課時(shí)作業(yè)(八)Unit8PartDLesson320，000LeaguesUndertheSeaⅠ.閱讀理解AGases,likeblackcarbon,methane(甲烷)andozone(臭氧)incitysmog,arecalled“short-livedclimatepollutants(污染物)”，whichexistbothoutdoorsandindoorsanddecreaseagriculturalcrops.WHOsaysemissionsfromtheseclimatepollutantscausemanyseriousillnesses,includinglungcancer.Andthesepollutantsareresponsibleformanyofthemorethan7millionprematuredeathseachyearthatareconnectedtoairpollution.MariaNeirainWHOsaysthepollutantshaveastrongimpactonclimatechange.Butthegoodnewsisthattheyonlystayintheatmosphereforafewdaysto10years.Thatismuchshorterthancarbondioxide,agreenhousegasthatcanremainforhundreds,oreventhousandsofyears.AccordingtoMariaNeira,whenyouaddresstheshort-livedpollutants,youcanreduceemissionsveryrapidly,andthenimproveairquality.Youwillhaveanimmediatereductionintheillhealthanddiseasesbecauseofthereductionofairpollution.WHOhasmanyavailableandaffordablewaystoreducetheseshort-livedclimatepollutants.Atthetopofthelistiscuttingvehicleemissionsbyrequiringhigheremissionandefficiencystandards.Moreemissionsarereleasedwhenenginesarerunning.Indoorairpollutionalsocontributestopoorhealthandprematuredeath.WHOreportsthatnearly3billionlow-incomehouseholdsrelyon“dirtyfuels”.Coal,woodandkeroseneusedforcookingandheatingareexamples.Cleanerandmoreefficientstovesandfuelalternativescouldcutdownonhealthrisks.Anotherwaytocutbackonthesepollutantsistohavemoreinvestmentandpoliciesforrapidtransport.Theseincludebuses,trains,bicyclesandpedestrianorwalkingroutes.Theseinvestmentcouldhavemanybenefits,includingsafertravel,reducedhealthrisksfromnoiseandairpollutionandmorephysicalactivity.TheWHOreportalsocallsforencouraginghigh-incomeandmiddle-incomepopulationstoincludemoreplant-basedfoodsintheirdiets.Itsaysthiscouldtheriskofdevelopingreduceheartdiseaseandsomecancers,andcouldalsoslowthemethanegasproductionthatcomeswithsomeanimal-sourcedfoods.1．The“short-livedclimatepollutants”aresocalledbecause________．A．theycausemanytodieyoungB．theyexistshorterthanthegreenhousegasC．theyliveindoorsforashorttimeD．theyhaveashorteffectonpeople'shealth2．Theunderlinedword“address”inParagraph4means“________”．A．liveon B．talkaboutC．dealwith D．turnto3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthewholepassage?A．Richpeoplehardlyevereatplant-basedfoodsindailylife.B．Noemissionsarereleasedfromstoppedengines.C．Governmentsshouldtakemeasurestofightpollution.D．Heartdiseaseandsomecancersarecausedbythepollutants.4．Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?A．ThewaystofightairpollutionB.Reducing“short-livedclimatepollutants”tosavelivesC．SomesourcesofseriousairpollutionD．AreportonpollutionfromWHOBAsglobaltemperaturesrise,treesaroundtheworldareexperiencinglongergrowingseasons,sometimesasmuchasthreeextraweeksayear.Allthattimehelpstreesgrowfaster.Forthepast100years,treeshavebeenexperiencingfastgrowthinmildareasfromMarylandtoFinland,toCentralEurope,wherethegrowthrateofsometreeshasevenspedupbynearly77%since1870.Supposingwoodwerejustasstrongtoday,thosegainswouldmeanmorewoodforbuilding,burning,andstoringcarboncapturedfromtheatmosphere.Butiswoodreallyasdense(茂密的)asitusedtobe?HansPretzsch,aforestscientistinGermany,andhiscolleagueswantedtofindananswer.TheycarriedoutastudyoftheforestsofCentralEurope.TheystartedwithsmallpiecesofexperimentallandinsouthernGermany,someofwhichhavebeencontinuouslymonitoredsince1870.Pretzschandhisteamtookcoresamples(樣品)fromthetrees—whichincludedNorwayspruce,sessileoak,Europeanbeech,andScotspine—andanalyzedthetreerings.Theyfoundthatinallfourspecies,wooddensityhaddecreasedby8%to12%.“Weexpectedatrendofthewooddensitylikethis,butnotsuchastrongandsignificantdecrease，”Pretzschsays.Increasingtemperatures,andthefastergrowththeyspur,probablyaccountforsomeofthedrop.Anotherfactor,Pretzschsays,ismorenitrogeninthesoilfromagriculturalfertilizerandvehicleexhaust.Previousstudieshavelinkedincreasedfertilizerusetodecreasedwooddensity.Aboveall,thestudysuggeststhatthehighertemperatures—combinedwithpollutionfromcarexhaustandfarms—aremakingwoodweaker,resultingintreesthatbreakmoreeasilyandwoodthatislessdurable.“Iamgettingworried，”saysRichardHoughton,anecologistattheWoodsHoleResearchCenterinMassachusetts,whowasnotpartofthenewstudy.Asthedensityofthesamplesdropped,sodidtheircarboncontent.Thatmeansforestsmaysuffermoredamagefromstormsandmaybelessefficientatabsorbingcarbondioxidethanscientiststhink,Houghtonsays.5．Paragraph1iswrittento________．A．proveanideaB．introducethetopicC．giveanexampleD．describeafact6．Whatdoesthestudyshow?A．Farmingslowstrees'growth.B．Moreareasarecoveredwithforests.C．Globalwarmingchangesthequalityofwood.D．Pollutionleadstohighertemperatures.7．WhatdoesRichardHoughtonmean?A．Greatlossmightbecaused.B．Stormdamagecanbeprevented.C．Thesizeofforestsmightbeincreased.D．Lessgreenhousegasescanbesentout.8．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．WeonlyhaveoneearthB．Trees—ourbestfriendsC．TheinfluenceofclimatechangeD．Treesaregrowingfaster,butweakerⅡ.七選五SolutionstoClimateChangeTherearepersonallifestylechangesthatyoucanmakeandthat,tosomeextent,canhelpreduceyourcarbonimpact.Notallarerightforeverybody.Butapplyingjustafewofthemcouldmakeadifference.Moveclosertowork.Transportationisoneoftheleadingsourcesofgreenhousegasemissions.__1__Onewaytodramaticallycuttransportationfuelneedsistomoveclosertowork,usemasstransportation,orswitchtowalking,cyclingorsomeothermodesoftransportthatdoesnotrequireanythingotherthanhumanenergy.Consumeless.__2__Whetherbyquittinganautomobileoremployingareusablegrocerysack,cuttingbackonconsumptionresultsinfewerfossilfuelsbeingburnedtoextract,produceandshipproductsaroundtheglobe.__3__Apotentiallysimplerandevenbiggereffectcanbeproducedbydoingmorewithless.Citizensofmanydevelopedcountriesareenergy-wasters,whetherbyspeedinginagas-wastingvehicleorleavingthelightsonwhennotinaroom．Similarly,employingmoreefficientrefrigerators,airconditionersandotherappliancescancutelectricitybills.__4__Youcanturnthelightsoryourcomputersoffwhenyouleavetheoffice.Stopcuttingdowntrees.Whenpurchasingwoodproducts,suchasfurnitureorflooring,buyusedgoodsor,failingthat,woodprovedofficiallytohavebeensustainableharvested.TheAmazonrainforestandotherforestsaremorethanthelungoftheearth.__5__A．Beenergyefficient.B．Usefewelectricalappliances.C．Butitdoesn'thavetobethatway.D．Sucheffortscanalsobeusefullyemployedatwork.E．Theymayalsobehumans'short-termhopeforlimitingclimatechange.F．Theeasiestwaytocutbackongreenhousegasemissionsissimplytobuylessstuff.G．Citizensspendmoremoneyonelectricitytopowerdeviceswhenthey'reoffthanwhenthey'reon.課時(shí)作業(yè)(八)Ⅰ.閱讀理解A【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了什么是“短期氣候污染物”，它們會(huì)給人類帶來的危害以及可以削減這些污染物排放的方法。1．答案與解析：B微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段中的Butthegoodnewsisthattheyonlystayintheatmosphereforafewdaysto10years.Thatismuchshorterthancarbondioxide,agreenhousegasthatcanremainforhundreds，oreventhousandsofyears.可知，“短期氣候污染物”是由于它們?cè)诳諝庵写嬖诘臅r(shí)間比溫室氣體短而得此名。故選B。2．答案與解析：C詞義揣測題。由畫線單詞后的youcanreduceemissionsveryrapidly,andthenimproveairquality.Youwillhaveanimmediatereductionintheillhealthanddiseasesbecauseofthereductionofairpollution可知，這是解決掉“短期氣候污染物”的結(jié)果。由此可推知，畫線單詞的意思是“處理掉，解決掉”。liveon以……為食；talkabout談?wù)摚籨ealwith處理，應(yīng)付；turnto轉(zhuǎn)向。故選C。3．答案與解析：C推理推斷題。由第五段中的cuttingvehicleemissionsbyrequiringhigher...standards以及倒數(shù)其次段中的Anotherwaytocutbackonthesepollutantsistohavemoreinvestmentandpoliciesforrapidtransport.可推知，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)行一些措施來治理污染問題。故選C。4．答案與解析：B主旨大意題。這是一篇說明文，文章前三段介紹了什么是“短期氣候污染物”以及它們會(huì)給人類帶來的危害，剩下的五段內(nèi)容提出了解決方案。只有選項(xiàng)B中的“short-livedclimatepollutants”可與本文主題“‘短期氣候污染物’”呼應(yīng)，其中的Reducing也與最終幾個(gè)段落中的解決方案呼應(yīng)。故選B。B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。對(duì)森林的探討表明，氣候變暖會(huì)變更木材的質(zhì)量——樹生長得越來越快，但樹也越來越脆弱。5．答案與解析：B寫作目的題。依據(jù)第一段中的“Supposingwoodwerejustasstrongtoday,thosegainswouldmeanmorewoodforbuilding,burning,andstoringcarboncapturedfromtheatmosphere.Butiswoodreallyasdense(茂密的)asitusedtobe”可知，第一段提出問題，啟發(fā)讀者進(jìn)行思索，從而引入本文的話題。故選B。6．答案與解析：C微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“thestudysuggeststhatthehighertemperatures—combinedwithpollutionfromcarexhaustandfarms—aremakingwoodweaker,resultingintreesthatbreakmoreeasilyandwoodthatislessdurable”可知，對(duì)森林的探討表明，全球變暖會(huì)變更木材的質(zhì)量。故選C。7．答案與解析：A推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Thatmeansforestsmaysuffermoredam