DetailedexplanationofEnglishgrammartestpoint目錄BasicrulesofEnglishgrammarTensesandVoicesClauseandsentencestructureSubjunctivemoodandconditionalsentencesSpecialgrammarpoints01BasicrulesofEnglishgrammarPartRulesofNounsNamesofspecificpeople,placesorthings.Forexample,"John","London","EiffelTower".PropernounsNounsareusedtonamepeople,places,things,ideasorqualities.Forexample,"teacher","city","book","happiness".NounsarenamingwordsMostnounshaveasingular(single)formandaplural(morethanone)form.Forexample,"cat"(singular)and"cats"(plural).SingularandpluralformsVerbsareactionwordsVerbsareusedtoshowanactionorstate.Forexample,"run","write","be".TenseformsVerbshavedifferenttenseformstoshowtime.Theseincludepresent,past,futureandcontinuous(presentcontinuous,pastcontinuous,futurecontinuous).InfinitiveandparticipleformsVerbshaveinfinitive(towrite)andparticiple(written)forms.RulesofverbsTherulesofadjectivesandadverbsAdjectivesandadverbshavecomparisonformstoshowdifferenceorsimilarity(more,most,less,least).AdjectiveandadverbcomparisonformsAdjectivesareusedtodescribenounsorpronouns.Forexample,"big","happy","beautiful".AdjectivesdescribenounsAdverbsareusedtodescribeverbs,adjectivesorclauses.Forexample,"quickly","happily","extremely".Adverbsdescribeverbs,adjectivesorclausesPrepositionsshowrelationshipsPrepositionsareusedtoshowrelationshipsbetweennouns,pronounsandclauses.Forexample,"in","on","under".PrepositionalphrasesPrepositionsareoftenfollowedbyanounorpronountoformaprepositionalphrase.Forexample,"inthebox","onthetable".CommonprepositionsSomecommonprepositionsinclude"in","on","at","for","with","about"and"from".010203Therulesofprepositions02TensesandVoicesPartPresenttensePresentContinuousExpressesanactionthatiscurrentlyhappeningorinprogress(e.g.,"Iameatinganapplenow").PresentSimpleExpressesanactionthatisongoing,habitual,orhappensonce(e.g.,"Ieatappleseveryday").PresentPerfectCombinesthepresenttensewiththepastparticipletoshowanactionthathasbeencompletedintherecentpast(e.g.,"Ihaveeatenanapple").要點(diǎn)三SimplePastExpressesanactionthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepast(e.g.,"Iateanappleyesterday").要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二PastContinuousShowsanactionthatwashappeninginthepastataspecifictime(e.g.,"Iwaseatinganapplewhenthephonerang").PastPerfectCombinesthesimplepastwiththepastparticipletoshowanactionthathadbeencompletedbeforeanotherpastaction(e.g.,"IhadeatenanapplebeforeIwenttobed").要點(diǎn)三PasttenseFutureSimpleExpressesanactionthatwillhappeninthefuture(e.g.,"Iwilleatanappletomorrow").FutureContinuousShowsanactionthatwillbehappeninginthefutureataspecifictime(e.g.,"Iwillbeeatinganappleat12o'clocktomorrow").FuturePerfectCombinesthefuturesimplewiththepastparticipletoshowanactionthatwillhavebeencompletedbeforeanotherfutureaction(e.g.,"IwillhaveeatenanapplebeforeIgototheparty").FuturetenseVoice:activeandpassiveActiveVoiceExpressesthesubjectasperformingtheaction(e.g.,"Shewrotealetter").PassiveVoiceExpressesthesubjectasreceivingtheaction(e.g.,"Aletterwaswrittenbyher").03ClauseandsentencestructurePart010203DefinitionAgroupofwordsthatfunctionsasasentencewithinalargersentence.Itcanbeacompletethoughtbutdoesnothavetobe.TypesSimple(onenounandverb),Compound(twoormoresimpleclauses),Complex(adependentclauseplusamainclause).ExplanationNominalclausesareusedtoprovideadditionalinformationortomodifythesubjectofthemainclause.Theyoftenbeginwithasubordinatingconjunctionorrelativepronoun.NominalclauseAclausethatmodifiesanounorpronounbyprovidingadditionalinformationaboutit.Adjectiveclause,Adverbialclause,Prepositionalclause.Attributiveclausesareusedtoprovidemorespecificinformationaboutthesubjectofthesentence.Theycanmodifyanounorpronounbydescribingitscharacteristics,functions,orcircumstances.DefinitionTypesExplanationAttributiveclause010203DefinitionAclausethatfunctionsasanadverb,modifyingaverb,adjective,orotherclause.TypesTimeclauses,Conditionclauses,Placeclauses,Reasonclauses.ExplanationAdverbialclausesareusedtoprovideadditionalinformationabouttheaction,condition,orstatedescribedbythemainclause.Theyoftenbeginwithconjunctionssuchas"when,""if,""where,"or"because."Adverbialclauses04SubjunctivemoodandconditionalsentencesPartSubjunctivemoodSubjunctivemoodoverview:Thesubjunctivemoodisagrammaticalconstructionusedtoexpresswishes,hypotheses,orothernon-factualsituations.Itistypicallydistinguishedfromtheindicativemoodbyitsverbformsanduseinspecificcontexts.Subjunctiveforms:Thesubjunctivemoodhasdistinctverbformsinthepresent,past,andperfecttenses.Theseformsaretypicallyirregularanddistinguishablefromtheirindicativecounterparts.Subjunctiveuseincontext:Thesubjunctivemoodiscommonlyfoundincontextswherethespeakerisexpressingadesireorhypothesisthatisnotconsideredfactual.Itisoftenusedinwishes,dreams,hypotheses,andothernon-realscenarios.Subjunctivevs.indicative:Thesubjunctivemoodiseasilyconfusedwiththeindicativemood,asbothareusedtoexpressstatementsthataretrueorfalse.However,thesubjunctivemoodisusedtoexpresswishesorhypothesesthatarenotconsideredfactual,whiletheindicativemoodisusedtoexpressstatementsthatareconsideredtrueorfalse.ConditionalsentencesConditionalsentenceoverview:Aconditionalsentenceisatypeofsentencethatexpressesaconditionandtheresultorconsequencesofthatcondition.Ittypicallyconsistsofa"if"clauseanda"then"clause.Typesofconditionalsentences:Therearethreetypesofconditionalsentences:thefirstconditional(presentandfuture),thesecondconditional(pastandhypothetical),andthethirdconditional(pastperfectandhypothetical).Eachtypehasdistinctverbformsanduses.Structureofconditionalsentences:Conditionalsentenceshaveaclearstructurewitha"if"clausethatexpressestheconditionanda"then"clausethatexpressestheresultorconsequences.Thepunctuationandwordorderintheseclausesmustbepreciseto