POLITICS

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SOCIETYClimatechangeinAustraliaCHAPTER

01OverviewAnnualanomaliesinglobaloceansurfacetemperaturefrom1880to2023,basedontemperaturedeparture(indegreesCelsius)Globaloceantemperatureanomalies1880-20231.00.80.60.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.63Description:In2023,theglobaloceansurfacetemperaturewas0.91degreesCelsiuswarmerthanthe20th-centuryaverage.Oceansareresponsibleforabsorbingover90percentoftheEarth'sexcessheatfromglobalwarming.Departuresfromaverageconditionsarecalledanomalies,andtemperatureanomaliesresultfromrecurringweatherpatternsorlonger-termclimatechange.Whiletheextentofthesetemperatureanomaliesfluctuatesannually,anupwardtrendhasbeenobservedover[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1880to2023Source(s):NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationHistoricalcarbondioxideemissionsfromglobalfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessesinselectedyearsfrom1750to2022(inbillionmetrictons)GlobalhistoricalCO?emissionsfromfossilfuelsandindustry1750-202240353025201510501750

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20224Description:Globalcarbondioxide(CO?)emissionsproducedbyfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocesseshaveseenadramaticrisesincethebirthoftheindustrialrevolution.CO?emissionsbegantorisemoresteeplyfromthe1950s,andby2000hadreached25.5billionmetrictons(GtCO?).Emissionshavesoaredbymorethan45percentsincethen,reaching37.15GtCO?in2022.GlobalCO?emissionsareprojectedtohavereachedrecordlevelsin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1750to2022;*Originaldatahavebeenconvertedfrommillionmetrictonsofcarbontounitsofcarbondioxidebymultiplyingby3.664.

Thevalueshavebeenrounded.

ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingstein,etal.(2023));GlobalCarbonProjectObservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustraliafrom1901to2022(indegreesCelsius)ObservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustralia1901-202223.022.522.021.521.020.520.05Description:In2022,theobservedannualaveragemeantemperatureinAustraliareached21.96degreesCelsius.Overall,theannualaveragetemperaturehadincreasedcomparedtothetemperaturereportedfor1901.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;1901to2022Source(s):WorldBankAnnualmeantemperaturedeviationinAustraliafrom1910to2023(indegreesCelsius)AnnualmeantemperaturedeviationinAustralia1910-20232.01.51.00.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.56Description:In2023,themeantemperaturedeviationinAustraliawas0.98degreesCelsiushigherthanthereferencevalueforthatyear,indicatingapositiveanomaly.Overthecourseofthelastcentury,meantemperatureanomalymeasurementsinAustraliahaveexhibitedanoverallincreasingtrend.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;1910to2023;ascalculatedfromthe1961-1990averageSource(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)AnnualmeanseasurfacetemperaturedeviationinAustraliafrom1910to2023(indegreesCelsius)AnnualmeanseasurfacetemperaturedeviationinAustralia1910-20231.00.80.60.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.6-0.87Description:In2023,themeanseasurfacetemperatureinAustraliawas0.54degreesCelsiushigherthanthereferencevalueforthatyear,indicatingapositiveanomaly.Overthecourseofthelastcentury,meanseasurfacetemperatureanomalymeasurementsinAustraliahaveexhibitedanoverallincreasingtrend.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;1910to2023;ascalculatedfromthe1961-1990averageSource(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)AnnualmeanrainfallinAustraliafrom2000to2023(inmillimeters)MeanrainfallinAustralia2000-2023800710.57696.7683.77006005004003002001000589.25542.8532.09494.44507.74486.59491.58469.91495.65482.06471.42452.69471.84473.38436.74473.7422.61405.85394.3332.54275.712000

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20238Description:In2023,theannualmeanrainfallinAustraliawas473.7millimeters.Overthelasttwentyyears,themeanarea-averagerainfallhasfluctuatedinAustralia,withthelowestvaluerecordedin2019.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2000to2023;area-averagerainfallSource(s):BureauofMeteorology(Australia)CHAPTER

02GreenhousegasemissionsAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsinAustralia2013-2023600558.4548.8550500450400350300527.9514.8511.2508.4502.7474463.8461.5344.620132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*10Description:AsofSeptember2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliaamountedtoapproximately344.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*uptotheSeptemberquarterof2023.ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)AnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinAustraliaasofSeptember2023,bysource(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsinAustralia2023,bysourceVolumeinmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent020406080100120140160ElectricityStationaryenergyTransport148.5102.297.3Agriculture82.1FugitiveemissionsIndustrialprocessesWastesector4732.813.911Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedacrossAustraliafromelectricitysourcesamountedtoapproximately148.5millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Emissionsfromthetransportsectoramountedtojustover97millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentinthesameyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;yearendedSeptember2023Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofcarbonmonoxideemissionsfromindustrysourcesinAustraliafromfinancialyear2014tofinancialyear2023(inmillionkilograms)CarbonmonoxideemissionsfromindustryfacilityAustraliaFY2014-20238007507507107107106806807006005004003002001000670660640201420152016201720182019202020212022202312/statistics/1017714/australia-industrial-carbon-monoxide-emissionsInthefinancialyear2023,around680millionkilogramsofcarbonmonoxidewereemittedfromindustrialfacilitiesacrossAustralia.Thismarkedadeclineinthevolumeofcarbonmonoxideemittedinthecountrycomparedtothepreviousfiscalyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;FY2014toFY2023;yearsendedJune30Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofnitrogenoxidesemissionsfromindustrysourcesinAustraliafromfinancialyear2014tofinancialyear2023(inmillionkilograms)NitrogenoxidesemissionsfromindustryfacilityAustraliaFY2014-20238007006005004003002001000760760760750740730730720710710201420152016201720182019202020212022202313Description:Inthefinancialyear2023,around710millionkilogramsofnitrogenoxideswereemittedfromindustrialfacilitiesacrossthecountry.Inthepreviousyear,theindustryfacilitiesemittedaround730millionkilogramsofnitrogenoxides.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;FY2014toFY2022;yearsendedJune30Source(s):DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources(Australia)VolumeofgreenhousegasemissionspercapitainAustraliafromSeptember2013toSeptember2023(inmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GreenhousegasemissionspercapitainAustralia2013-20236.56.05.55.04.54.014Description:InSeptember2023,thevolumeofgreenhousegasemissionspercapitainAustraliaamountedtoapproximately4.3metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.ThevolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsperpersoninNewZealandhasgraduallydecreasedwithinthemeasuredperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;September2013toSeptember2023Source(s):AustralianBureauofStatistics;DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaVolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsperdollarofrealGDPinAustraliafromSeptember2013toSeptember2023(inkilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsperdollarofrealGDPinAustralia2013-20230.30.30.30.30.30.20.20.20.20.215Description:InSeptember2023,thevolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsperdollarofrealGDPinAustraliastoodat0.2kilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalent.ThevolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsperdollarofrealGDPgraduallydecreasedwithinthemeasuredperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;September2013toSeptember2023Source(s):AustralianBureauofStatistics;DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaCHAPTER

03IndustryemissionsAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromagricultureinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromagricultureinAustralia2013-20239081.981.581.28180.58078.878.377.88070605040302010075.673.720132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*17Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromagriculturesourcesacrossAustraliawasestimatedat81.5millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thismarkedaslightincreasecomparedtothepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.

Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromtheelectricitysectorinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromelectricitysectorinAustralia2013-2023250192.120015010050189.9188.8186.3182.8181.5176.2167.4159.6153.8147.9020132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*18Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromtheelectricitysectoracrossAustraliawasestimatedat147.9millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thismarkedadecreaseinemissionscomparedtothepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.?Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromfugitiveemissionsinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromfugitiveemissionsinAustralia2013-20236054.954.85351.251.249.548.748.15040302010046.546.644.620132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*19Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromfugitiveemissionsacrossAustraliawasestimatedat46.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thismarkedadecreaseinemissionscomparedtothepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.?Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromindustrialprocessesinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromindustrialprocessesinAustralia2013-2023353025201510533.132.832.832.432.332.231.23130.629.929.7020132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*20Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromindustrialprocessesacrossAustraliawasestimatedat32.8millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thelevelofemissionsfromindustrialprocessesstoodapproximatelyatthesamelevelinrecentyears.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.?Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromstationaryenergyinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromstationaryenergyinAustralia2013-2023120103.7101.5101.610099.398.696.210080604020093.992.190.490.520132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*21Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromstationaryenergyacrossAustraliawasestimatedat101.6millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thismarkedanincreaseinemissionscomparedtothebeginningofthemeasuredperiod,2013.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;excludeselectricityemissions;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydatafor[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromthetransportsectorinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromtransportsectorinAustralia2013-2023120100.999.699.198.395.89610080604020093.994.393.69087.320132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*22Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromthetransportsectoracrossAustraliawasestimatedat98.3millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thismarkedanincreaseinemissionscomparedtothepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalisedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.?Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsfromthewastesectorinAustraliafrom2013to2023(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsfromthewastesectorinAustralia2013-20231613.913.913.713.5141210813.413.213.213.1131312.9642020132014201520162017201820192020202120222023*23Description:In2023,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasesemittedfromthewastesectoracrossAustraliawasestimatedat13.9millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thelevelofemissionsfromthewastesectorstoodapproximatelyatthesamelevelinrecentyears.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;2013to2023;*EstimatesfortheDecemberQuarter2023arepreliminaryestimatesandwillbefinalizedinthenextquarterlyupdate.?Annualvalueswereobtainedbysummingquarterlydataforeachyear.?Valueshavebeen[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy,theEnvironmentandWaterAustraliaCHAPTER

04PublicperceptionShareofthepopulationwhobelieveclimatechangeisoccurringinAustraliafrom2013to2023ShareofpopulationwhobelieveinclimatechangeAustralia2013-202390%81%80%79%77%77%77%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%76%71%70%70%66%2013201420152016201720182019202020212022202325Description:AsurveyontheperceptionofclimatechangeamongtheAustralianpubliccarriedoutin2023showedthat77percentoftherespondentsconfirmedthatclimatechangewasoccurring.Thisfigurerepresentsasubstantialincreaseintheproportionofindividualswhoheldthisopinioncomparedtotheresultsobtainedin2013.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;June16to23June,2023;2,089respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TAI;YouGovShareofthepopulationconcernedaboutclimatechangeimpactsinAustraliain2023,byimpactShareofpopulationconcernedaboutclimatechangeimpactsAustralia2023,byimpactShareofrespondents0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%MoredroughtsandfloodingaffectingcropproductionandfoodsupplyMorebushfires80%79%79%77%76%75%AnimalandplantspeciesbecomingextinctMoreextremeweathereventslikefloodsandcyclonesWatershortagesinourcitiesandtownsDestructionoftheGreatBarrierReefMoreheatwavesandextremelyhotdaysDisruptionstosupplychainsmakingithardtobuynecessitieslikefoodand…Energyshortagesandblackouts75%75%75%75%MoreexpensiveinsurancepremiumsImpactsonhealth74%74%73%71%MeltingofthepolaricecapsRisingsealevelsthreateningourcoastalcommunitiesMorerefugeesanddisplacedpeoples26Description:Inasurveyconductedin2023abouttheAustralianpublics'viewonclimatechange,80percentofrespondentsclaimedthattheywereconcernedaboutmoredroughtsandfloodingaffectingcropproductionandfoodsupply.Additionally,79percentofrespondentsstatedthattheywereconcernedaboutmorebushfiresinthecountry.ReadmoreNote(s):Australia;June16to23June,2023;2,089respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):TAI;YouGovPublicperceptionofglobalwarminginAustraliain2023PublicperceptionofglobalwarmingAustralia2023Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%60%Globalwarmingisaseriousandpressingproblem.Weshouldbegintakingstepsnowevenifthisinvolvessignificantcosts56%Theproblemofglobalwarmingshouldbeaddressed,butitseffectswillbegradualsowecandealwiththeproblemsgraduallybytakingstepsthatarelowincost32%Untilwearesurethatglobalwarmingisreallyaproblem,weshouldnottakeanystepsthatwouldhaveeconomiccosts11%27Description:InAustralia,accordingtoasurveyconductedin2023,56percentofrespondentsthoughtthatglobalwarmingwasaseriousandpressingproblemthatshouldbeaddressedimmediately,regardlessofcostsinvolved.32percentofthosesurveyedbelievedthatglobalwarmingisani