1-7附錄（英文資料翻譯）BalerAbalerisapieceoffarmmachineryusedtocompressacutandrakedcrop(suchashay,straw,orsilage)intocompactbalesthatareeasytohandle,transportandstore.Severaldifferenttypesofbalersarecommonlyused,eachproducingadifferenttypeofbales–rectangularorcylindrical,ofvarioussizes,boundwithtwine,netting,orwire.Industrialbalersarealsousedinmaterialrecyclingfacilities,primarilyforbalingmetal,plastic,orpaperfortransport.RoundbalerThemostfrequentlyusedtypeofbalerinindustrializedcountriesisthelargeroundbaler.Itproducescylinder-shaped"round"or"rolled"bales.Grassisrolledupinsidethebalerusingrubberizedbelts,fixedrollers,oracombinationofthetwo.Whenthebalereachesapredeterminedsize,eithernettingortwineiswrappedaroundittoholditsshape.Thebackofthebalerswingsopen,andthebaleisdischarged.Thebalesarecompleteatthisstage,buttheymayalsobewrappedinplasticsheetingbyabalewrapper,eithertokeephaydrywhenstoredoutsideorconvertdampgrassintosilage.Variable-chamberbalerstypicallyproducebalesfrom48to72inches(120to180cm)indiameterandupto60inches(150cm)inwidth.Thebalescanweighanywherefrom1,100to2,200pounds(500to1,000kg),dependinguponsize,material,andmoisturecontent.OriginallyconceivedbyUmmoLuebbenscirca1910,thefirstroundbalerdidnotseeproductionuntil1947,whenAllis-ChalmersintroducedtheRoto-Baler.Marketedforthewater-sheddingandlightweightpropertiesofitshaybales,AChadsoldnearly70,000unitsbytheendofproductionin1960.Thenextmajorinnovationcamein1972,whentheVermeerCompanybegansellingitsmodel605-thefirstmodernroundbaler.Previously,roundhaybaleshadbeenlittlemorethanlumpsofgrasstiedtogether,buttheVermeerdesignusedbeltstocompacthayintoacylindricalshapeasisseentoday.LargerectangularbalerAnothertypeofbalerincommonuseproduceslargerectangularbales,eachboundwithahalfdozenorsostringsoftwinewhicharethenknotted.Suchbalesarehighlycompactedandgenerallyweighsomewhatmorethanroundbales.IntheprairiesofCanadatheyarecalledprairieraptors.SmallrectangularbalerAtypeofbalerwhichislesscommontodayinsomeplacesbutwhichisstillprevalentinmanycountriessuchasNewZealandandAustraliatotheexclusionoflargebalesproducessmallrectangular(oftencalled"square")bales.Eachbaleisabout15inx18inx40in(40x45x100cm).Thebalesarewrappedwithtwo,three,orsometimesfourstrandsofknottedtwine.Thebalesarelightenoughforonepersontohandle,about45to60inches(1.1to1.5m).Toformthebale,thematerialtobebaled,(whichisoftenhayorstraw)inthewindrowisliftedbytinesinthebaler'spickup.Thismaterialisthendraggedoraugeredintoachamberthatrunsthelengthofonesideofthebaler.Acombinationplungerandknifemovesbackandforthinthefrontendofthischamber.Theknife,positionedjustaheadoftheplunger,cutsoffthematerialatthespotwhereitentersthechamberfromthepickup.Theplungerramsthematerialrearwards,compressingitintothebales.Ameasuringdevicemeasurestheamountofmaterialthatisbeingcompressedand,attheappropriatelengthittriggersthemechanism(theknotter)thatwrapsthetwinearoundthebaleandtiesitoff.Asthenextbaleisformedthetiedoneisdrivenoutoftherearofthebalingchamberontothegroundorontoaspecialwagonhookedtotherearofthebaler.Thisprocesscontinuesaslongasthereismaterialtobebaled,andtwinetotieitwith.Thisformofbaleisnotmuchusedinlarge-scalecommercialagriculture,becauseofthecostsinvolvedinhandlingmanysmallbales.However,itenjoyssomepopularityinsmall-scale,low-mechanizationagricultureandhorse-keeping.Besidesusingsimplermachineryandbeingeasytohandle,thesesmallbalescanalsobeusedforinsulationandbuildingmaterialsinstraw-baleconstruction.Squarebaleswillalsogenerallyweatherbetterthanroundbalesbecauseamoremuchdensestackcanbeputup.Convenienceisalsoamajorfactorinfarmersdecidingtocontinueputtingupsquarebales,astheymakefeedingandbeddinginconfinedareas(stables,barns,etc.)mucheasier.Manyoftheseolderbalersarestilltobefoundonfarmstoday,particularlyindryareas,wherebalescanbeleftoutsideforlongperiods.Theautomatic-balerforsmallsquarebalestookonmostofitspresentformin1940.ItwasfirstmanufacturedbytheNewHollandAganditusedasmallpetrolenginetoprovideoperatingpower.Itisbasedona1937inventionforatwine-tiebalerwithautomaticpickup.WirebalersBalespriorto1937weremanuallywire-tiedwithtwobalingwires.Evenearlier,thebalerwasastationaryimplement,drivenbypowertake-off(PTO)andbelt,withthehaybeingbroughttothebalerandfedinbyhand.Thebiggestchangetothistypeofbalersince1940isbeingpoweredbythetractorthroughitsPTO,insteadofbyabuilt-ininternalcombustionengine.Inpresentdayproduction,smallsquarebalerscanbeorderedwithtwineknottersorwiretieknotters.PickupandhandlingmethodsInthe1940smostfarmerswouldbalehayinthefieldwithasmalltractorwith20orlesshorsepower,andthetiedbaleswouldbedroppedontothegroundasthebalermovedthroughthefield.Anotherteamofworkerswithhorsesandaflatbedwagonwithwouldcomebyanduseasharpmetalhooktograbthebaleandthrowitupontothewagonwhileanassistantstacksthebale,fortransporttothebarn.Alatertime-savinginnovationwastotowtheflatbedwagondirectlybehindthebaler,andthebalewouldbepusheduparamptoawaitingattendantonthewagon.Theattendanthooksthebaleofftherampandstacksitonthewagon,whilewaitingforthenextbaletobeproduced.Eventually,astractorhorsepowerincreased,thethrower-balerbecamepossible,whicheliminatedtheneedforsomeonetostandonthewagonandpickupthefinishedbales.Thefirstthrowermechanismusedtwofast-movingfrictionbeltstograbfinishedbalesandthrowthematanangleupintheairontothebalewagon.Thebalewagonwasmodifiedfromaflatbedintoa3-sidedskeletonframeopenatthefront,toactasacatcher'snetforthethrownbales.Astractorhorsepowerfurtherincreased,thenextinnovationofthethrower-balerwasthehydraulictossingbaler.Thisemploysaflatpanbehindthebaleknotter.Asbalesadvanceoutthebackofthebaler,theyarepushedontothepanoneatatime.Whenthebalehasmovedfullyontothepan,thepansuddenlypopsup,pushedbyalargehydrauliccylinder,andtossesthebaleupintothewagonlikeacatapult.Thepan-throwermethodputsmuchlessstressonthebalescomparedtothebelt-thrower.Thefrictionbeltsofthebelt-throwerstressthetwineandknotsastheygripthebale,andwouldoccasionallycausebalestobreakapartinthethrowerorwhenthebaleslandedinthewagon.NewHollandhasinventedamachinenamedthe"Stackcruiser",orastacker.Small"square"balesaredroppedbythebalerwiththestringsfacingoutward,thestackerwilldriveuptothebalesanditwillpickitupandsetitonathree-bale-widetable(thestringsarenowfacingupwards).Oncethreebalesareonthetable,thetableliftsupandback,causingthethreebalestofacestringstothesideagain;thishappens3moretimesuntilthereare16balesonthemaintable.Thistablewillliftlikethesmallerone,andthebaleswillbeupagainstaverticaltable.Themachinewillhold160bales(tentiers),usuallytherewillbecross-tiersnearthecentertokeepthestackfromswayingorcollapsingifanyweightisappliedtothetopofthestack.Thefullloadwillbetransportedtoabarn,thewholerearofthestackerwilltiltupwardsuntilitisvertical.Therewillbetwopushersthatwillextendthroughthemachineandholdthebottomofthestackfrombeingpulledoutfromthestackerwhileitisdrivenoutofthebarn.InBritain(ifsmallsquarebalesarestilltobeused),theyareusuallycollectedastheyfalloutofthebalerinabalesledgedraggedbehindthebaler.Thishasfourchannels,controlledbyautomaticmechanicalbalances,catchesandsprings,whichsorteachbaleintoitsplaceinasquareeight.Whenthesledgeisfull,acatchistrippedautomatically,andadoorattherearopenstoleavetheeightlyingneatlytogetherontheground.Thesemaybepickedupindividuallyandloadedbyhand,ortheymaybepickedupalleighttogetherbyabalegrabonatractor,aspecialfrontloaderconsistingofmanyhydraulically-powereddownward-pointingcurvedspikes.Thesquareeightwillthenbestacked,eitheronatrailerfortransport,orinaroughlycubicfieldstackeightortenlayershigh.Thiscubemaythenbetransportedbyalargemachineattachedtothethree-pointhitchbehindatractor,whichclampsthesidesofthecubeandliftsitbodily.打包機打包機是一種農業機械,它用于壓縮已切割和傾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青貯飼料）成易于處理、運輸和儲存的小包。常用的打包機有幾個不同類型,分別生產不同類型的包-矩形的、圓柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻繩、網或金屬絲纏繞起來。工業打包機還可以用在材料回收設備上,主要用于包裝需要運輸的金屬、塑料或紙。圓形打包機在工業化國家最常用的打包機是這種又大又圓的打包機。它生產圓柱狀的“圓”或“筒狀”的包。草在打包機內被捲起，使用橡膠帶、固定滾筒,或兩者的組合。當包達到規定尺寸時,用網或麻繩裹住它,以保持其固有的形狀。打包機的后面打開,包被排出。包在這個階段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,當在室外儲存時能保持干草的干燥或者將潮濕的草變成青貯飼料?？勺儌}打包機通常生產直徑為48至72英寸（120~180厘米）、寬達60英寸（150厘米）的包。無論在任何地區，這些包可以重達1100至2200磅（500-1000公斤），包的重量取決于大小，材料，和水分含量。最初，圓形打包機的構思由UmmoLuebbens于大約1910年提出,第一臺圓形打包機才生產出來,一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers引進了旋轉打包機之后。由于它的干草包脫水干燥和重量輕的特點從而得以推向市場，到1960年生產結束時，AC已經銷售了近70000臺接下來的一個重大創新是在1972年，當時Vermeer公司開始出售其型號為605的第一臺現代圓形打包機。以前,圓的干草包僅僅是干草縛在一起的腫塊,但Vermeer設計使用皮帶將干草緊密結合起來形成一個圓柱體,正如今天所看到的樣子。大型矩形打包機另一種常用類型的打包機生產大型的矩形包,每個包纏繞半打左右的麻繩,然后再打結。這樣的包非常緊湊，重量又普遍比圓形的包大幾分。在加拿大的草原，它們被稱為草原猛禽。小型矩形打包機這種打包機現今是不常見的,但在許多國家卻是相當流行,如新西蘭和澳大利亞,除了大型包的生產，還生產小型矩形(通常被稱為“正方形的”)包。每個包大約是15英寸x18英寸x40英寸(40x45x100厘米)。這種包是用二股、三股、或有時四股麻繩捆綁。這種包非常的輕，一人就能舉起,大小約45至60英寸(1.1到1.5米)。為了形成捆包，料堆中需要打包的原料(經常干草或稻草)被打包機撿拾器的齒舉起。然后這些原料被拖進或鉆進一個長達打包機一個邊長的打捆室內?；钊偷对诖蚶κ业那岸藖砘氐匾苿?。刀恰好在活塞的前面，它可以當場切斷從撿拾器進入打捆室內的原料。活塞將這些原料向后推移，壓縮成捆包。一個測量裝置測量被壓縮的原料的數量，并在適當的長度，觸發捆綁麻繩并且將其打結的機械裝置（打結器）來捆綁包裝并將其打結。當下一個捆包加工成型時，這個打結完的捆包就從打捆室的后面排出到地上或推送到一個用鉤固定在打包機后部的特殊的貨車上。只要有原料需要打包，并且有麻繩來捆綁包裝，這一過程就會一直連續進行。這種形狀的捆包不太適用于大規模商業性農業，因為處理許多小捆的成本比較高。然而在一些小規模，低機械化的農業和養馬業享有一些名氣。除了使用簡單的機械設備及容易處理外，這些小包也可用來絕緣和當作草捆建筑中的建筑材料。正方形捆包一般也會比圓捆包要好，因為他們可以更密集地堆放在一起。便利也是農民決定繼續使用正方形包的一個主要因素，因為它們使得飼養和在狹窄的地方（馬廄，倉庫等）堆放容易得多。這些舊式打包機，現如今在農場還有許多可以找得到，特別是在干旱地區，在那里，捆包可以長期在室外儲存。小型方捆自動打包機成型于1940年。它首先是由NewHollandAg生產制造的，并采用了小型汽油發動機提供運行動力。它是基于1937年一個具有自動拾取功能的麻繩打結打包機發明創造出來的。線材打包機在1937年以前，捆包是用兩股包裝線材人工包裹的。甚至在更早以前，打包機是一個固定的打包設備，由動力輸出裝置（PTO）和傳送帶驅動。干草被加進打包機處并人工用手塞進去。自1940年之后，這種打包機最大的改變是通過動力輸出裝置(PTO)由拖拉機驅動，而不是通過內置式內燃機。在目前的生產中，人們可以選擇使用麻繩打結器或者是金屬絲纏繞打結器的小型方捆打包機。撿拾和處理方法在20世紀40年代，大多數農民將會使用一輛20馬力甚至更小馬力的小型拖拉機在田地里捆干草，并且當打包機從田地里走過時，捆綁包將會掉落在地上。另一組工人驅使馬拉著平板貨車從旁邊走過來。他們用尖銳的金屬鉤來鉤起捆綁包，并把它們扔到平板貨車上，同時另外一個助手好這些捆綁包，以便運輸到谷倉。后來，一個節約時間的發明是直接將平板拖車接在打包機之后，這樣草捆包就可以順著舷梯推送給馬車上的助手。等待在馬車上的助手用鉤子鉤住草捆包，從舷梯上移開，并在馬車上摞好，同時等待下一個生產好的草捆包。最后，隨著拖拉機馬力的增大，拋擲打包機就成為了可能。拋擲打包機消除了需要有人站到馬車上來撿起草捆包。第一個投擲機械使用了兩個快速移動的粗糙傳送帶來抓取草捆包，并把它們以一個角度向上拋起落到馬車上。馬車是由平板車改造成的前端開口的三角架，以此來充當捕捉拋出的草捆包的