Chapter9LanguageandSocietyEnglishLinguistics:AnIntroduction1完整版pptChapter9LanguageandSociety

0.Warm-upQuestions

1.Sociolinguistics2.LanguageVariation3.SociolinguisticStudyofSociety4.ApplicationofSociolinguistics2完整版ppt0.Warm-upQuestionsHowaresocietyandlanguagerelatedtoeachother?Howdodifferentsocialfactors,likeageandgender,affectlanguageuse?Howdopeopletalkdifferentlyindifferentsituations?Whataretheothervarietiesoflanguagebesidesregionaldialects?Canyouimaginetwostandardlanguagesusedinonenation?3完整版ppt1.Sociolinguistics1.1Definition(p160)Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Metaphorically,languageisregardedasamirrorofsociety,throughwhichwecanunderstandsocialactivitiesofacertainsocietybetter.Functionally,societyprovideslanguagewithasuitablecontextofuse,inwhichwecanenjoyaspectsoflanguagevividlyandtruthfully.4完整版ppt1.Sociolinguistics1.2TwoFundamentalConceptsSpeechcommunity:agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity(e.g.avillage,aregion,anation)andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyofalanguage.Speechvariety(languagevariety):anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeaker(e.g.idiolect)oragroupofspeakers(dialect,sociolect).5完整版ppt1.Sociolinguistics1.3Twoapproaches/perspectives(p160)Micro-sociolinguistics(sociolinguisticstudyoflanguage):thestudyofpotentialsocialfactorsforadescriptionandexplanationofsomelinguisticvariations,e.g.regionaldialects,socialdialects,PidginandCreole.Macro-sociolinguistics(sociolinguisticstudyofsociety):thestudyoflanguageusetoknowmoreaboutagivensocietyorcommunity,e.g.bilingualism,languageplanning,languagestandardization,etc.6完整版ppt2.LanguageVariation2.1Dialects

Varietiesoflanguageareassumedtoberelatedbothtothelanguageuserandtheuse.Varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.Regionaldialect:alinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.E.g.Itneedswashing.(English)Itneedswashed.(Scottish)7完整版ppt2.LanguageVariation2.1DialectsSocialdialect/sociolect(p157):asocialvarietyoflanguageusedbypeopleinthesamesocialcondition,suchasClass:Ididityesterday.Idoneityesterday.Gender:討厭Age:

netspeakEthnicgroup:Theymine,Youcrazy.[BlackEnglish]Individuality:idiolect(apersonaldialectofanindividualspeaker)8完整版ppt2.LanguageVariation2.2RegisterAccordingtoHalliday,languagediffersindifferentsituations.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatedtothetypeofsituationisaregister.Threesocialvariablesthatdeterminestheregister:Fieldofdiscourse:subjectmatter(technical,non-technical)Tenorofdiscourse:participants(e.g.politicalspeech,cookingrecipe)Modeofdiscourse:meansofcommunication(speaking,writing)9完整版ppt2.LanguageVariation2.3SpecialvarietiesStandarddialect:asuperimposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguagePidgin:aspecialvarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesandisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposes.“癟三”（BEGSIR），乞丐先生，用來形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一。“赤佬”是英語“CHEAT”（欺騙）和中文“佬”的混生詞語，一個(gè)魯迅時(shí)代最流行的洋涇浜俚語（隱語）。10完整版ppt2.LanguageVariation2.3SpecialvarietiesWhenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeaCreole.NotableexamplesaretheEnglish-basedCreoleofJamaica,andtheFrench-basedCreoleofHaiti.11完整版ppt3.SociolinguisticStudyofSociety3.1BilingualismDefinition:Thesituationwheretwolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhaveadifferentroletoplay.FrenchandEnglishinCanada,FrenchandFlemishDutchinBelgium3.2DiglossiaDefinition:Thesituationwheretwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutaspeechcommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.Arabic,ModernGreek,SwissGerman,HaitianCreole12完整版ppt4.ApplicationofSociolinguistics4.1Languageclassroom(p161)Sociolinguisticcontributiontolanguageinstruction:Achangeofemphasisinthecontentoflanguageteaching;Innovationsinmaterialsandactivitiesfortheclassroom;Afreshlookatthenatureoflanguagedevelopmentanduse,etc.13完整版ppt4.ApplicationofSociolinguistics4.2Lawcourt(p161)SociolinguisticscanfinditsapplicationinLinguisticanalysisoflanguagedatagatheredasevidence;Thepreparationofsomelegaldocuments;Understandingoftherelationshipbetweenpowerandlanguageinuse,etc.14完整