第四章經濟剩余分析2007Fall1幾個消費者剩余度量尺度馬歇爾的消費者剩余ConsumerSurplus價格變動的補償CV等值變動EV補償剩余CS等值剩余ES2價格變動的補償CV常被稱為補償變化compensatingvariation：為使某人保持變化以前的福利水平，應該從他那里取走的補償金的數額。

回想卡爾多補償對良種農產品的補貼，對農民養豬的補貼3價格變動的補償CVPertainingtoPriceReductionTheCompensatingincomevariation(shownasCVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbackthesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P1224價格變動的補償CVPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheCompensatingincomevariationequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetopaywouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P1225補償變化衡量的是一個計劃者的凈收入。這個計劃者必須在價格變化發生之后，對消費者進行補償使消費者的效用恢復到初始效用水平。

它可以設想為計劃者為使消費者同意價格發生變化而必須向消費者支付的金額的負數。補償變化與可以表述為：價格變動的補償CV6價格變動的補償CV7價格變動的補償CV?？怂剐枨蠛瘮雕R歇爾需求函數8等同變差equivalentvariation：在沒有變化發生的情況下，為了使某人達到變化發生后他可能達到的福祉水平而應給予他的補償金的數額。

與補償變動的區別？回想希克斯補償標準向農民征地前政府承諾的補償等同變差或等值變動（EV）9等同變差EVPertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequivalentincome

variation(shownasEVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamountofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12310等同變差EVPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequivalentincome

variationequalstheamountofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12311關于等同變差說明等同變差可想象為一筆金錢，消費者在接受這一筆錢和接受價格變化間是無差異的，也就是說，就對福利的影響而言，這筆錢和價格變化等價的。等同變差EV12等同變差EV13等同變差EV14補償剩余CS補償剩余CompensatingSurplus：當某人被限制以變化后的新價格購買如果沒有補償他所購買的物品的量時，為使他保持變化以前的福利水平，而應該從他那里取走的補償金的數額。與補償變化CV的區別？變化后的價格沒有補償的數量－－－變化后的數量15補償剩余CSPertainingtoPriceReductionsThecompensatingconsumer’ssurplus(shownasCSinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12316補償剩余CSPertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecompensatingconsumer’ssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12317補償剩余CSX價格降低18補償剩余CS?？怂剐枨蠛瘮雕R歇爾需求函數19等值剩余ES等值剩余EquivalentSurplus：在沒有發生變化的情況下，如果某人被限制以舊的價格來購買如果沒有補償金他可能購買的物品的量，為使他能夠達到變化發生后他可能達到的福祉水平而應該給予他的補償金數額。與EV的區別？變化前的價格沒有補償的數量（－－－變化前的數量）20等值剩余ESPertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequibalentconsumer’ssurplus(shownasESinthefollowingfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXcausehimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12421等值剩余ESPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequibalentconsumer’ssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausehimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12422ESX價格降低23價格變化的Laspeyre成本差價格變化的Laspeyre成本差：為使消費者剛好能夠購買變化前他所能購買的物品量而從他那里取走的補償金的數額。變化后的價格價格變化前的商品量24價格變化的Laspeyre成本差PertainingtoPriceReductionsThecostdifferenceL[forLaspeyre]equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,followingareductioninthepriceofX,wouldhavetopayinordertobeabletopurchasejustthesamequantities,andnomoreofXandofallothergoodsthathepurchasedbeforethepricereduction…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12225價格變化的Laspeyre成本差?？怂剐枨蠛瘮雕R歇爾需求函數26價格變化的Laspeyre成本差X價格降低Laspeyre成本差27Paasche成本差Paasche成本差：為使消費者剛好能夠有足夠的錢來以原來的價格購買新的物品量時，所應該給予他的金額。原來的價格價格變化后的商品量28Paasche成本差PertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecostdifferenceP[forPaasche]equalstheamountofalump-s