項。【38題詳解】主旨大意題。由第一段“Thisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(這是一個關于Summerhill現代學校的故事。Summerhill最初是一所實驗學校。現在已經不是這樣了；它現在是一所示范學校，因為它證明了自由是有效的。當我和妻子創辦這所學校時，我們有一個主要的理念：讓學校適合孩子——而不是讓孩子適合學校)”，第四段中“Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.(好吧，我們著手建立一所學校，讓孩子們自由地做自己)”及全文內容可知，這篇文章介紹了Summerhill(夏山學校)的辦學理念和實踐，夏山學校采用一種獨特的教育方法，以給孩子們自由為中心，培養孩子。故選A項。【39題詳解】推理判斷題。由最后一段中“Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(勢利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.(邏輯上講，Summerhill是一個這樣的地方：那些具有成為學者的內在能力和愿望的人會成為學者；而那些只適合清掃街道的人則會去清掃街道。但迄今為止，我們還沒有培養出一個街道清潔工。我寫這些并不是出于勢利，因為我寧愿看到學校培養出一個快樂的街道清潔工，也不愿看到它造就一個焦慮的學者)”和結合Summerhill以自由為中心的辦學理念可知，作者提到更喜歡一個“快樂的街道清潔工”而不是一個“焦慮的學者”，是為了強調無壓力和豐富生活的重要性，而不是單純的學術成就。故選C項。(B)Thefollowingtextsexploredifferentperspectivesonthetopicofreducingworkhours.Asyouread,considertheargumentsandevidencepresentedtounderstandthecomplexitiesofthisissue.“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisoutdated;itdoesn’tfitwithtoday’sfast-pacedworkenvironmentsormentalhealthneeds.Companiesimplementingshorterweekshaveseenuptoa20%increaseinproductivity,indicatingthatqualityoftensurpassesquantity.”Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit’snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.”ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert“Thedebateovershorterworkweekshasbecomeahottopic,withadvocatespointingtomentalhealthandproductivitybenefits,whileopponentswarnofpracticalandeconomicchallenges.Whilethe4-dayworkweekworksforsome,itmaynotbeaone-size-fits-allsolution.Abalancebetweenflexibleschedulesandorganizationalneedsmayultimatelyofferthebestpathforward.”CommentaryfromIndustryJournalWorkforceWeekly40.WhatisthemainargumentpresentedbyDr.MariaThompson?A.Employeeswithshorterworkweeksarelessproductive.B.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisstillhighlyeffective.C.Reducingworkhourscanincreaseefficiencyandjobsatisfaction.D.Shorterworkhourscanleadtoincreasedburnoutandinefficiency.41.WhatconcerndoesProfessorJohnBakerraiseaboutreducingworkhours?A.Itwilldecreaseproductivityacrossallindustries.B.Itmayleadtohigherexpensesandstaffshortage.C.Employeeswillbegrantedtoomuchfreetime.D.Thementalhealthofemployeeswillworsen.42.Basedonthetexts,whymightsomecompaniesresistadoptinga4-dayworkweek?A.Theyareconcerneditcouldreduceoverallproductivity.B.Theybelieveallemployeespreferatraditionalschedule.C.Theyfeelitunnecessarygivencurrentmentalhealthtrends.D.Theyworryitwon’tworkforindustriesrequiringconstantstaffing.【答案】40.C41.B42.D【解析】【導語】這是一篇議論文。文章探討了減少工作時間這一主題的各種不同觀點。【40題詳解】細節理解題。根據第一部分Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist的觀點中“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.(減少工作時間實際上可以提高工作效率。研究表明，每周工作4天的員工更專注，效率更高。工作時間越少，員工花在非生產性活動上的時間就越少，工作倦怠感就越少，工作滿意度也就越高)”可知，瑪麗亞·湯普森博士提出的主要論點是減少工作時間可以提高效率和工作滿意度。故選C項。【41題詳解】細節理解題。根據第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的觀點中“Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.(一些行業，如醫療保健和制造業，需要持續的工作方式。減少工作時間可能會導致員工短缺，增加成本，并增加剩余員工的工作量)”及“Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.(雖然在特定情況下可能會有生產力的提升，但將這種方法普遍化可能會損害整體勞動力的穩定性和盈利能力。我們必須考慮到經濟現實以及各行業不同的需求)”可知，約翰·貝克教授認為減少工作時間可能會導致更高的費用和人員短缺。故選B項。【42題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的觀點中“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit'snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.(減少工作時間聽起來很有吸引力，但并不是在所有行業都可行。一些行業，如醫療保健和制造業，需要持續的工作方式)”和“Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.(不是每個工作或每個人都適合減少工作時間的模式。雖然在特定情況下可能會有生產力的提升，但將這種方法普遍化可能會損害整體勞動力的穩定性和盈利能力)”可知，有些公司會拒絕采用一周工作4天(減少工作時間的模式)，因為他們擔心這種方法不適合需要持續人員配置的行業。故選D項。(C)Arthasalwaysoccupiedaspecialplaceinsociety.Manypeopleconsiderartiststobetheultimateauthoritiesonthenatureandexpressionofbeauty.Formuchofhistory,thepracticeofartwasmysterious,andartistswereviewedasbeingsomewhatoddandoftenmad.Eventhewordmostcommonlyassociatedwithartists—inspiration—hasitsownmagicalqualities.Literally,“inspiration”isthebreathinginofaspirit.Artistswerethoughtofaspeoplewhowereuniquelyinspiredtocreate.Ofcourse,artistscontributedtothismythology(神話).Manyartistscreditedtheirtalentstothepresenceofsomesupernaturalpower.Wholemovementsofarthavecenteredonthesupposedlyotherworldlynatureofart.Forexample,theRomanticpoetsbelievedthatartwasatermthatmeantanultimateexpressionofbeautyandtruth.Thesearchforthisidealledthemtoexplorebothnaturalandsupernaturalthemesintheirworks.Anotherpersistentviewofartregardeditsdivorcefromlogic.Reasonandlogicweretheprovinceofscientistsandphilosophers,whereascreativityandinsightweretheareaoftheartists.Thetwoseparateaspectsofthemindweresupposedtoremaindistinct.Butin1704,amajorbreakthroughoccurred.SirIsaacNewton,mathematicianandphysicist,publishedhisstudyoflight,Opticks.OneofNewton’smajordiscoverieswasonthenatureofcolor.Usingaprism(棱鏡),Newtonfoundthatwhitelightisactuallycomposedofallthecolorsoftherainbow.Heevenprovidedascientificexplanationforthepresenceofrainbows.Thearti