UNIT3

GettingalongwithothersGrammarandusageGrammarandusageRestrictiverelativeclauseswithrelativepronounsLead-inComparethefollowingsentencesandreadthemaloud.(1)Peoplehaveclosefriends.Peoplenaturallyenjoytheircompany.

Peoplewhohaveclosefriendsnaturallyenjoytheircompany.(2)Heisrichenough.Hehastruefriends.Heisrichenoughwhohastruefriends.(3)Friendshipisapreciouswealth.Onesearchesforitallhislife.Friendshipisapreciouswealth(that)onesearchesforallhislife.ExploringtherulesReadamagazinearticleinPartAonPage34andfindouttherestrictiverelativeclauseswithrelativepronouns.1.Arealfriendissomeonewhowalksinwhentherestoftheworldwalksout.2.Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.3.Arealfriendissomeonewhoseesourtrueself,notjustthefacethatweshowtotheworld.4.…themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.5.Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswhomwelove.6.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhichmattermosttous.7.“Linking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhichweshare.Thegirlwhoisinredismysister.theantecedent()therestrictiverelativeclausestherelativepronounthemainclauseCombinethefollowingsentencesusingrelativeclauses.(1)Thetreesareinfrontofthelibrary.Theyhavelosttheirleaves.Thetreeswhichareinfrontofthelibraryhavelosttheirleaves.“Which”functionsasthesubjectinthe

relativeclause.(2)Wesawtheworkerjustnow.Heisthebestengineerinourfactory.Theworker(whom)wesawjustnowisthebestengineerinourfactory.“Whom”functionsastheobjectinthe

relativeclause.Wecanleaveout“who”“whom”“which”and“that”whentheyaretheobjectsinthe

relativeclause.(3)Itusedtobeafarm.Itisnolongerafarm.Itisnolongerthefarmthatitusedtobe.“That”functionsasthepredicativeinthe

relativeclause.(4)Hehasasister.Ican’trememberhername.HehasasisterwhosenameIcan’tremember.“Whose”functionsastheattributiveinthe

relativeclause.Applyingtherules

Finishthetablebelow.人物主語賓語定語thatwhothatwhichthatwhowhomthatwhichwhosewhoseFinish“Workingouttherules”onPage34.which?Arestrictiverelativeclausemodifiesanoun，pronounornounphrasebeforeit.Weuserelativepronounsorrelativeadverbstointroducerestrictiverelativeclauses.?Weuse（1）

forthings，and（2）

andwhomforpeople.Wecanuse（3）

forboththingsandpeople.Weuse（4）

toshowpossession.whothatwhose1.Insomecases,only“that”canbeusedastherelativepronounswhile“which”or“who”can’t.Theyare:(1)Whentheantecedentisanindefinitepronounsuchas“all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much”.e.g.I’msureshehassomething

(that)youwant.(2)Whentheantecedentisanounornounphrasewithsuchdeterminersas“all,every,no,some,any,little,much”.e.g.Ihavereadallthebooks(that)youwrote.(3)Whentheantecedenttakesapremodifierinthesuperlativedegreeoranordinalnumeral.e.g.Thisisthebestmovie(that)Ihaveeverseen.(4)Whentheantecedentisanounornounphrasemodifiedby“theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,theright”.e.g.Thisistheverybook(that)I’mlookingfor.(5)Whentheantecedentincludesbothpersonsandthings.e.g.Doyouknowthepersonsandthings(that)theyaretalkingabout?(6)Whenthemainclausebeginswith“which”or“who”.Whichisthedress(that)youlikebest?Whoisthegirlthatwonthegoldmedal?(7)Whentheantecedentfunctionsasthepredicativeintherelativeclause.e.g.Myhometownisnolongerthevillagethatitusedtobe.2.Afterapreposition,therelativepronouncanonlybe“which”or“whom”.Theparkisaplacewhich/thatIoftengoto.=TheparkisaplacetowhichIoftengo.Thisisthewomanthedaughterofwhomisafamousteacher.=Thisisthewomanwhosedaughterisafamousteacher.Wehavethreeforeignteachers,twoofwhomarefromCanada.Theoldmanhastwosons,bothofwhomaredoctors.Hespentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehestudiedcomputerscience.3.Therelativepronounafter“theway”canbe“that”“inwhich”ornorelativepronoun.e.g.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youtalktome.1.RewritethesentencesusingrestrictiverelativeclausesinPartB1onPage35.1

Commoninterestsproviderichground.Manyfriendshipsgrowfromrichground.Commoninterestsproviderichground

.2

Whenfriends’communicationiswarmandopen，friendshipsgrowbest.Friendshipsgrowbestbetweenfriends

.3

Friendshipsarelikeflowers.Theseflowersneedtobetakengoodcareof.

Friendshipsarelikeflowers

.4

Arelationshipwithatruefriendwillsurelyproducefruit.Youcancountonatruefriend.Arelationshipwithatruefriend

willsurelyproducefruit.5

Youhavebeenhelpedbyothers.Tomakefriends，youshouldhelpothersinthesameway.Tomakefriends，youshouldhelpotherstheway

.fromwhichmanyfriendshipsgrowwhosecommunicationiswarmandopen

which/thatneedtobetakengoodcareof

（whom/that/who）youcancounton

（inwhich/that）youhavebeenhelped2.CompletethepassageinB2withcorrectrelativepronounswherenecessary.InMarkTwain’sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn，thefriendship（1）

formsbetweenHuckFinnandJimisanimportantthemeofthebook，thoughtheyappeartobeanunlikelypair.Huckisapoorwhiteboy（2）

fatheroftenbeatshim，whileJimisablack（3）

longstobefree.Oneday，Huckrunsawayfromhometoanisland.TherehemeetsJimandmakesfriendswithhim.Thentheyleavetheislandtogetheronaraft（4）

theyfindontheMississippiRiver.TheyheadnorthtoIllinois，astatein（5）

Jimcanbecomefree.ThehighpointofthestorycomeswhenHuckisfacedwiththedecisionofwhethertohandJimovertosomeslavecatchers.Intheend，HuckdecidesthatJimisafriend（6）

heneedsandvalues，andrefusestogivehimup.Fromthisstorywecanseethatfriendsarepeople（7）_________

supportyouthroughthickandthin.that/which

whose

who/that

which/that/不填whichwhom/that/who/不填who/that

3.Workinpairstodescribeaclassmateofyours,usingrelativeclauseswherenecessary.Thenshareyourdescriptionsinclasswithouttellingthenameofthepersonwhoisdescribedandlettheotherstudentsguesswhoyouaretalkingabout.單元語法關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句1限制性定語從句概述：在復合句中作定語，修飾主句或主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。限制性定語從句是定語從句的分支。限制性定語從句表現為在意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，若省略，所修飾主句的內容就不完整或失去意義，和主句的關系十分密切，不可用逗號分開。先行詞是被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞；關系詞是引導定語從句的詞，并代替先行詞在從句中作一定的句子成分。構成：附：單元語法精講精練觀察定語從句體會其作用1.Doyouknowthemanthat/whoiswaitingoutside?2.Heshowedmethephotos（that/which）hetookonhistriptoXi’an.3.Simonisthepoormanwhosecarhasbeenstolen.(1)例句1中的黑體詞在定語從句中作

，不可省略。(2)例句2中的黑體詞在定語從句中作

，可以省略。(3)例句3中的黑體詞在定語從句中作

。主語賓語定語2定語從句的先行詞及關系代詞Godhelpsthose

who/thathelpthemselves.上帝幫助自強的人。Thisisthe

factory

which/thatweoncevisited.這是我們曾經參觀過的工廠。Therecamealotofchildren，mostofwhomIdidn’tknow.來了許多孩子，大多數我都不認識。That’sthe

man

whosehousehasburneddown.那就是那個房屋燒毀的人。

【誤區警示】（1）在定語從句中作動詞賓語時或介詞后用whom，不用who，口語中whom前無介詞時可用that或who代替。（2）關系代詞在從句中作賓語時，通?？梢允÷?。Theman（whom/who/that）yousawjustnowisourmanager.你剛才看見的男子是我們的經理。（3）whose既可以指人也可以指物，既可以說“某人的”，也可以說“某物的”。Idon’twanttopayforthebookwhosecoverislost.我不想為這本沒有封面的書付款。單句語法填空(1)Isthisthebookwhichyourfatherboughtforyou?___________

(2)Whoisthemanthatisspeakingtoyourmother?___________(3)Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.__________

用定語從句合并句子(4)Thisisthehouse.LuXunoncelivedinthehouse.→Thisisthehouse____________________________________________.(5)TheboyisTom.Theboyisstudyingintheclassroom.→Theboy_______________________________________isTom.單句語法填空(6)—Doyouknoweveryone____________cametotheparty?—No，Idon’tknowtheone________________youhadalongtalkwith.(7)［詞匯復現］Iadmiremyclassmates__________Englishisgood.(8)Thereport______________willbegiventomorrowisimportanttous.thebookthemanthat/whichLuXunoncelivedinthat/whoisstudyingintheclassroomwho/thatwhosethemanwhom/who/thatwhich/that3關系代詞that與which的區別用that而不用which的情況（1）先行詞是不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾。（2）先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被其修飾。（3）先行詞前有thevery，theonly等修飾。（4）先行詞既有人也有物。（5）先行詞前有疑問代詞which時。（6）therebe句型中，句子的主語是先行詞而且又是指物的名詞。（7）先行詞為主句的表語或關系代詞在從句中作表語。用which的情況（1）引導非限制性定語從句。（先行詞和后面的定語從句被逗號隔開）Paper-cutting，whichisatraditionalartforminourcountry，datesfromtheHanDynasty.剪紙可追溯到漢朝，它是我們國家的傳統藝術形式。（2）在定語從句中作介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關系代詞前時。Thisisthebookfor

whichIpaidfivedollars.這就是我花5美元買的那本書。【學法點撥】學習語法（定語從句）時，我們不要為太多的規則所累，要學會抓住其核心知識，如關系代詞that和which的區別，我們不難發現，that的用法多于which，因此我們只要謹記which的特殊用法，自然就不會用錯。單句語法填空(1)Isthereanything

Icandoforyou?(2)Iliketheverymethod

sheusestolearnEnglish.(3)Whowasthewoman

youweretalkingwith?(4)Maybeyouhaveahabit

isdrivingyourfamilycrazy.(5)Intheend，shedecidedtosellthehouse

windowswerealmostallbroken.(6)Thisisthemostinterestingstory

Ihaveeverread.(7)I’mreallyinterestedinall

youhavesaid.(8)Hereisthebookabout

Itoldyouyesterday.(9)WhenpeopletalkaboutthecitiesofChina，thefirst

comesintotheirmindisBeijing.(10)［詞匯復現］Tomhasthegoodqualities

ofkindnessandhonesty，

iswhathisparentsexpect.thatthat/whichwhosewhichthatthatthatthatthatwhichLanguagepoints核心詞匯教材原句p.34Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.真正的朋友是我們可以依靠的人。1counton

依賴，依靠，指望（=depend/relyon)Youcancountonme.你可以指望我。

Icancount

on

mybestfriendtohelpme.我可以指望我最好的朋友來幫我?！練w納拓展】countup計算，算出總數 countin把……計算在內，把……作為參加者算進去countout不把……考慮或計算在內Willyoupleasecount

upthesefiguresforme?請你替我把這些數字加起來好嗎？Therewerefifty-twopersonspresent，counting

inthebabies.在場的共有五十二個人，包括嬰兒在內。題組練·領悟方法單句語法填空(1)Thewholeteamcount

CristianoRonaldo，andheseldomletsthemdown.(2)I’mcountingonyou

（be）onmyside!(3)Goandseehowmanydeskswehave，butdon’tcount

thesebrokenones.(4)Count

allourmoneyandseeifwehaveenoughfortheadventure.完成句子(5)Thatwastheonlything

（他們可以指望的）.(6)Don’t

（把他算在內）.ontobeinup

（that）theycouldcountoncounthimin教材原句p.34Yetthesedays,themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.然而如今，讓我們保持聯系的現代工具正在侵蝕友誼的意義。eatawayat腐蝕，侵蝕，逐漸破壞eataway連續不斷地吃eatin在家吃飯；在學校就餐eatout在外吃飯，下館子eatup吃光；耗費；吞沒；使苦惱Ifabadmemoryorfeelingeatsawayatsomeone，itmakesthemfeelmoreandmoreunhappy.如果糟糕的記憶或感覺侵蝕了一個人，它使他們感到越來越不快樂。Eat

away，children；youarewelcometoallyouwant.吃吧，孩子們；盡情地吃吧。Tomwasreallyhungryandate

upeverythingserved.湯姆確實餓壞了，把端到桌上的東西吃得精光。單句語法填空(1)Theseahasbeeneatingaway

thiscliff（懸崖）forcenturies.(2)Beagoodboyandeat

yourvegetables.(3)Don’teat

theclassroom.(4)Theyhavebeeneating

formorethanthreehours.(5)［詞匯復現］Ifeellikeeating

today.Whataboutyou?atupinawayout教材原句p.34Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.為了讓朋友成為我們生活中真實的一部分，我們應該放下智能手機和他們親自見面。inperson親自，親身（=personally）Hewillattendthemeetinginperson.他將親自參加會議。【歸納拓展】inthepersonof以……的身份；代表……beone’sownperson做自己喜歡的事；保持自己的喜好Heisinthepersonofhisfatherforthebanquet.他以他父親的名義赴宴。Beingyourownpersonreleasesyourcreativity.保持自己的本色才有助于發揮自身創造力。單句語法填空(1)Ifyoucan’tbethere

person，thenextbestthingiswatchingitonTV.(2)Themanagersolvedthedifficultproblem

（personal）.(3)Hespokeintheperson

XinhuaNewsAgency（新華社）.完成句子(4)Youhadbetter

（親自向他求助）.inpersonallyofturntohimforhelpinperson重點句式教材原句p.34Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.為了讓朋友成為我們生活中真實的一部分，我們應該放下智能手機和他們親自見面。【句式分析】本句使用了Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives不定式短語作目的狀語。動詞不定式不定式作為非謂語動詞，在句子中除了不能作謂語外，其