隧道施工技術防排水施工技術TunnelConstructionTechnologyWaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology防排水施工技術目錄TableofContentsWaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology隧道防排水的原則1PrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage隧道防水工程措施2MeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道排水工程措施３MeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks課程小結4Summary防排水施工技術WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

若在施工階段，隧道的地下水降低圍巖的穩定性，特別是軟弱圍巖，還加大了開挖和支護的難度。Ifintheconstructionstage,thegroundwaterofthetunnelreducesthestabilityofsurroundingrock,especiallytheweaksurroundingrock,italsoincreasesthedifficultyofexcavationandsupport.

防排水施工技術WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

而在運營階段，地下水的滲漏，會使得隧道內附屬設施銹蝕，襯砌破壞。Andintheoperationstage,theleakageofgroundwaterwillcausecorrosionofancillaryfacilitiesinthetunnelanddamagetothelining.防排水施工技術WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

此外，滲水還會造成路面積水結冰，影響行車安全。Inaddition,waterseepagewillalsocausetheaccumulatedwateronthepavementtofreeze.whichwillaffecttrafficsafety.防排水施工技術WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnology水的存在會給隧道帶來哪些影響？Whatimpactwilltheexistenceofwaterbringtothetunnel?

既然水對隧道的施工及營運造成那么大的影響，那我們該如何做好隧道的防排水施工？Sincewaterhassuchagreatimpactontheconstructionandoperationofthetunnel,Sohowshouldwedothewaterproofanddrainageconstructionofthetunnel?隧道防排水的原則PrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage01防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage修建隧道后破壞了山體原始的水系統平衡，隧道成為所穿過山體附近地下水集聚的通道。當隧道與含水地層連通，而襯砌的防水及排水設施、方法不完善時，就必然要發生隧道水害。Afterthetunnelisbuilt,theoriginalwatersystembalanceofthemountainisdestroyed.Thetunnelservesasachannelforgroundwateraccumulationnearthemountainthroughwhichitpasses.Whenthetunnelisconnectedwiththewater-bearingstratumandthewaterproofanddrainagefacilitiesandmethodsoftheliningarenotperfect,tunnelwaterdamagewillinevitablyoccur.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage隧道滲漏水危害大，整治難度大，成本高，因此做好隧道防排水工作十分重要，隧道防排水可以做到“防患于未然”，收到事半功倍的效果。Thetunnelwaterleakageisharmfulwithhighdifficultyandcostinremedy.Therefore,itisveryimportanttocarryouttunnelwaterproofinganddrainage.Thetunnelwaterproofinganddrainagecanachieve"nipinthebud",andgettwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage要避免和減少水對隧道工程的危害，就得遵循隧道防排水的原則：就是“防、排、堵、截”相結合原則，采取切實可靠的設計、施工措施，保障結構和設備的正常使用和行車安全，對地表水和地下水應作妥善處理，洞內外應形成一個完整的防排水系統。Inordertoavoidandreducetheharmofwatertotunnelengineering,theprincipleoftunnelwaterproofinganddrainagemustbefollowed,thatis,theprincipleof“combiningwaterproofing,drainage,blockingandinterception”.Takepracticalandreliabledesignandconstructionmeasures

toensurethenormaluseofstructuresandequipmentandtrafficsafety,andproperlyhandlethesurfacewaterandgroundwater.Acompletewaterproofinganddrainagesystemshallbeformedinsideandoutsidethetunnel.“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內。防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結構、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內。防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結構、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer中理式塑料止水帶

Mid-buriedplasticwaterstop

Back-stickingplasticwaterstopWaterstop“防”：它是指襯砌防水，即防止地下水從襯砌背后滲入隧道內。防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“Waterproofing”:Itreferstothewaterproofingoflining,thatis,topreventgroundwaterfrominfiltratingintothetunnelfromtherearoflining.防水混凝土結構、止水帶、防水層包括IncludingThewaterproofconcretestructure,waterstopandwaterprooflayer防水層waterprooflayerUndergrounddrainagepipeUndergrounddrainagepipeDrainholeDitchDitchDitchDitchDouble-sideditchandcentralditchBasicformoftheditchDrainholeDouble-sideditch“排”：排水溝承接泄水孔泄出的水，并將其排出隧道。除常年干燥無水的隧道以外，一般的隧道都應設置縱向排水溝，以便將滲漏到洞內的地表水和公路車道上或鐵路道床內的積水順著線路方向排出洞外。Drainage:Thedrainageditchreceivesthewaterdischargedfromthedrainholeanddrainsthewateroutofthetunnel.Longitudinaldrainageditchesshallbeprovidedforgeneraltunnelsexceptfortunnelsthataredryandfreeofwateralltheyearround,othatthesurfacewaterleakingintothetunnelandtheaccumulatedwateronthehighwaylaneorintherailwayballastbedcanbedrainedoutofthetunnelalongthelinedirection.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“排”：排水溝承接泄水孔泄出的水，并將其排出隧道。除常年干燥無水的隧道以外，一般的隧道都應設置縱向排水溝，以便將滲漏到洞內的地表水和公路車道上或鐵路道床內的積水順著線路方向排出洞外。Drainage:Thedrainageditchreceivesthewaterdischargedfromthedrainholeanddrainsthewateroutofthetunnel.Longitudinaldrainageditchesshallbeprovidedforgeneraltunnelsexceptfortunnelsthataredryandfreeofwateralltheyearround,othatthesurfacewaterleakingintothetunnelandtheaccumulatedwateronthehighwaylaneorintherailwayballastbedcanbedrainedoutofthetunnelalongthelinedirection.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage鐵路隧道溝底縱坡與線路縱坡一致，一般不得小于3%，橫向排水坡不應小于2%。

Thelongitudinalslopeoftheditchbottomofrailwaytunnelshallbeconsistentwiththatofthetrack.Generally,itshallnotbelessthan3%.Thetransversedrainageslopeshallnotbelessthan2%.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage排水溝公路隧道溝底縱坡與線路縱坡一致，一般不得小于0.5%，橫向排水坡不應小于1%。

Thelongitudinalslopeoftheditchbottomofroadtunnelshallbeconsistentwiththatoftheline.Generally,itshallnotbelessthan0.5%.Thetransversedrainageslopeshallnotbelessthan1%.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage排水溝防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“堵”：針對滲漏水地段，采用注漿、噴涂、堵水墻等辦法，填充支護與圍巖間空隙，堵住地下水。Blocking:Forwaterleakagesections,thegrouting,spraying,waterblockagewallsandothermethodsareadoptedtofillthegapbetweenthesupportandthesurroundingrockandblockthegroundwater.噴射砼、注漿、模筑砼、塑料板等。方式MethodsShotcrete,grouting,formworkconcrete,plasticboard,etc.防排水施工技術隧道防排水的原則WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyPrinciplesofTunnelWaterproofingandDrainage“截”：在隧道以外將地表水和地下水疏導截流，使水無法進入隧道工程范圍內。Interception:Thesurfacewaterandgroundwatershallbedivertedandinterceptedoutsidethetunnel,sothatthewatercannotenterthescopeoftunnelworks.上游泄水洞、井點降水、開溝疏導。措施MeasuresUpstreamdraintunnel,wellpointdewatering,ditchinganddiversion隧道防水工程措施MeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks02防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks當圍巖有大面積裂隙滲水，且水量、壓力較小時，可結合初期支護采用噴射混凝土堵水。注意此時需加大速凝劑用量，進行連續噴射，且在主裂隙處不噴射混凝土，使水流能集中于主裂隙流入盲溝，通過盲溝排出。Whenthereisalargeareaoffissureseepageinthesurroundingrock,featuringsmallwatervolumeandlowpressure,shotcretecanbeusedforwaterpluggingincombinationwiththeprimarysupport.Atthistime,itisnecessarytoincreasetheacceleratorvolumeforcontinuousshotcreting,andnoshotcreteissprayedatthemainfissure,sothatthewatercanconcentrateinthemainfissureandflowintotheblindditchandbedischargedthroughtheblindditch.噴射混凝土防滲Anti-seepageofshotcrete防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks噴射混凝土作為防水層是被國際隧道協會所提倡的。Servedasthewaterprooflayer,itisadvocatedbytheInternationalTunnelingAssociation.國際隧協工作組對噴射混凝土作為防水層做了大量的研究，并指出其影響因素很多，噴射混凝土作為隧道防水層與防水板同樣重要，如果忽略了這個問題就會導致隧道滲漏。TheIATworkingteamhasdonealotofresearchontheshotcreteservingasthewaterprooflayerandpointedoutthattherearemanyinfluencingfactors.Asthewaterprooflayerofthetunnel,shotcreteisasimportantasthewaterproofboard;ifthisisignored,thetunnelleakagewilloccur.噴射混凝土防滲Anti-seepageofshotcrete防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道無釘孔鋪設防水板Tunnelwaterproofboardlayingwithoutnailholes山嶺隧道復合式襯砌中的無釘防水板是隧道防排水技術的核心，是保證隧道防水功能的重要措施。

Thenail-freewaterproofboardinthecompositeliningofthemountaintunnelisthecoreoftunnelwaterproofinganddrainagetechnology,andisanimportantmeasuretoensurethewaterprooffunctionoftunnel.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks隧道無釘孔鋪設防水板Tunnelwaterproofboardlayingwithoutnailholes它為不透水表面光滑的高分子防水卷材，它不僅起到將地層滲水拒于二次襯砌之外的防水作用，而且對初期支護與二次襯砌還起到隔離與潤滑作用，使初期支護噴射混凝土對二次襯砌模筑混凝土的約束應力減少，從而避免二次襯砌產生裂縫，提高了二次襯砌的防水抗滲能力。

Itisahigh-polymerwaterproofcoiledmaterialwithsmoothimpermeablesurface.Itnotonlyplaysawaterproofroleofrefusingthestratumwaterseepagefromthesecondarylining,butalsoplaysaroleinisolatingandlubricatingtheprimarysupportandthesecondarylining,sothattheconstraintstressoftheprimarysupportshotcreteonthesecondaryliningmodel-buildingconcreteisreduced,thusavoidingcracksinthesecondaryliningandimprovingthewaterproofandimpermeabilityofthesecondarylining.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

施工縫是由于隧道襯砌混凝土施工所產生的接縫，是防水薄弱環節之一，也是隧道中最容易發生滲漏的地方。

Constructionjointsarejointsresultingfromtheconstructionoftunnelliningconcrete.Itisoneoftheweaklinksregardingwaterproofandthemostpronetoleakageinthetunnel.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

隧道襯砌施工縫處理不好，不僅造成襯砌混凝土裂縫及洞內漏水，嚴重影響隧道正常使用和行車安全，而且還會降低結構的強度和耐久性。

Iftheconstructionjointoftunnelliningisnothandledproperly,itwillnotonlycausecracksinliningconcreteandwaterleakageinthetunnel,butalsoseriouslyaffectthenormaluseandtrafficsafetyofthetunnel,andwillalsoreducethestrengthanddurabilityofthestructure.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

為防止由于襯砌不均勻下沉而引起裂損，在地質條件變化顯著、襯砌受力不均勻地段，應設置沉降縫；為防止由于溫度變化劇烈或混凝土凝結時的收縮引起襯砌開裂，應設置伸縮縫。這兩種結構統稱為變形縫。

Inordertopreventcracksanddamagecausedbyunevensettlementofthelining,settlementjointsshallbesetinsectionswithsignificantchangesingeologicalconditionsandunevenstressonthelining.Inordertoavoidliningcrackingcausedbyseveretemperaturechangeorshrinkageduringconcretesetting,expansionjointsshallbeset.Thesetwostructuresarecollectivelyreferredtoasdeformationjoints.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks施工縫、變形縫防水Waterproofingofconstructionjointsanddeformationjoints

變形縫應采用柔性材料做防水處理

Deformationjointsshallbewaterproofedwithflexiblematerials.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結構圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

隧道二次襯砌混凝土既是外力的承載結構，也是防水的最后一道防線，因此要求襯砌既要有足夠的強度，還要有一定的抗滲性。

Thesecondaryliningconcreteofthetunnelisnotonlythebearingstructureofexternalforce,butalsothelastlineofdefenseforwaterproofing.Therefore,itisrequiredthattheliningshouldnotonlyhavesufficientstrengthbutalsohavecertainimpermeability.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結構圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

其一，防水混凝土的抗滲等級不得小于P8，抗壓強度應滿足設計要求。

First,theimpermeabilitygradeofwaterproofconcreteshallnotbelessthanP8,andthecompressivestrengthshallmeetthedesignrequirements.防排水施工技術隧道防水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelWaterproofWorks防水混凝土Waterproofconcrete山嶺隧道襯砌斷面結構圖

StructuralDrawingofLiningSectionofMountainTunnel巖體

Rockmass噴射混凝土Shotcrete土工織物

Geotextile防水板Waterproofboard村砌混凝土

Liningconcrete專用防水層與襯砌混凝土自防水Self-waterproofingofspecialwaterprooflayerandliningconcrete噴射混凝士與防水層之間，防水層與二次襯砌之間Betweenshotcreteandwaterprooflayer,andbetweenwaterprooflayerandsecondarylining

其二，是防水混凝土襯砌施工必須采用機械振搗。

Second,mechanicalvibrationmustbeadoptedforwaterproofconcreteliningconstruction.隧道排水工程措施MeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks03防排水施工技術隧道排水工程措施WaterproofandDrainageConstructionTechnologyMeasuresofTunnelDrainageWorks在排水型隧道中必須做好襯砌背后的排水系統，使水能通暢排出。隧道排水系統主要包括環向排水盲管、縱向排水盲管、側溝、橫向排水盲管和中央排水管這一體系。

Indrainagetunnels,thedrainagesystembehindt