考向33完形填空之議論文類文體分析議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀的解釋事物，還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點。英語議論文不完全等同于漢語的議論文，它涉及的范圍要小得多。英語議論文主要是就某一主題，在擺出正反兩方面觀點的基礎上，通過論證、推理辯論等手段，試圖讓讀者最終接受作者對這一主題的某種觀點。盡管有時也不一定非常明確的交待正反觀點，但力圖通過推理讓讀者贊同自己的觀點始終是英語議論文的主要目的。不管是在漢語中，還是在英語中，議論文都是由論點（作者的觀點，也就是被證明的對象、論據（用來證明論點的依據，是說明論點的理由和材料）和論證（運用論據證明論點的過程與方法），這三個要素構成的，這也是一個提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的過程。因此，典型的議論文一般就由序論（提出問題，即what）、本論（分析問題，即why）和結論（解決問題，即how）三個部分構成，其具體的結構模式又有以下三種：模式一：引言段（提出觀點）——正方論點心（支持作者的觀點的較弱論點）、正方論點2（支持作者的觀點的較強論點）、正方論點3（支持作者觀點的最強論點）——結論段（總結+解決方法，論斷或建議）在這種模式中，文章主體段（中間部分）的每一個部分論述一個論點，這些論點以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的論點在最后面，以示強調。模式二：引言段（提出觀點）——反面意見（反方觀點+作者的反駁）、正方論點1（支持作者觀點的較弱論點）、正方論點2（支持作者觀點的較強論點）、正方論點3（支持作者觀點的最強論點）——結論段（總結+解決方法，論斷或建議）在這種模式中，文章立體段的一開始就提出對立方的反面意見及作者對這種意見的反駁，以后各部分仍分別陳述作者的不同論點。模式三：引言段（提出觀點）——反方觀點1+進行反駁的正方論點、反方觀點2+進行反駁的正方論點、反方觀點3+進行反駁的正方論點——結論段（總結+解決方法，論斷或建議）在這種模式中，作者在文章主體段的每一部分都先提出一個反面觀點，然后再進行反駁。英語議論文的語言特點

由于與其他文體相比，英語議論文類似英語說明文，因此，它具有英語說明文的一些語言特點，比如：時態較為統一，多用現在時；強調語言表達的客觀性；盡可能指明信息來源等等。但作為一種獨立的文體，英語議論文在語言上也有一些自己特有的表達形式：

1.較多使用表達委婉語氣的詞語和句子

與英語說明文相比，英語議論文不僅需要說明自己的觀點，而且還要讓讀者接受自己的觀點，因此，在詞語表達上除了客觀之外，還必須注意委婉。在英語中，常用虛擬語氣，讓步狀語從句和情態動詞can，could，may，might，would，should等。請看下面兩組有關“面試在招生過程中的重要性”的文字：

（1）Nooneshouldbeadmittedinto（招收進）collegewithoutapersonalinterview（面試）.Whatcanadmissionspeople（招生人員）tellfromapieceofpaper？Theycantellnothing.Onlywhentheyseeastudentfacetoface，cantheydecidewhatkindofapersonheis.

（2）Thoughadmissionspeoplecanlearnsomethingsfromapieceofpaper，suchashowwellapersonwritesandwhatheisinterestedintheremaybemanyotherthingsthatanapplication（申請表）cannottellbutcanonlybeseeninapersonalinterview.Thewayapersontalks，thewayhethinksaboutandanswersquestions，thewayhereacts（反應），areallimportantfactsofapersonwhichcannotbefoundonapieceofpaper.

兩段文字都強調“大學生入學必須面試”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情態動詞，though引導的讓步狀語從句等表達方式，語氣較為委婉，更容易為讀者所接受。

2.使用有辯論、推理等含義的連接詞和過渡詞等詞語結構

英語議論文講究辯論推理的條理性和邏輯性，因此，往往較多地使用這類性質的過渡詞和連接詞，常用的包括：since（既然），nowthat（既然），therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），inthatcase（在那種情況下），because（因為），so（所以）。另外，還有些句型也常出現在英語議論文中，比如：Itfollowsthat…（因而……），If…，wemayconcludethat…（如果……，我們可以這樣下結論……），Shoulditbethecase（如果是這樣的話……），Idon'twantto…，but…（我并不想……，但是……），Ifyouadmit…，then…（如果你承認……，那么……），Itistruethat…，but…（誠然……，但是……），Evenif…（即使……）等。（1）如“很多人很快就會發現，他們在物質上是富裕了，精神上卻很貧乏”，可以這樣達：Manypeoplewillsoonfindthemselvesrichingoods，butraggedinspirit.（注：句中richin與raggedin，goods與spirit具有正反對比的關系和效果。）（2）如“利遠遠大于弊”，可以這樣表達：

Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.（注：句中theadvantages與thedisadvantages具有正反對比的關系和效果。）（3）如“他們注意到了這些說法中的一些道理，但他們卻忽視了一個重要的事實”，可以這樣表達：

Theyhavenoticedagrainoftruthinthestatements，buthaveignoredamoreimportantfact.（注：句中havenoticed與haveignored，agrainoftruthinthestatements與amoreimportantfact具有正反對比的關系和效果。）（4）如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”，可以這樣表達：

Itwillhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffectsbysodoing.（注：句中negative與positive具有正反對比的關系和效果）3.使用重復。英文一般講求簡潔，因此為表達強調偶爾使用重復可以使語句的強調內容得到突出。（1）如“現在是忘掉過去一切的時候了?，F在是言歸正傳的時候了?，F在是為未來而奮斗的時候了”，可以這樣表達：

Nowisthetimetoforgeteverythinginthepast.Nowisthetimetogetdowntothebusiness.Nowisthetimetoworkhardforthefuture.（注：此句為句首重復，重復部分為句首的nowitthetimeto）（2）如“我們渴望成功，而且正在為成功而努力工作”，可以這樣表達：

Welongforsuccessandweareworkinghardforsuccess.（注：此句為句尾重復，重復的部分為句尾的forsuccess.）（3）如“我相信我們能夠成功，我相信我們也一定會成功”，可以這樣表達：

Iamconvincedthatwecansucceed，andIamconvincedthatwemustsucceed.（注：and所連接的兩個語句的句首與句尾部分同時重復，重復的部分為句首的Iamconvincedthat與句尾的succeed）（4）如“我們現在生活在一個新的時代，而一個改革充滿著風險與機遇”，可以這樣表達：Wearenowlivinginanewera，andaneweraofreformisalwaysfullofventuresandchances.（注：and之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復，重復部分為anewera.）

4.使用倒裝倒裝是進行強調的一種手段，它利用了語句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充滿著風險與機遇的改革的新時代正向我們走來”，可以這樣表達：

Nowoncomingtousistheneweraofreformfullofventuresandchances.5.使用轉義轉義是一種對詞語靈活運用的修辭手段，主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語、婉轉等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。（1）如要表達“過去的經歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”，英文可為：

Whathadbeenexperiencedinthepastwasalwaysloominginmemorylikeapicture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特點是使用了like一詞）（2）如要表達“我們的英語老師就是我們最好的英語辭典”，英文可為：

OurEnglishteacherisourbestEnglishdictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特點是利用事物之間的相似之處進行比喻，與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞）（3）如要表達“我正在讀莎土比亞的書呢”，英文可為：

IamreadingShakespeare.（注：此句采用換喻，換喻的特點是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱，使用通過聯想理解其含義，但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來表達的）（4）如要表達“這里需要一個幫手”，英文可為：

Ahandisneededhere.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特點是用一個事物的部分來代表事物的整體或用一個事物的整體來代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個人）題型分析一、題型特點議論文文體的完形填空一般是直接提出論點，通過論據論證，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一個話題供大家討論。議論文文體的完形填空一般都是由論點（作者的觀點，也就是被證明的對象）、論據（用來證明論點的依據，是說明論點的理由和材料）和論證（運用論據證明論點的過程與方法）這三個要素構成，這也是一個提出問題→分析問題→解決問題的過程。另外，英語議論文不僅需要說明自己的觀點，而且還要讓讀者接受自己的觀點。因此，在詞語表達上除了客觀之外，還比較注重委婉。作者的寫作態度一般也較誠懇，在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語氣，不會給人以居高臨下、以勢居人、逼人接受的感覺，在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、讓步狀語從句和can,may,might,could,would,should等情態動詞。為了辯證推理的條理性和邏輯性，往往較多地使用像since,nowthat,therefore,inthatcase,because,so,but,however等過渡詞和連接詞。三、解答技巧把握首段和首句完整的信息，把握全文的主旨大意【典例示例】Allofusgothroughsomedifficulttimesasweapproachteenageyears.It'stheagewhenwehavetodealwiththemost36_____inourlife.Thistransition(過渡）fromchildhoodtoadulthoodis37_____forsome,butroughforothers.Themostimportantthingaboutbeingateenageris38______.Whenweareteenagers,wewouldgetblamedorevenpunishedforanythingwrongwedo.36.A.chancesB.changesC.feelingsD.expectations【解析】：在這個階段我們需要面對生活中的很多改變(changes)。37.A.smoothB.practicalC.demandingD.necessary【解析】：從童年到成年的過渡，對有些人來說是很順利的(smooth),但是對另外一些人來說卻很艱難。此處用smooth“順利的”，和后面的rough相對應。38.A.knowledgeB.independenceC.confidenceD.responsibility【解析】：根據此空的下一句“當我們成為青少年時，我們會因犯錯受到責備甚至是懲罰”可知，此處表示“成為青少年最重要的一件事就是責任（responsibility)”。【答案】：36.B37.A38.D把握作者的觀點和態度議論文往往體現作者對某一事物的觀點，而作者的觀點就是文章的論點?？忌盐兆髡叩挠^點，把握作者對某一事物是襄還是貶，是贊成還是反對，而通常把握了作者的觀點也就找準了文章的論點。【典例示例】Youdonothavetotrainyourself6_______tofeelthepsychologicalbenefitsofexercise.Whatreallymattersis7______,notintensity(強度）ofyourexercise.Youcantrywalkingfor30minutesfivetimesperweekorsimplygardeningonweekends.6.A.hardB.everywhereC.carefullyD.late【解析】：根據下文作者強調運動的關鍵是頻度而不是強度可知：你訓練的時候強度沒必要很大，故選A。7.A.timeB.lengthC.formD.frequency【解析】：根據文章最后一段給出的建議每周五次散步可知，運動的關鍵是頻度而不是強度，故選D。time“次”；length“長度”；form“形式，表格”；frequency“頻度，頻率”?！敬鸢浮浚?.B7.D論點、論據互相結合，找出選項正確答案一般說來，能說明論據主要內容的答案可以在論點里得到印證，而論點里的某些答案也可以與論據有機地結合起來，使論點、論據形成相輔相成的關系，因而整個文章上下一致。如果我們所選的答案前后矛盾，論據與論點相驚，最后的結論與論點相矛盾，那么我們就要重新回過頭來理順文章的各個部分，直到清楚為止，這樣才能選出正確答案?！镜淅纠縏herearefourofusnowinthehouse,butovertimeI'vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We'dallbein54_______ifwehadn'tbandedtogether.TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It'snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it'sabout55_______wecanallgetbytogether54.A.yardsB.sheltersC.campsD.cottages【解析】：如果不是大家齊心協力，那么我們都將會棲身于避難所，因此選shelters。55.A.whenB.whatC.whetherD.how【解析】：D本句點明中心：美國夢不是關于一個人能夠獲得什么，而是關于我們在一起如何去實現它，因此選how?！敬鸢浮浚?4.B55.D4.通篇閱讀，圍繞主題（論點）推敲有疑問的題目，并最終確定答案逐題按照文章的內容及語境選擇完畢后，一篇完整的文章便呈現出來，此時，要注意一定要通讀全文，以驗證個別題目的答案是否與主題偏離，以求更高的準確度?！緳z測訓練】1Mycarsweepingpastthegreenpastures(草地),Ifeltthecoolbreezeonmyface,eyesclosed.Thebreezefeltrefreshingly1andgavemea2ofnewlydefinedfreedomandhappiness.Thebreezesuddenlycametoa

halt3thecarstoppingduetoabitoftraffic4bythegrazingofsomecutelambs.Climbingoutofthecarinexcitement,I5Iwasinanewworld,6myonlycompanionwasthesparklingbeautyofnatureallaroundme.Standingthere,I7understoodthemeaningoffreedom!Inthisfastpacedworld,wheresmartphonesarea(n)8andlifewithoutinternetmightjustbethenextsteptoinsanity(瘋狂),we’ve9thesimplepleasuresinlife.Just10foramomenttoaskyourself11it’sbeensinceyou’vejust

sat

downforawhile,doingabsolutely12yetfeelingperfectlyhappyandcontented!Peopletendtofindhappinessincommoditiesor13aroundthem,buttheperfectplacetostartsearchingforhappinessis14withinyou!Happinessislikea15.Itcanbespreadtoothers,ifonlywearewillingtosplash(撒)afew16onourselves!Truehappinessissaidtobe17whenwearethe18behindaperson’sbeautifulsmileandimmensehappiness!Sothenexttimeyouseesomeoneupsetorfeelinglow,19themabitofyourtimeandsupport.Itdoesn’tcostmuch,butdoublesthehappinessinyour20!1.A.familiar B.new C.old D.strange2.A.sense B.kind C.type D.matter3.A.as B.since C.with D.for4.A.happened B.occurred C.invented D.created5.A.realized B.thought C.recognized D.discovered6.A.which B.when C.where D.what7.A.suddenly B.finally C.gradually D.immediately8.A.necessity B.equipment C.tool D.treasure9.A.conducted B.finished C.remembered D.forgotten10.A.wait B.stop C.hold D.stay11.A.howlong B.howoften C.howmany D.howmuch12.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything13.A.things B.goods C.data D.basics14.A.correct B.right C.proper D.suitable15.A.river B.well C.spring D.perfume16.A.drops B.bottles C.pieces D.bags17.A.made B.achieved C.developed D.grew18.A.possession B.component C.part D.reason19.A.bring B.take C.lend D.give20.A.soul B.mind C.heart D.spirit2NineyearsagowhenIwenttoanEnglishcornerforthefirsttime,nobodytriedtotalktome.However,Ihavenowbecomea(n)21

participantattheEnglishcorner.Ialwaysgivea(n)22smiletonewcomers.TherehavebeentimeswhenIfeelunableto23thosewhohaveanexcellentcommandofEnglish.ButaslongasIrememberthe24

Ireceivednineyearsago,Ifeelbetter25

forthechallenge,forI26

thereisnopointinbeingsorryformyowninabilityandtheonly27wayforwardistostartagainfromtheverybeginningwithfull28.Thedeterminationtostartagainindicatesyour29

ofthemanyopportunitiesahead.You’veall30

readthenovelGonewiththeWind,andare31

byScarlett,theheroine,whobringsherselfandthefamilythroughthe

32

yearsoftheCivilWarandReconstructionandregainsherfootinginAtlanta.Attheendofthebook,shesays33,“Afterall,tomorrowisanotherday.”Scarlett’spersistence(堅持)andself-confidenceinfaceofdifficultyprobably34

theever-appealingattractionofthecharacter,andtheeverlastingpopularityofthenovel.Itistruethattheageinwhichweliveisnot35.Therearealotofhardshipsandbarriersahead.But,ifwe36

thatwealwayshavetomorrowbeforeus,wewillnotbethat37

witheverythingaroundusnow.Tomorrowwillbeanewday.Thisisthe38

onwhichwerely.Withthisfaith,wewill39

allthatwasdisagreeableyesterdayanddiscovergoldenopportunitiestoachievethatwhichwe’veneverbefore40.21.A.rude B.anxious C.careless D.active22.A.grateful B.encouraging C.familiar D.winning23.A.keepupwith B.takepridein C.getridof D.makefunof24.A.advice B.training C.treatment D.protection25.A.allowed B.prepared C.blamed D.supported26.A.suspect B.know C.promise D.remember27.A.serious B.awkward C.proper D.bearable28.A.schedule B.determination C.curiosity D.puzzlement29.A.share B.experience C.memory D.awareness30.A.probably B.gradually C.obviously D.frequently31.A.impressed B.annoyed C.scared D.confused32.A.recent B.golden C.romantic D.bitter33.A.casually B.wrongly C.hopefully D.naturally34.A.admit B.explain C.predict D.reduce35.A.perfect B.reasonable C.meaningful D.difficult36.A.declare B.forget C.realize D.doubt37.A.patient B.busy C.connected D.dissatisfied38.A.pride B.reality C.faith D.benefit39.A.throwaway B.showup C.seekfor D.dependon40.A.analyzed B.accepted C.designed D.obtained3Itisalmostimpossibletobeleftaloneinadigitalworld,wherepeoplearemeanttobeconnected.Inthisrespect,digitaltechnologieshave41ourlife.Thepossibilitytobeconnectedallthetimehasbroughtourpersonalspacetoa(n)42aswe'veknownit.Peoplehavebecomeso43intheworldofnetworksthatonecanoftenbecontactedevenifthey'drathernotbe.Todaywecantalk,textande-mail,notonlyfromour44,butfromourmobilephonesaswell.Mostpeoplehavebecome45ondigitaltechnologysimplybecauseithasbecomeanecessarypartoflife,andatthispointnot46itwouldmakethemansocialoutsider.47,manyjobsandcareersrequirepeopletobeconnected.Fromthispointofview,beingreachablemightfeellikea48tothosewhomaynotwanttobeabletobecontactedatalltimes.Butsolitude(獨處)stillcanbepossibleforthosewho49wantit.Computerscanbe50andmobilephonescanbeturnedoff.Ofcourse,thechoicetobe“off”and“on”hasmany51aswellasdisadvantages.Whentravelersendup52inmountains,andmobilephonescanmeanlifeordeath,althoughtheycanalsomakepeoplefeel53andforcedtoanswerunwantedcalls.Actually,attitudestowardsdigitaltechnologiesasasociety54widely.Somefindthemagift.Othersconsiderthemacurse.Whetheryoulikeitornot,it'shardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthe55indigitaltechnologies.41.A.reshaped B.respected C.ignored D.preserved42.A.alarm B.stage C.end D.balance43.A.sensitive B.intelligent C.considerate D.reachable44.A.neighbors B.computers C.friends D.monitors45.A.impressed B.hard C.dependent D.focused46.A.finding B.using C.protecting D.changing47.A.Also. B.Instead. C.Otherwise. D.Therefore.48.A.pleasure B.benefit C.burden D.shame49.A.slightly B.barely C.merely D.really50.A.soldout B.brokenup C.shutdown D.joinedin51.A.aspects B.advantages C.weaknesses D.exceptions52.A.hidden B.lost C.relaxed D.deserted53.A.trapped B.excited C.confused D.amused54.A.vary B.arise C.spread D.exist55.A.hopes B.tests C.interests D.achievements4Afamoustheoristoncesaid,“Idon’tdividetheworldintotheweakandthestrong:orthesuccessesandthefailures...Idividetheworldintothelearnersandthenon-learners.”Whatonearthwouldmakesomeoneanon-learner?Everyoneisbornwithanintense56tolearn.Babiesrisetothelearningchallengedaily.Notjustfor57tasks,butthemostdifficultonesofalifetime,likeleaningtowalkandtalk.Theyneverdecideit’stoohardornotworththe58.Babiesdon’tworryaboutmakingmistakesor59themselves.Theywalk,theyfall,they60.Whatputsanendtothisfearlesslearning?Afixedmindset.Assoonaschildrenbecomeabletoevaluatethemselves,someofthembecome61ofchallenges.Theyworryaboutnotbeing62.Myresearchteamhavestudiedthousandsofpeoplefrompreschoolerson,andIt’sbreathtakinghowmany63anopportunitytolearn.Weofferedfour-year-oldsa64：theycouldredoaneasyjigsaw(拼圖)ortryaharderone.Evenatthisyoungage,childrenwithafixedmindsetstuckwiththe65one.Theybelievesmartkidsdon’tmake66.Childrenwithagrowthmindset,however,thoughtitwasa67choice.Whywouldanyonewanttokeepdoingthesamepuzzle68?Theychoseincreasinglydifficult-onesinstead.Believingthatsuccessisaboutlearning,childrenwithagrowthmindsetseizedthechance.Butthosewithafixedmindsetdidn’twanttoexposetheir69.Thisishowafixedmindsetmakespeopleinto70.56.A.fear B.drive C.competition D.concentration57.A.crucial B.mental C.ordinary D.particular58.A.attention B.effort C.interest D.time59.A.confusing B.behaving C.punishing D.hurting60.A.getup B.giveup C.showup D.shutup61.A.afraid B.ashamed C.confident D.ignorant62.A.adorable B.curious C.modest D.smart63.A.seize B.ruin C.reject D.require64.A.lesson B.choice C.gift D.game65.A.challenging B.interesting C.new D.simple66.A.decisions B.jigsaws C.mistakes D.predictions67.A.strange B.promising C.profitable D.difficult68.A.repeatedly B.unwillingly C.automatically D.properly69.A.secrets B.thoughts C.preferences D.weaknesses70.A.theorists B.perfectionists C.non-learners D.risk-takers5Thelazybeachvacationsandstudy-abroadyearsaregonebecauseofthepandemic（流行?。?Many,whobelievetravelisintheirgenes,findit71tobekeptinthesameplaceforsolong.MyfriendJamesisoneofthemandisgrowingboredandupset,72fortheoldtravellingdays.Howtopullthroughthedepressingsituation?Therearemanywaystoanswerthequestion,but“being73isnotoneofthem.Peoplealwayshaveastrong74tobeonthego.However,itshowsourtrueabilitywhenthatdemandcan'tbe75instantly.Travelisagoodwaytomeetnewpeopleand76newthings,butwehave77ifwecan'tmakeit.Wecangooffthe78pathandtravelintheoff-season.Byconnectingwithcommunitiesandspendingourmoneyinwaysthatsupport79,itwillbeamoremeaningfulwayto80thedifferencesthatmaketheworldcolorful.Wecanplanatripinsteadwhilewecan't81bethere.“Expectationsplaya82roleinourlife.Andourfuture—mindednesscanbeasourceof83ifweknowgoodthingsare84Ineveryway,travelisagreatthingto85,”saidMatthewKillingsworth,aprofessorattheUniversityofPennsylvania.So86atripisnearlyasenjoyableasactuallytakingone.Makingplansisitsown87Itmakesusrememberthereisabig,88worldoutthere.Manyofus,meincluded,havetakenwhatwehaveforgranted.TomSwick,atravelwriter,tellsmehe89toviewtravelasaroutine."Now,Ilookforwardtoexperiencingitasa90,”sayshe.71.A.unbearable B.unpredictable C.unreliable D.uncertain72.A.heading B.competing C.switching D.longing73.A.optimistic B.active C.desperate D.hesitant74.A.pressure B.sorrow C.fancy D.desire75.A.reserved B.satisfied C.explained D.ignored76.A.experience B.recover C.risk D.provide77.A.curiosity B.alternatives C.advances D.regret78.A.hidden B.broken C.beaten D.frozen79.A.hobbies B.shelters C.fictions D.locals80.A.refuse B.appreciate C.decrease D.avoid81.A.mentally B.rarely C.physically D.merely82.A.negative B.mild C.valueless D.significant83.A.concern B.chaos C.independence D.joy84.A.offthetrack B.intheway C.aroundthecomer D.tothepoint85.A.lookforwardto B.lookdownon C.lookoutfor D.lookbackat86.A.canceling B.plotting C.adjusting D.denying87.A.reward B.focus C.price D.form88.A.frightening B.rolling C.appealing D.resting89.A.used B.hoped C.agreed D.wanted90.A.service B.gift C.trend D.play6Certainty：Over-ratedandOver-rewardedTypethewords“kindof”or“perhaps”intoanemailinMicrosoftOutlookandtheprogrammightwelltellyoutothinkagain.IftheAl-powered“MicrosoftEditor”judgesthatyouarenotsounding91enough,itwillsoongiveyouawordofwarning：“Wordsexpressinguncertaintywill92yourimpact.”Tome,thissuggestionpreciselyexpressessomethingwe’vegotwronginsociety.Weliveinaworldthat93thosewhospeakwithconfidence-evenwhenthatismisplaced-andgivesverylittleopportunitytoperformtothosewho94doubt.“Wetendtolistentothoseexpertswhotellusasimple,clearandconfidentstory.Why?Becausethat’s95satisfying,”saysDanGardner,authorofFutureBabble,“That’ssayingletmesweepawaytheuncertaintyforyou’.”Researchshowsthatthehumanbrainis“programmed”tohate96：a2016studyfoundthatwhenvolunteersweregivenelectricshocks,theirstresslevels