Unit4

NaturalDisastersNature,tobecommanded,mustbeobeyed.——FrancisBacon欲駕馭自然,必先順之。——弗朗西斯·培根單元核心素養：思維品質Inrecentyears，naturaldisastershavebeenfrequently(頻繁地)reportedinChina，soitiscommonlybelievedthatmorenaturaldisasters，especiallymoreearthquakes，arestrikingChina.ThenewspaperisfloodedwiththereportsaboutthebigearthquakessuchasthosehappeninginWenchuan，Ya’anandYushu.Somepeoplecan’thelpasking:doearthquakeshappenmorefrequentlythanbefore?Why?Actually，Chinahasalwaysbeenthemostaffectedcountrybyearthquakeintheworld.話題導入Thefirstreasonforthismisunderstanding(誤會)isthatmanyChinesearen’tquitefamiliar(熟悉)withgeographysituationsoftheirowncountry.TheexpertssaidthatmostChinesepeopledon’tknowthetruththatChinaisoneofthecountriesmostaffectedbyearthquakeintheworld.Itissaidthatthewesternregion(區域)ofChinaismorelikelytobehitbyearthquakethantheeasternregion.Thereasonwhypeopledonothearthenewsabouttheearthquakeshappeninginwesternregionisthatfewpeoplelivedintheseplacesandnoonedied.Thesecondreasonisthatpeoplebecomemoreawareof(意識到)theenvironmentalproblemsandbegintocareabouttherelationshipwithnature.Besides，theadvancedcommunicationtechnologiesliketheInternet，TVandradiohelpthebadnewsaboutdisastersspreadalloverthecountryandeventheworld.Thesereportsaboutdisasterfloodthenewspaper，TVandthewebsite，thusmakingpeoplebelievetherearemoreearthquakesthaneverbefore.Inaword，thelack(缺乏)ofknowledgeonourcountry’sgeographyandthemisunderstandingmadebythewidespreadnewsleadChinesetothewrongthoughtofmoreearthquakeshappeninginChina.1.Infact，therearemoreearthquakeshappeningatpresentthanbefore.()2.Nowpeoplebegintopaymoreattentiontoprotectingourenvironment.()根據短文內容判斷正(T)、誤(F)FTPART1讀前清障PART2課文理解PeriodOne

ListeningandSpeaking&ReadingandThinking—Pre-readingPART1讀前清障匹配左邊的單詞與右邊的漢語意思[第一組]1.drought

A.救援；營救2.landslide B.旱災；久旱3.rescue C.裂紋；裂縫4.crack D.損害；破壞5.damage E.滑坡；(山地或懸崖的)崩塌6.destroy A.避難處；庇護7.affect B.疏散；撤出8.shelter C.破壞；毀壞9.ruin D.摧毀；毀滅10.evacuate E.影響；(疾病)侵襲；深深打動[第二組]11.bury A.震驚；休克；使震驚12.trap B.遭受；蒙受13.wisdom C.使落入險境；使陷入圈套14.suffer D.智慧；才智15.shock E.埋葬；安葬[第三組]16.electricity A.呼吸17.breathe B.上下文；語境18.effort C.電；電能19.unify D.努力；艱難的嘗試；盡力20.context E.統一；(使)成一體[第四組]PART2課文理解Ⅰ.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.AterribleearthquakeinTangshan.B.BeforetheearthquakeinTangshan.C.DuringtheearthquakeinTangshan.D.DamagesoftheearthquaketoTangshan.Step1

Fast-reading√Ⅱ.Findoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.Para.1

A.Withjoint(聯合的)efforts，anewTangshanwasbuilt.Para.2

B.Theearthquakehappenedandcauseddeathsandinjuriesin Tangshan.Para.3

C.Helpcamesoonafterthequakes.Para.4

D.Noonepaidattentionthoughstrangethingshappened.Para.5

E.TheearthquakecausedunbelievabledestructiontoTangshan.Ⅰ.JudgewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).1.BeforeJuly28,1976，strangethingshappenedinthecountrysideofnorthwestHebei.()2.WhentheearthquakehappenedinHebei，onethirdofthenationcouldfeelit.()3.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorseriouslyinjuredreachedmorethan4,000,000.()4.AnotherbigquakeshookTangshanwhilerescueworkersanddoctorsweresavingthepeopletrapped.()TFStep2

Careful-readingFF5.Animalslikecows，pigsandchickensaswellaspeoplesufferedalotintheearthquake.()6.Tangshanhastakenonanewlookwiththegovernment’ssupportandthelocalpeople’stirelessefforts.()TTⅡ.Choosethebestanswer.1.ManystrangethingshappenedinthecountrysideEXCEPTthat

.A.thewellwallshaddeepcracksinthemB.someanimalsweretoonervoustoeatC.fishjumpedoutofthewaterD.birdsflewhigherthanusual√2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.PeopleinBeijingfelttheearthquake.B.PeopleofTangshancaredmuchaboutthestrangeeventsbeforetheearthquake.C.Iftheearthquakehadhappenedduringthedaytime，itwouldn’thavecausedsomanydeaths.D.Manysoldiershelpedtorescuethepeoplewhoweretrappedundertheruins.√3.Whatdoesthelastsentence“Slowly，thecitybegantobreatheagain.”inthelastbuttwoparagraphmean?A.Peoplewhoweretrappedcametolife.B.Thetreesturnedgreen.C.Theanimalsbegantobreathe.D.Thecityreturnedtonormalgradually.√4.Accordingtothelastparagraph，inwhichaspects(方面)hasTangshanimproveditself?A.Industry. B.Environment.C.Transportation. D.Alloftheabove.√Afterreadingthepassage，pleasefillinthefollowingblanks.SeveraldaysbeforeJuly28,1976，manystrangethingshappenedinTangshan.Theyweresignsforanearthquake.Butpeople1.livedtheredidn’tthinkmuchofthat.At3∶42amthatday，theearthbegan2.(shake)，3.destroyedalmostallthecityinfifteenterribleseconds.Peoplewere4.____shock.Laterthatafternoon,5.bigearthquakeshookthecityagain.Even6.(many)buildingsfelldown.Verysoonthearmysentalotofsoldierstohelp，andteamswereorganizedtodigoutthe7.(trap)andtoburythedead.Step3

Post-readingwho/thatto

shakewhichinanothermoretrappedManypeople,8.(include)nursesanddoctors，cametorescuethosewhoweretrappedundertheruins.Slowly，things9.(improve)andthecitybegantobreatheagain.Withthegovernment’ssupportandthelocalpeople’stireless10.(effort)，anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.Itprovesthatintimesofdisaster，peoplemustunify.includingimprovedefforts1.Thereweredeepcracksthatappearedinthewellwalls.[句式分析]此句為限制性定語從句。主句為Thereweredeepcracks。thatappearedinthewellwalls為定語從句，修飾deepcracks。[自主翻譯]

_________________________井壁上出現了很多深裂縫。Step4

Sentence-learning2.Itseemedasiftheworldwerecomingtoanend![句式分析]本句為一個虛擬句。asif相當于asthough，意為“似乎，好像”，用在seem，look等系動詞之后引導表語從句。在虛擬的表語從句中，雖然主語theworld為單數，但系動詞還是用were。[自主翻譯]

_______________________仿佛世界末日即將來臨！3.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400,000.[句式分析]本句為主從復合句。此句的主干為Thenumberofpeoplewasmorethan400,000。whowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequake為限制性定語從句，修飾people。[自主翻譯]

____________________________________________在這次地震中死亡或嚴重受傷的人數達到40多萬。4.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.[句式分析]此句為復合句。Soonafterthequakes是時間狀語，句子的主干為thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshan。兩個不定式todigoutthosewhoweretrapped和toburythedead為并列結構，在句中作目的狀語；whoweretrapped為定語從句，修飾第一個不定式中的賓語those。[自主翻譯]

_____________________________________________________________________________________地震剛剛過去，部隊派出了15萬名戰士奔赴唐山，將受困群眾從廢墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。Unit4

NaturalDisastersPeriodTwo

ListeningandSpeaking&ReadingandThinking—LanguagePointsPART1基礎自測PART2重點詞匯PART3經典句式PART4達標檢測PART1基礎自測默寫練習(一)Ⅰ.寫出下列單詞的漢語意思(共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分)1.droughtn. ___________2.tsunamin. _____3.magnituden. ______________4.evacuatev. _________________5.helicoptern. _______6.sheltern. ___________________v. _________________7.crackn. ___________v. ________旱災；久旱海嘯(地)震級；重大疏散；撤出；撤離直升機避難處；居所；庇護保護；躲避；掩蔽裂紋；裂縫(使)破裂8.ruinn.&vt. ___________9.percentn. ___________adj.&adv. _________10.brickn. _________11.metaln. _____12.electricityn. _________13.trapvt. _______________________n. ___________14.unifyv. _________________15.contextn. ___________________破壞；毀壞百分之……每一百中磚；磚塊金屬電；電能使落入險境；使陷入圈套險境；陷阱統一；(使)成一體上下文；語境；背景Ⅱ.寫出下列漢語對應的英語單詞(共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分)16.n. 災難；災害17.vi.&vt. (使)滑行；滑動18.n. 洪水；大量

vi. 淹沒；大量涌入

vt. 使灌滿水；淹沒19.n.&vt. 營救；救援20.vt. 損害；破壞

n. 損壞；損失21.vt. 摧毀；毀滅disasterslidefloodrescuedamagedestroy22.n. 死；死亡23.vt. 影響；(疾病)侵襲；深深打動24.vt. (使)震驚

n. 震驚；休克；令人震驚的事25.vt. 埋葬；安葬26.vi.&vt. 呼吸→n. 呼吸27.vt.&vi. 復活；(使)蘇醒→n. 振興；復蘇28.n. 努力；艱難的嘗試；盡力deathaffectshockburybreathebreathreviverevivaleffort29.n. 智慧；才智→adj. 聰明的；明智的30.vt. 遭受；蒙受

vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲傷等)受苦→n. 苦難wisdomwisesuffersufferingⅢ.寫出下列短語或短語對應的漢語意思(共10小題；每小題2分，滿分20分)31. 像往常一樣32. 仿佛；好像33. 終結；走向末日34. 嚴重受損；破敗不堪35. 把……吹走36.cutacross _________________37.insteadof _____________38.inshock ___________39.falldown ___________40.getuponone’sfeet _________________as

usualas

ifcome

to

an

endin

ruinsblow...away把……從中間折斷而不是；代替震驚；吃驚掉落；倒塌站起來；恢復過來Ⅳ.完成句子(共5小題；每小題4分，滿分20分)41.Thereweredeepcracks.井壁上出現了很多深裂縫。42.Chickensandevenpigs，anddogs______________.雞甚至連豬都太緊張而不能吃東西，狗也不愿意進樓里去。43.Itseemedasiftheworld!仿佛世界末日即將來臨！that

appeared

in

the

well

wallswere

too

nervous

to

eatrefused

to

go

inside

buildingswere

coming

to

an

end44.Thenumberofpeopleinthequakewasmorethan400,000.在這次地震中死亡或嚴重受傷的人數達到40多萬。45.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthose.地震剛剛過去，部隊派出了15萬名戰士奔赴唐山，將受困群眾從廢墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。who

were

killed

or

badly

injuredwho

were

trapped

and

to

bury

the

deadPART2重點詞匯rescuevt.&n.援救；營救1Whataretherescueworkersandsoldiersdoingintheflood--hitarea？那些救援人員和戰士們正在洪澇災區做什么？※rescuesb.

/sth.

from...把某人/某物從……中營救出來※come/gotoone’srescue＝rescuesb.

援救某人(1)IgotarescuecallfromawomaninLondon.我接到了來自倫敦的一位女士的求救電話。(2)Thefirementheburninghouse.消防隊員從失火的房子里救出一個嬰兒。(3)Allthepeoplenearbywhenhearinghercryforhelp.聽到她的呼救聲時，周圍所有的人都來營救她。rescued

a

baby

fromcame/went

to

her

rescuecometoanend結束；終結2Itseemedasiftheworldwerecomingtoanend！仿佛世界末日即將來臨！attheendof在……末端bytheendof到……末為止(用于完成時)intheend最后；終于(1)Myclassmatewaitedformeattheendofthestreet.我的同學在這條街的盡頭等我。(2)nextmonth，theywillhavegraduatedfromthisfamousuniversity.到下個月月底為止，他們將已經從這所著名的大學畢業了。(3)

wepersuadedhimtohelpus.最終，我們說服他幫我們的忙。By

the

end

ofIn

the

end3...aquakethatevencauseddamagemorethan150kilometersawayinBeijing.……一場甚至對150公里外的北京都造成破壞的地震。do/causedamageto...對……造成損害damageone’shealth損害某人的健康damagen.&vt.損失；損害(1)Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant.對第一株植物造成的損害通常更嚴重一些。(2)Theheavyrainhasthecrops.暴雨已對莊稼造成了嚴重的損害。(3)Asweallknow，gettingtoomuchfatwill.眾所周知，攝入太多脂肪會損害我們的健康。done/caused

great

damage

todamage

our

health4Inlessthanoneminute，alargecitylayinruins.不到一分鐘的時間，一座大城市成為廢墟。

inruins嚴重受損；破敗不堪※ruinn.廢墟；毀滅vt.毀滅；使破產

be/lieinruins成為廢墟；毀滅

fall/comeintoruin成為廢墟；毀滅※ruinone’shope/health毀掉某人的希望/健康

ruinoneself自我毀滅(1)Eversincetheearthquake，thistemplehasbeeninruins.自從地震以來，這座寺廟一直是廢墟一片。(2)Alargenumberofchurchesfell/cameintoruinafterthebigflood.洪災過后，大批的教堂被毀掉了。(3)Thelittlemistakeofgettingthejob.這個小錯誤毀掉了他得到這份工作的機會。(4)Heavysmokingmay，soyoushouldgiveitupassoonaspossible.吸煙過量可能會毀掉你自己，因此你應該盡快戒煙。ruined

his

chanceruin

yourself5Twothirdsofthepeoplewholivedthereweredeadorinjured.在那兒居住的人當中，三分之二的人死去或受傷。injurevt.損害；傷害※injuredadj.受傷的；受委屈的

theinjured傷員※injuryn.傷；傷口；傷害

doaninjurytosb.

傷害某人(1)Believeitornot，whatyousaidjustnowinjuredhispride.信不信由你，你剛才說的話傷了他的自尊。(2)The(injure)weresenttothenearesthospitalrightawayaftertheaccident.事故后傷員被立即送往最近的醫院。(3)What’syourattitudetothefactthathedidan(injure)tohisfriends?你對他傷害朋友這個事實持什么態度？injuredinjuryinshock震驚；吃驚6Peoplewereinshock...人們驚呆了……※shockvt.&vi.(使)震驚；震動n.休克；打擊；震驚；令人震驚的事

beashockto...使……震驚※shockedadj.感到震驚的

beshockedby/at...對……感到震驚

beshockedtodosth.

因做某事而感到震驚

beshockedthat...對……感到震驚※shockingadj.令人震驚的(1)Hissituationwasagreatshocktousall.他的處境使我們大為震驚。(2)Iwasshocked(hear)thenewsthathehadbeenfired.聽到他被解雇的消息，我很震驚。(3)Theendingofthisplayisvery(shock).這出戲的結局真令人震驚。[一句多譯](4)這個消息讓會上的人們很是震驚。①Thenewsmade.②Thepeopleatthemeeting.to

hearshockingthe

people

at

the

meeting

very

shockedwere

shocked

at/by

the

newstrapvt.使陷入困境n.陷阱；困境7Soonafterthequakes，thearmysent150，000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.地震剛剛過去，部隊派出了15萬名戰士奔赴唐山，將受困群眾從廢墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。※betrappedin被困在……中，陷在……中

trapsb.

into(doing)sth.

誘騙某人(做)某事※setatrapfor給……設圈套

fall/walkintoatrap落入圈套(1)Whentheaccidenthappened，theyweretrappedinthelift.當事故發生時，他們正被困在電梯中。(2)Ifyouwalkintotheforest，you’relikelytofall/walkintoatrap.如果你走入森林，你很可能陷入圈套。(3)Themanthebuilding.這個男人騙這個小男孩進入了這座樓。[高級表達](4)Whentheyoungmanwastrappedinthebuilding，hefeltveryhelpless.(改為非謂語動詞作狀語)→，theyoungmanfeltveryhelpless.trapped

the

little

boy

into

enteringTrapped

in

the

buildingburyvt.埋葬；掩埋；隱藏buryone’sface/headinone’shands用手捂住臉/頭buryoneselfinbeburiedin埋頭于/專心于……(5)Shedecidedtoburythesecretdeepwithinherself.她決定把這個秘密深藏心底。(6)Sincehiswifeleft，hehasburiedhimselfinhiswork.自從妻子離開之后，他一直都埋頭于工作。(7)Thegirlwassittingthere，(bury)herfaceinherhands.這個女孩坐在那里，雙手捂著臉。burying[一句多譯](8)由于埋頭于功課，他對外面的事情一無所知。①，heknewnothingabouttheoutsideworld.(as引導原因狀語從句)②，heknewnothingabouttheoutsideworld.(過去分詞短語作狀語)As

he

was

buried

in

his

lessonsBuried

in

his

lessonssheltern.掩蔽；掩蔽處；避身處(常與介詞from搭配)v.保護；掩蔽；躲避；遮蔽8Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.救援人員為那些家園被毀的幸存者們蓋起了避難所。※takeshelterfrom躲避……undertheshelterof在……的庇護下※shelter...from...保護……免受……(1)Thechildrentookshelterfromtherainatabusstopthatday.那天孩子們在一個公共汽車站里避雨。(2)Hisbrotherishim，whoisagovernmentofficial.他的弟弟受到了他這個政府官員的庇護。(3)Treescanthecoldwind.大樹可以保護田地不受冷風侵襲。under

the

shelter

ofshelter

the

field

from

effortn.努力；盡力；艱難的嘗試9Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthetirelesseffortsofthecity’speople，anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.在政府的全力幫助和城市居民的不懈努力下，一個嶄新的唐山在地震遺留的廢墟上崛起。beyondeffort力所不及inacommoneffort共同努力makean/everyeffort盡力sparenoeffort不遺余力withouteffort毫不費力(1)Findingacurerequiresagreatdealoftimeandeffort.找到一種治療方法需要大量的時間和精力。(2)Thelocalclubsaretointerestmoreyoungpeople.當地俱樂部正在盡一切努力來吸引更多的年輕人。(3)Thegovernmentisdeterminedtoininvestigatingthiscasethoroughly.政府決定不遺余力地徹底調查這個案子。making

an/every

effortspare

no

effort[溫馨提醒]表示“作出努力”，通常用makeaneffort這樣的形式，該結構中的不定冠詞(an)也可根據情況換成another,every,onemore,no等限定詞，但不能沒有限定詞。effort后接動詞，通常用不定式，有時也用“at＋動名詞”。如：Hemadeeveryefforttoget/atgettingit.他竭盡全力想得到它。(4)Everyeffort(make),butthedoctorstillwasn’tabletosavetheboy’slife.作出了各種努力，醫生還是沒能挽救那個男孩的生命。had

been

madePART3經典句式Itseemedasiftheworldwerecomingtoanend！仿佛世界末日即將來臨！※如果所引導的從句表示的情況是真實的或是極有可能發生的，從句要用陳述語氣。※當說話人所陳述的是不真實的或極不可能發生或存在的情況時，從句要用虛擬語氣。①如果表示與現在事實相反的假設，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時。②如果表示與過去事實相反的假設，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時，即“had＋過去分詞”。③如果表示與將來事實相反的情況，從句謂語動詞用“would/could/might

＋動詞原形”。asif＝asthough“仿佛；好像”，可用來引導表語從句和方式狀語從句。(1)Lookatthecloudsinthesky!Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看看天上的云彩！看起來要下雨。(2)HetreatsmeasifI(be)hisowndaughter.他待我就像他的親生女兒一樣。(3)Theytalkedasthoughthey(be)friendsforyears.他們談起話來就像多年的老朋友。werehad

beenPART4達標檢測1.Wewererescuedthesinkingshipbyapassingboat.2.Yearsoffightinghasleftthecityin(ruin)；itwouldtakealotofmoneytorebuildit.3.Thebigfirecausedgreatdamagethebuildingbuiltlastyear.4.Whathetolduswasastory，whichmadeusall.(shock)5.Theboywalkedslowlyashehadhurthisleg.6.Hewastryingtosavethegirl(trap)intheburninghouse.7.Cheerup！Theworldisnotcominganend!Ⅰ.單句語法填空fromruinstoshockingshockedif/thoughtrappedto8.(bury)himselfinthenewspaper，hedidn’tnoticewhatwashappening.9.Soheavywastherainthatwehadtotakeshelteritinthesupermarket.10.Iwassoweakthatevenstandingupwaseffort.Buryingfroman11.Asshewasburiedinpainting，shedidn’tnoticeeveningwasapproaching.→，shedidn’tnoticeeveningwasapproaching.12.Bepatient！Thefirefighterswillsooncometorescueus.→Bepatient！Thefirefighterswillsoon.13.Theproblemwassocomplicatedthatwecouldn’tsolveit.→Theproblemwasforus.14.Nomatterwherehegoes，hewillnotforgettheterribleexperience.→hegoes，hewillnotforgettheterribleexperience.Ⅱ.句型轉換BuriedinpaintingcometoourrescuetoocomplicatedtosolveEverywhere/Wherever15.Fivepassengersinjuredinthetrafficaccidenthaveallbeentakentothenearesthospital.→Fivepassengersinthetrafficaccidenthaveallbeentakentothenearesthospital.whowereinjuredUnit4

NaturalDisastersPART1語法導學PART2達標檢測PeriodThree

DiscoveringUsefulStructures—RestrictiveRelativeClauses(1)PART1語法導學感知以下課文原句，完成方框下的小題◆語法感知1.Thereweredeepcracksthatappearedinthewellwalls.2.Elevenkilometersdirectlybelowthecity，oneofthemostdeadlyearthquakesofthe20thcenturyhadbegun，aquakethatevencauseddamagemorethan150kilometersawayinBeijing.3.Twothirdsofthepeoplewholivedthereweredeadorinjured.4.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400,000.5.Soonafterthequakes，thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.6.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.7.Thesupplieswhichwereprovidedtothedisasterareawerecollectedfromaroundthecountry.1.以上定語從句由關系詞引導，修飾名詞或代詞，置于被修飾詞的。2.關系代詞which，that，who在定語從句中可以作，也可以作；關系代詞whose在定語從句中作。Who,which,that,whose后面主語賓語或表語定語在復合句中，修飾某一名詞、代詞或整個主句的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞，連接先行詞和定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞的主要作用是連接主句和從句，并在從句中充當一定的句子成分。關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩種，關系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose等；關系副詞有when，where，why等。一、關系代詞的用法1.who指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledintheaccidentwasover100.在那次事故中喪生的人數超過了100。HeisthemanwhoImetyesterday.他就是我昨天遇見的那個人。◆語法精析2.whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，常可省略。Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.老師經常表揚的那個男孩是他們的班長。注意：(1)關系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中常可用who/that來代替。Theboy(who/whom/that)wesawyesterdayisJohn’sbrother.昨天我們看到的那個男孩是約翰的哥哥。(2)在從句中作介詞的賓語且直接跟在介詞后時，用whom，不用who。Themantowhomyouspokejustnowisarelativeofmine.剛才和你說話的男人是我的一個親戚。3.which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略。Thegoldmedal(which)shewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.她獲得的那塊金牌已經被送給她的母校了。4.that既可以指人，相當于who或whom；也可以指物，相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略。Thewoman(that/who/whom)Ireadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.我在報紙上讀過相關報道的那位女士，她剛剛贏得一枚金牌。Thereport(that/which)MrTurnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.特納先生遞交的報告是關于汽車比賽的。注意：(1)宜用that不宜用which的情況①當先行詞是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代詞時。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.一切能做的都已經做完了。②當先行詞被all，every，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，theright，thelast，just等修飾時。Musicistheonlythingthatinterestsme.音樂是唯一令我感興趣的東西。③當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。ThisisthemostinterestingstorythatIhaveeverread.這是我曾經讀過的最有趣的故事。④當先行詞中既有人又有物時。Shedescribedinhercompositionthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。⑤當主語是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?哪些是你買給我的書？(2)宜用which不宜用that的情況①關系代詞前有介詞時。ThehouseinwhichIusedtolivehasbecomeashoeshop.我過去住的房子現在已經變成了一家鞋店。②在非限制性定語從句中。Haveyoueverreadthebook，whichwaswrittenbyayounggirl?你讀過這本由一個年輕女孩寫的書了嗎？③先行詞本身就是that時。What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?剛才在天空中一閃而過的是什么？④關系代詞后有插入語時。HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich，Ithink，canhelpimproveyourEnglish.這就是那本我認為能幫你提高英語水平的英語語法書。(3)宜用who不宜用that的情況①當先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，如：one，ones，anyone。Anyonewhodoesthatmustbemad.誰那樣做都一定是瘋了。②當先行詞是I，you，he，they等人稱代詞時(常用于諺語中)。Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到長城非好漢。③當先行詞為指人的those時。Thosewhohavegoodmannerswillbehighlyrespected.那些有禮貌的人會受到人們的高度尊重。④在therebe結構中，先行詞指人時。Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.有一個年輕人想見你。5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。指物時，“whose＋名詞”可用“限定詞＋名詞＋ofwhich”或“ofwhich＋限定詞＋名詞”來代替。Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.(＝Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhich/ofwhichthecoverisgreen.)請遞給我那本綠皮的書。Thisisthepersonwhosestorysurprisedeverybody.就是這個人的故事讓所有人感到吃驚。Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokencanhold40students.那間被弄壞了門的教室能容納40個學生。二、使用定語從句的注意事項1.關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數保持一致。Thesuitcasethat/whichliesonthegroundishers.地上放的那個手提箱是她的。注意：“oneof＋復數名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用復數形式；“theonlyoneof＋復數名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用單數形式。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書的其中一本。HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.他是我們班男生中唯一一個學過法語的。2.為避免關系詞的重復，被關系代詞所代替的成分不可在從句中重復出現。[譯]昨天晚上我們看的那部電影非常嚇人。[誤]Thefilm(that/which)wesawitlastnightisveryfrightening.[正]Thefilm(that/which)wesawlastnightisveryfrightening.3.關系代詞的省略。(1)關系代詞作主語時不能省略。(2)作動詞賓語的關系代詞可以省略。作介詞賓語的關系代詞，如果不直接位于介詞后，可省略；如果直接位于介詞后，則不能省略。Wevisitedthehouse(that/which)LuXunoncelivedin.＝WevisitedthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.我們參觀了魯迅曾住過的房子。(3)關系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中不能省略。單句語法填空1.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019·全國Ⅲ)2.Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethosearetotallyengaged(參與)inacademiclife.(2019·北京)3.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014__________showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018·全國Ⅰ)◆高考鏈接who/thatwhothat/which4.ManywesternerscometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江)5.In1963theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme，oneofpurposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation.(2017·江蘇)6.Thelittleproblemswemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.(2017·北京)who/thatwhosethatPART2達標檢測1.Wedon’tknowthenumberofpeoplelosttheirhomesinthedisaster.2.ThosewanttogototheEnglishpartymustbeattheschoolgateby7∶30pm.3.ThefirstmuseumhevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum.4.Thefilmyouarelookingforwardtoseeingwillbeontomorrow.5.Iknowthepersonhousewasdestroyedintheearthquake.6.ItisthetallestbuildingDaminghasseeneversincehecamehere.7.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformepriceaddeduptomorethan1,000yuan.Ⅰ.單句語法填空who/thatwhothatthat/whichwhosethatwhose8.Shesaidshewoulddoanythingcouldhelphermotherrecoverfromthedisease.9.Anyonehashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.10.Theboyandthedogareinthepictureareverylovely.thatwhothat11.Doyouknowtheman?Themanspoketotheheadmasterjustnow.→Doyouknowtheman?12.Thewomanismymother.Youarelookingafterher.→Thewomanismymother.13.Mygrandparentsliveinahouse.Thehouseismorethan100yearsold.→Mygrandparentsliveinahouse.14.LastweekMaryworethedress.Igaveittoher.→LastweekMaryworethedress.Ⅱ.用定語從句合并句子who/that

spoke

to

the

headmaster

just

now(that/who/whom)

you

are

looking

afterwhich/that

is

more

than

100

years

old(that/which)

I

gave

to

her15.ThegirlisfromAmerica.Herfatherisateacher.→ThegirlisfromAmerica.16.Theroomismine.Itswindowsfacenorth.→Th