OceanDecade

Vision2030

WhitePapers

Challenge9:

Skills,knowledge,technologyandparticipatorydecision-

makingforall

TheUnitedNations

DecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment

(2021-2030)

Publishedin2024bytheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionoftheUnitedNations

Educational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization7,placedeFontenoy,75352Paris07SP,France?UNESCO2024

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ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthisdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNESCOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Theideasandopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthors;theyarenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.

Forbibliographicpurposes,thispublicationshouldbecitedasfollows:

Arbic,B.K.,Mahu,E.,Alexander,K.,Buchan,P.M.,Hermes,J.,Kidwai,S.,Kostianaia,E.,Li,L.,Lin,X.,Mahadeo,S.,Maúre,E.d.R.,Munga,C.,M-Muslim,A.,Sant,G.,Seeyave,S.,&Sun,Z.(2024).OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll.Paris,UNESCO-IOC.(TheOceanDecadeSeries,51.9.).

/10.25607/k5pt-

fp54

Graphicdesign:UNESCO(IOC/2024/ODS/51.9)

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers

Challenge9:Skills,knowledge,

technology,andparticipatorydecision-makingforall

Ensurecomprehensivecapacitydevelopmentandequitableaccesstodata,information,knowledge,technology,andparticipatorydecision-makingacrossallaspectsofoceanscienceandforallstakeholders.

WritingTeam

TheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)ofUNESCO,extendsitssincereappreciationtotheco-chairsandmembersoftheWorkingGroupfortheirleadershipandcommitmentintheprocessofdraftingandauthoringthepresentdocument.

Co-chairs

BrianK.ArbicUniversityofMichigan

EdemMahuUniversityofGhana

WorkingGroupexpertmembers

KristinaAlexander

HarteResearchInstituteforGulfofMexicoStudies,TexasA&MUniversity-CorpusChristi

PamelaM.Buchan

UniversityofExeter

JulieHermes

SouthAfricanEnvironmentalObservationNetwork

SaminaKidwai

NationalInstituteofOceanography,Pakistan

EvgeniiaKostianaia

UNESCO-IOC,P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanologyoftheRussianAcademyofSciences

LiLi

FirstInstituteofOceanography(FIO),MinistryofNaturalResources,China

XinLin

StateKeyLaboratoryofMarineEnvironmentalScience,CollegeofOceanandEarthSciences,XiamenUniversity

SarahMahadeo

WorldMaritimeUniversity,SasakawaGlobalOceanInstitute

ElígiodeRaúsMaúre

IndependentResearcher,Japan

CosmasMunga

TechnicalUniversityofMombasa

AidyM.Muslim

InstituteofOceanographyandEnvironment(INOS),UniversitiMalaysiaTerengganu(UMT)

GailSant

NipponFoundation-UniversityofEdinburghOceanVoicesProgramme

SophieSeeyave

PartnershipforObservationoftheGlobalOcean(POGO)

ZhenSun

WorldMaritimeUniversity,SasakawaGlobalOceanInstitute

WorkingGroupcollaborators

JohannaPaulaDiwa

UNESCO-IOC

PeterPissierssens

IODE,UNESCO-IOC

Acknowledgements

Workinggroup9gratefullyacknowledgesguidance,assistanceandadvicefromtheDecadeCoordinationUnit.WealsogratefullyacknowledgeusefuldiscussionswithMaryFrancesDavidson,formercoordinatoroftheUNDecadeCapacityDevelopmentFacility,whooftenjoinedtheWorkingGroup9onlinemeetings;withmembersofotherUNDecadeworkinggroups;andwithmembersoftheIOCexpertgrouponcapacitydevelopment.Usefulinputwasalsogleanedfromthereportofthe2024IndianOceanRegionalDecadeConference.Finally,wegratefullyacknowledgehelpfulcommentsmadebymanymembersofthecommunitywhoreadourWhitePaperandofferedinput.Weregretthatstrict

lengthlimitationsforthisdocumentdidnotpermitustoincludeallsuggestionsfromcommunitymembersandfromtheothergroupsmentionedabove.

Contents

WritingTeam 2

Contents 3

Acronyms 4

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY 5

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePaper 5

1.2StrategicAmbitionofOceanDecadeChallenge9 5

1.3KeyRecommendationstoAchievetheStrategicAmbition 6

1.4KeyMilestonesandIndicatorsfortheStrategicAmbition 6

2.INTRODUCTION 7

2.1BackgroundandContextoftheChallenge 7

2.2OverviewofCurrentWorkintheOceanDecade 10

2.3CapacityDevelopmentworkbyIOC-UNESCO 11

2.4ImportanceandRelevanceoftheChallengeforSustainableDevelopment 11

2.5MethodologyforStrategicAmbitionSetting 12

3.STRATEGICAMBITIONSETTING 12

3.1AnalysisofUserNeedsandPriorities 12

3.2DefinitionoftheStrategicAmbitionfortheChallenge 14

3.2.1KnowledgeandDataSharing 14

3.2.2Partnerships 14

3.2.3Approachtocapacitydevelopmentandexchanges 15

3.3Integration,Synergies,andInterdependencieswithOtherChallenges 16

4.MILESTONESANDINDICATORS 17

4.1KeyMilestonesandIndicatorstoMeasureProgressandSuccess 17

5.CONCLUSION 19

References 21

Annex1.LinkstootherOceanDecadeWorkingGroups 22

Annex2.DetailsonWorkingGroup9members 25

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll3

Acronyms

CDFOceanDecadeCapacityDevelopmentFacility

ECOPEarlyCareerOceanProfessional

IOCIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission

LDCsLeastDevelopedCountries

LLDCsLandlockedDevelopingCountries

ODAOceanDecadeActions

SIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStates

UNUnitedNations

UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll4

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePaper

ThisWhitePaperhasbeenpreparedaspartoftheVision2030processundertakenintheframeworkoftheUNDecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment.TheVision2030processaimstoachieveacommonandtangiblemeasureofsuccessforeachofthetenOceanDecadeChallengesby2030.Theprocessdeterminesprioritydatasets,criticalgapsinscienceandknowledge,andneedsincapacitysharing,infrastructure,andtechnologyrequiredforeachChallengetoensurethatitcanbefulfilledbytheendoftheOceanDecadein2030.

TheresultsoftheprocesswillcontributetothescopingoffutureDecadeActions,identificationofresourcemobilisationpriorities,andensuringtheongoingrelevanceoftheChallengesovertime.TheprocessidentifiesachievablerecommendationsthatcanbeimplementedinthecontextoftheDecade,ormorebroadlybefore2030toachievetheidentifiedstrategicambitionandindicatorsthatwillbeusedtomeasureprogress.

ThisWhitePaperisoneoftenWhitePapersallofwhichhavebeenauthoredbyanexpertWorkingGroup.ThedraftofthisWhitePaperwaspresentedatthe2024OceanDecadeConference,andadditionalinputwassoughtbeforefinalisationandpublication.

1.2StrategicAmbitionofOceanDecadeChallenge9

Challenge9aimstoensurecomprehensivecapacitydevelopmentandequitableaccesstodata,information,knowledge,technology,andparticipatorydecision-makingacrossallaspectsofoceanscienceandforallstakeholders.Itisbasedontheunderstandingthateveryonehassomethingtocontributethroughsharedknowledge,resources,ideas,orpartnerships.

Challenge9thereforeisfocusedonequityandjusticeinaccesstocapacity,resources,anddecisionmaking.

By2030,successforOceanDecadeChallenge

9willbereachedwhen:

a.Technical,transdisciplinary,andtransversalskillsrequiredbyscientists,resourceusers,educators,communicators,managers,andpolicymakers,todelivertheDecade’schallenges,arestrengthenedandevenlydistributedwithanemphasisonleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs)andSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)andotherunder-representedgroups.

1

b.Fundingmechanisms,multi-directionalpartnerships,infrastructure,andtechnologyrequiredtodelivertheDecade’schallengesacrossregionsandcommunitiesareenhancedandevenlydistributedwithemphasisonpromotingaccesstoLDCsandSIDSandonpromotinggreatercooperationbetweenregions.

c.Usersandstakeholdersfromcurrentlyunder-representedgroups(i.e.,women;ECOPs;Indigenouscommunities;LDCsandSIDS;peoplewithdisabilities;andothers)arewell-representedandparticipatoryinoceanscience,communication,management,decisionmaking,andpolicywithintheDecadeframework.

d.Widerpromotionofethically-drivenactionsandaccesstoopen-sourcesoftware,oceandata,knowledge,andinformationamongdifferentusersoftheoceanhasbeenachieved,andlanguagebarriers/restrictionshavebeenmediated,includingsharingknowledgeinformsthatarewellarticulatedbynon-scientificaudiences.

e.RecognitionforIndigenousandlocalknowledgeandtraditionalbeliefsthat

1WeusetheUN-designatedterms“LDCsandSIDS”inthisdocument.Weacknowledgeinthisfootnotethatothertermssuchas“under-resourced

countries”andespecially“globalsouth”arepreferredbymanycitizensofLDCsandSIDS.

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll5

downapproachescouldexacerbatethepowerdynamicbetweenresearchersfromhighincomenationsandthoseinunder-representedgroups,andcouldresultinmeaningless“checkboxes”forinclusion;

e.EndorseandsupportODAthatimproveglobalaccesstotechnology,physicalinfrastructure,data,information,andexchangeofdiverseoceanknowledge;

f.EndorseandsupportODAthatencouragedevelopmentofinnovativefit-for-purposetechnologysolutions;

g.EndorseandsupportODAthatseektoremovelanguagebarriersbetweendifferentusersoftheocean;

h.Promoteparticipationinprojectsthatensureequitabledistributionoffundingwithinandacrossnationstoinvestinatrulyglobalenterpriseofoceanscienceandmanagement;

i.Provideadviceonbringingtogetherpolicyandmanagementspecialistswithscientists;

j.Relatedly,encourageconstructive,multi-directionalpartnershipsaswellasregionalandsub-regionalcoordinationmechanisms,enablingequitablesharingofexpertise,fundingandotherresources,anddecision-making.

1.4KeyMilestonesandIndicatorsfor

theStrategicAmbition

Thekeymilestonesandindicatorsusedtomeasurethefulfilmentofthestrategic

ambitionshouldbecalculatedfromthe

baselineidentifiedbytheDecade.IncreasesthatsuccessfullydemonstrateimprovementshouldbeconsideredattheOceanDecade

conference.Theproposedindicatorsofsuccessmayinclude:

a.Increasedparticipationandrecruitmentofminoritygroups(women,ECOPs,actorswithdisabilities,LDCsandSIDS)intoocean-relatedfieldsby2030.

promoteconservationreceivesbackingbytheDecadeandisintegratedintoalltheDecadechallenges.

Successwillincludefulfilmentofthefollowingcriticalcapacitydevelopmentneeds:skillsenhancement;representationandmeaningfulparticipation;equitablefunding;infrastructure;technology;accesstodataandinformation;publishingofresearchfindings;betterrepresentationofscientistsandknowledgefromLDCs,SIDSandotherunder-representedgroupsininternationalpublicationsanddecision-makingbodiesandprocedures;andpromotionoftheuseofmultiplelanguagesinoceansciencecommunication.

1.3KeyRecommendationstoAchievetheStrategicAmbition

Thefollowingrecommendationsareidentifiedtoensurethatthestrategicambitionis

fulfilled,andsuccessachievedforOcean

DecadeChallengeNo.9.Itisrecommendedthatby2030theDecadewill:

a.EstablishbaselinesfortrackingprogressandachievementswithintheChallenge;

b.SupportmoreOceanDecadeActions(ODA)thatwillpromoteandassistwiththedevelopmentofhumanresourcesatindividualandinstitutionallevelsrequiredacrosstheentirevaluechain,fromcreatingsupportiveregionalandinternationalnetworkstodevelopcapacity,tofacilitatingopportunitiestoconductoceanscienceandobservation,toincludinglocal/indigenousknowledge,throughdataandinformationmanagement,topolicyadviceandrepresentation;

c.Supporteffortstoincreaserepresentationofcurrentlyunder-representedgroups(women,earlycareeroceanprofessionals,Indigenouscommunities)inthescience,communication,management,policyareas,anddecision-makingoftheocean;

d.Advocateforpoliciesthatrequirebottom-upinternationalcollaborationanddata/knowledgesharingascurrenttop-

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll6

b.Increasednumberofnewoceansustainabilitycareersupports,jobsandresearchopportunitiescreatedinLDCsandSIDSby2030.

c.MoreLDCsandSIDSsubscribingtonetworksandprofessionalbodies,internationalconsortia,andparticipatingininternationalmeetingsby2030.

d.IncreaseinthenumberofECOPS,LDCsandSIDSledand/orco-authoredpublishedpeerreviewedscientificliteratureby2030.

e.Increaseinspecialprogrammes,courses,ormodulesdevelopedandimplementedfortrainingfordifferentgroupsbyscientists,resourceusers,educators/communicators,managers,andpolicymakersby2030.

f.AvailabilityofaninventoryofexistingoceanscienceinfrastructureandtechnologyintheLDCsandSIDSby2025.

g.Availabilityofaplanfordevelopingandevenlyallocatinginfrastructure,technology,andfundingby2025.

h.Increaseininfrastructure,technology,andfundingtoLDCsandSIDSby2030.

i.Increaseinnumbersoflow-costtechnologiesdevelopedandimplementedinLDCsandSIDSby2030.

j.AvailabilityofapolicywithintheDecadethatsupportsopenaccesstooceandataandinformationby2025.

k.Acompilationofstandardiseddataformats,platformsandguidelinesforresponsibleandopendatagovernanceby2025.

l.Availabilityoflanguageaccessibilityandfreetranslationprogrammesforoceandataandinformationsharingby2026.

m.Anincreaseinthenumberofpartnerships,publicandprivate,establishedtopromoteevendistributionofresources.

n.Increasedopportunitiesforinclusiveconfidence-buildingandmentorshipto

overcomesystemicbarrierstoleadershipfacedbyunderrepresentedgroups.

o.Enhancedrecognitionofdifferentformsofknowledgethatcontributetoglobaloceandecision-making.

2.INTRODUCTION

2.1BackgroundandContextoftheChallenge

Oceansciencecapacityinallitsformsisunevenlydistributedthroughouttheworld.Thisincludespersonnel,equipment,researchvessels,funding,researchinfrastructure,accesstoeducationandtraining,accesstooceandataandmodellingoutput,oceansoftware,scientificpublications,accesstoemploymentopportunities,andmore.Unequaldistributionhindersprogressinoceanscienceandsustainablemanagement,exacerbatingenvironmentalchallengesandtheirresultingimpacts.

Inparticular,thehumancapacitytocarryoutoceanscienceisunequallydistributedworldwideacrosslocations,generations,andgenders.The2020GlobalOceanScienceReport(GOSR)(IOC-UNESCO2020)highlightsoceanscientists'predominanceindevelopedcountriescomparedtomanySIDSandLDCs.Italsorevealsagenerationalbiasinmanycountriestowardsdominationofoceansciencebyoldergenerations,althoughmanyLDCshavearelativelyyoungoceanresearchercommunity.Femalescientistscomprise,onaverage,38%oftheresearchersinoceanscience,withsignificantvariationsacrossdisciplines,levelsofseniority,andbetweencountries.

CapacitydevelopmentisanessentialtenetoftheOceanDecadeandhasbeenoneofthecriticalpillarsoftheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)actionforseveraldecades.Itaimstoachieveevenlydistributedcapacityacrosstheglobe,acrossgenerations,andacrossgenders,thusreversingasymmetryinknowledge,skills,andaccesstotechnology.Increasinglyrecognised,

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll7

enableequitableparticipationinandbenefitfromactivitiesimplementedthroughtheOceanDecade.Challenge9alsorecognisesjusticeandequitabilityinresourceandcapacitydistribution.

CHALLENGE9

Ensurecomprehensivecapacity

developmentandequitable

accesstodata,information,

knowledge,technology,and

participatorydecision-making

acrossallaspectsofocean

scienceandforallstakeholders.

TheOceanDecadeImplementationPlan

2

providesastrategicframeworkforcapacitydevelopmentinitiativesduringthedecade(Table1).

ItlistsrequirementsspecifyingthatcapacitydevelopmentcarriedoutaspartoftheDecadeshould:

●BeanintegralpartofeachOceanDecadeAction.Inthissense,theendorsementcriteriaoftheDecadeincludea

considerationofcontributionstowardcapacitydevelopment,includinginSIDS,LDCsandLLDCs.

●Beneeds-driven,withinvestmentintoolsthatcanmatchthedemandforcapacitydevelopmenttodifferentopportunities.

●Optimiseopportunitiesforexchangeofknowledge,informationandlearningthroughtheadoptionofacapacitydevelopmentexchangeapproach,whererelevant.

●Bedevelopedtorespondtoregionalandnationalpriorities,including,whererelevant,throughtheuseofcapacityneedsassessmentsforspecificgroupsorgeographies.

andparticularlyemphasisedattheOceanDecadeConference2024,capacitiescomeindifferentshapesandsizesandwhilstsomeareaswillbenefitfromdevelopmentof,forexample,infrastructureandtechnology,theymayberichinlocalknowledgewhichcanbesharedwithothers,eventhoseprivilegedwithmorematerialcapacities.ThecombinedimpactofcapacitydevelopmentandsharingeffortsundertheOceanDecademustbeexponentiallygreaterthanthesumofpastandcurrentindividualeffortsandthusaccelerateafundamentalshiftinhowtheoceanisperceivedandmanaged.Thisincreasewillresultbothfromagreaternumberofefforts,fromenhancedcoordinationandfocusofefforts,andfromincreasedrecognitionofthediversityofcapacities.

Oceanscienceisoftenunderstoodasnatural

scientificresearch,whichlimitstherepresentationofdifferentapproachestounderstandingoceansystemsandhuman-oceaninteractions,particularlyfromsocialsciencesandhumanities,andmarginalisestraditionalknowledgesystems.Underlyingthisarelargedifferencesinacknowledgingtheocean’svalue(andtheneedforoceanscience)fromthegeneralpublic,andeducationalsystems,uptothehigherechelonsofgovernment.Thiscontributestothedifferenceamongcountriesininvestinginoceanscienceandconservation.

OceanDecadeChallenge9,oftheUnited

NationsDecadeofOceanScienceforSustainableDevelopment2021-2030(the‘OceanDecade’)seekstoachieve“Skills,knowledgeandtechnologyforall.”Wesuggestachangeinthiswordingto“Skills,knowledge,technology,andparticipatorydecision-makingforall.”AsaFoundationalChallenge,Challenge9cutsacrossallotherOceanDecadechallenges.AlloftheWhitePapersthataddresstheothernineChallengesmentioncapacitydevelopmentasakeyrequirementformeetingtheirgoals;seeAnnex1.Relevantcapacityisarequirementforallcountriesto

2/publications/ocean-

decade-implementation-plan/

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll8

●Respectculturalandgeographicaldiversity,forexampleintermsoflanguage,technologyadopted(includingdigitaltechnologies),remotelearningandmethodsoflearning.

●Privilegelong-termpartnershipsthatbuildonexistingresourcesandnetworksandavoidad-hoc,short-termefforts

thatarenotpartofacoordinatedapproach.

●Includeafocusonmechanismstoacceleratetheuseofknowledgeforsocietalwell-being.

●Targetbothknowledgegeneratorsandknowledgeusers,includingscientists,industry,managers(forexample,protectedareaorfisheriesmanagers),policymakers,decision-makers,innovators,andsociety.

●Addressallfacetsofoceanscience,i.e.allrelevantnaturalandsocialscience

disciplinesincludingafocusoninter-andtransdisciplinaryapproaches,theinfrastructureandtechnologythatsupportsoceanscience,theapplicationofscienceforsocietalbenefit,andthescience-policyandscience-innovationinterfaces.

●Recognize,respect,andengagelocalandindigenousknowledgeholdersasbothbeneficiariesandprovidersofcapacitydevelopment.

●Buildonandstrengthenexistingnationalandregionalnetworksandresources.

●Identifyandovercomebarrierstogender,geographicalandgenerationalbalance,andmainstreamaccessibilitytofosterfullandeffectiveparticipationbypersonswithdisabilities.

AstrategicframeworkhasalsobeenincludedwithintheDecadeImplementationPlantoguidecapacitydevelopmenteffortsthroughouttheOceanDecade(Table1).

Wenotethatoceanliteracycontributestocapacitydevelopmentandisdefinedastheunderstandingofhumaninfluenceontheoceanandtheocean’sinfluenceonpeople.Oceanliteracyisanimportanttopicthatisintertwinedwithcapacitydevelopment.However,wedonotfurthercommentonoceanliteracyinthisChallenge9whitepaperduetospacelimitations;Challenge10coversoceanliteracyingreaterdepth.

Table1:StrategicframeworkforcapacitydevelopmentinitiativesduringtheOceanDecade

DESIREDRESULT

PRIORITYACTIVITIES

Humanresources

developedatindividualandinstitutionallevels

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Academicandhighereducationopportunities,includingthroughonlineanddistancelearning.

Continuousprofessionaldevelopment.

Sharingofknowledgeandexpertise,includingthroughcommunitybuilding.Training,includingtrainingoftrainers.

Integrationofoceanscienceincurriculainprimaryandsecondaryschools,includinginformationonoceansciencecareers.

Activelyimprovinggender,generational,andgeographicdiversity.In-depthtrainingonco-designthatincludesdecolonialpractices.

Accesstotechnologyandphysicalinfrastructureestablishedorimproved

?

?

?

Facilitatingaccesstotechnologyandinfrastructure(e.g.researchfacilities,

instruments,researchvessels,high-powercomputing,digitaltelecommunications).

Developingskillstoleadandparticipateintechnologyandinfrastructuredevelopment.

Promotingtechnicalandtechnologicalcooperationandpeer-to-peerexchangebetweenstakeholders.

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge9:Skills,Knowledge,Technology,andParticipatoryDecision-MakingforAll9

Global,regional,and

subregionalmechanismsstrengthened

?Identifyingspecificnationalandregionalcapacitydevelopmentneedsthroughneedsassessments.

?Strengtheningexistingnationalandregionalresourcesandnetworksforcapacitydevelopment.

?Supportingregionalandsubregionalorganisationstobeleadersin,and

amplifiersof,capacitydevelopment.

Developmentofocean

researchpoliciesinsupportofsustainabledevelopmentpromoted

?Supportingidentificationofoceanresearchpriorities.

?Supportingthedevelopmentofnationalmarinesciencemanagementproceduresandnationalpolicies.

?Supportco-design,ensuringfundersunderstandtheneedforadditionaltimeandresourcestoensureparticipationofthemostrelevantregionaland

subregionalorganisations.

?Identifybarrierstogooddecisionmakinganddevelopresearchandinitiativestoaddressthis.

Awarenessand

understandingincreasedandexchangesfacilitatedonroleandvaluesofocean

?Developoceanliteracyresearchandinitiatives.

?Tailoredoceanliteracyprogrammesthattargetthedifficulttoaccessstakeholders,includingbigindustry,managersandpolicymakers.

?Informaleducation,includingthroughdemonstrations,museums,zoosoraquariums,onlineoutreachportals.

?Publicinformationandcommunication.

Sustained,long-termresourcemobilisationreinforced

?Mobilisingin-kindandfinancialsupportforcapacitydevelopmentinitiativesaspartoftheOceanDecade.

Diverserepresentationindecision-makingspaces,redressingofimbalancethroughinclusiveco-

design,listeningtoallrelevantvoices

?Ensurethatthereismeaningfulrepresentationatdecision-makingspacesandpeoplefromdiversebackgroundscanmeaningfullycontributetodecision-

making,includingregionalandinternationalpolicy.

?Promoteactiv