AGrassrootsRemedyA)Mostofusspendourlivesseekingthenaturalworld.Tothisend,wewalkthedog,playgolf,gofishing,sitinthegarden,drinkoutsideratherthaninsidethepub,haveapicnic,liveinthesuburbs,gototheseaside,buyaweekendplaceinthecountry.ThemostpopularleisureactivityinBritainisgoingforawalk.Andwhenjoggers(慢跑者)jog,theydon'trunthestreets.Everyoneoftheminstinctivelyheadstotheparkortheriver.Itismyprofoundbeliefthatnotonlydoweallneednature,butweallseeknature,whetherweknowwearedoingsoornot.B)Butdespitethis,ourchildrenaregrowingupnature-deprived(喪失),IspentmyboyhoodclimbingtreesonStrathamCommon,southLondon.Thesedays,childrenarerobbedoftheseancientfreedoms,duetoproblemslikecrime,traffic,thelossoftheopenspacesandoddnewperceptionsaboutwhatisbestforchildren,thatistosay,thingsthatcanbebought,ratherthanthingsthatcanbefound.C)Thetruthistobefoundelsewhere.AstudyintheU.S.familieshadmovedtobetterhousingandthechildrenwereassessedforADHDattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(多動癥).Thosewhoseaccommodationhadmorenaturalviewsshowedanimprovementof19%;thosewhohadthesameimprovementinmaterialsurroundingsbutnoniceviewimprovedjust4%.D)AstudyinSwedenindicatedthatkindergartenchildrenwhocouldplayinanaturalenvironmenthadlessillnessandgreaterphysicalabilitythanchildrenusedonlytoanormalplayground.AU.S.studysuggestedthatwhenaschoolgavechildrenaccesstoanaturalenvironment,academiclevelswereraisedacrosstheentireschool.E)Anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenplaydifferentlyinanaturalenvironment.Inplaygrounds,childrencreateahierarchy(等級)basedonphysicalabilities,withthetoughonestakingthelead.Butwhenagrassyareawasplantedwithbushes,thechildrengotmuchmoreintofantasyplay,andthesocialhierarchywasnowbasedonimaginationandcreativity.F)Mostbullying(恃強凌弱)isfoundinschoolswherethereisatarmac(柏油碎石)playground;theleastbullyingisinanaturalareathatthechildrenareencouragedtoexplore.ThisremindsmeanpleasantlyofSunnyHillSchoolinStratham,withitsharshtarmac,whereIusedtohangaboutincornersfantasizingaboutwildlife.Thechildrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfrominvolvementwithnaturalspaces,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyorthattheymightcausedamage.So,instead,thedamageisdonetothechildrenthemselves:nottotheirbodiesbuttotheirsouls.G)OneofthegreatproblemsofmodemchildhoodisADHD,nowincreasinglyandexpensivelytreatedwithdrugs.YetonestudyafteranotherindicatesthatcontactwithnaturegiveshugebenefitstoADHDchildren.However,wespendmoneyondrugsratherthanongreenplaces.H)Thelifeofoldpeopleismeasurablybetterwhentheyhaveaccesstonature.Theincreasingemphasisforthegrowingpopulationofoldpeopleisinqualityratherthanquantityofyears.Andstudyafterstudyfindsthatagardenisthesinglemostimportantthinginfindingthatquality.I)Inwiderandmoredifficultareasoflife,thereisevidencetoindicatethatnaturalsurroundingsimproveallkindsofthings.Evenproblemswithcrimeandaggressivebehaviorarereducedwhenthereiscontactwiththenaturalworld.Dr.WilliamBird,researcherfromtheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofbirds,statesinhisstudy,"Anaturalenvironmentcanreduceviolentbehaviorbecauseitsrestorativeprocesshelpsreduceangerandimpulsivebehavior."Wildplacesneedencouragingforthisreason,nomatterhowsmalltheircontribution.J)Wetendtolookonnatureconservationassomekindoffavorthathumanbeingsaregrantingtothenaturalworld.Theerrorhereisfartoodeep:notonlydohumansneednatureforthemselves,buttheveryideathathumanityandthenaturalworldareseparablethingsisprofoundlydamaging.Humanbeingsareaspeciesofmammals(哺乳動物).Forsevenmillionyearstheylivedontheplanetaspartofnature.Ourancestralselvesmissthenaturalworldandlongforcontactwithnonhumanlife.Anyonewhohaspattedadog,stokedacat,satunderatreewithapintofbeer,givenorreceivedabunchofflowersorchosentowalkthroughtheparkonaniceday,understandsthat.Weneedthewildworld.Itisessentialtoourwell-being,ourhealth,ourhappiness.Withoutthewildworldwearenotmorebutlesscivilized.Withoutotherlivingthingsarounduswearelessthanhuman.K)FiveWaystoFindHarmonywiththeNaturalWorldWalk:Breaktherhythmofpermanentlybeingunderaroof.Getoffastopearlier,makeacircuitoftheparkatlunchtime,walkthechildtoandfromschool,getadog,feelyourselfmovinginmovingair,look,listen,absorb.Sit:Takeamoment,everynowandthen,tobestillinanopenspace:inthegarden,anywherethat'snotintheoffice,anywhereoutofthehouse,awayfromtheroutine.Situnderatree,lookatwater,feelrefreshed,eversoslightlyrenewed.Drink:Thebestwaytoenjoythenaturalworldisbyoneself;thesecondbestwayisincompany.Takeadrinkoutsidewithagoodperson,agoodgathering.Talkwiththesunandthewindwithbird-songforbackground.Learn:Expandyourboundaries.Leamfivespeciesofbird,fivebutterflies,fivetrees,fivebirdsongs.Thatway,youseeandhearmore,andyourmindrespondsgratefullytothegreateramountofwildnessinyourlife.Travel:Theplacesyoualwayswantedtovisit:bytheseaside,inthecountry,inthehills.Takeaweek-endbreak,aday-trip,getouttheseanddoit:forthescenery,forthewaythroughthewoods,forthebirds,forthebees.Gosomewherespecialandbringspecialnesshome.Itlastsforever,afterall.1.ThestudyinSwedenshowsthatmoreaccesstonaturemakeschildrenlesslikelytofallill.2.Theauthor'sprofoundbeliefisthatpeopleinstinctivelyseeknatureindifferentways.3.ItcanbeveryhelpfultoprovidemoregreenspacesforchildrenwithADHD.4.Elderlypeoplewillenjoyalifeofbetterqualitywhentheycontactmorewithnature.5.Nowadays,peoplethinkthingsthatcanbeboughtarebestforchildren,ratherthanthingsthatcanbefound.6.Dr.WilliamBirdsuggestsinhisstudythataccesstonaturecontributestothereductionofviolence.7.AccordingtoastudyintheU.S.ChildrenwithADHDwhoseaccommodationhadmorenaturalviewsshowedmuchbetterimprovement.8.Childrenwhohavechancestoexplorenaturalareasarelesslikelytobeinvolvedinbullying.9.Wecanfindharmonywiththenaturalworldinvariousways,amongwhichtherearewalking,sitting,drinking,learningandtraveling.10.Itisextremelyharmfultothinkthathumanityandthenaturalworldcanbeseparated.

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan(11)performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(認識派的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon(12)andgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,(13)amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall(14)rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducements(刺激)indeed(15)inventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology."Ifkidsknowthey'reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively(16)task,theyshowthemostcreativity,"saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark."Butit'seasyto(17)creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesfor(18)achievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand(19)failinggrades.Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows(20)inraisingeffortsandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.A)mentalB)promiseC)killD)avoidE)hopeF)especiallyG)aidH)ordinaryI)approvalJ)monetaryK)generallyL)improveM)challengingN)restoreO)excellentWhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformaltraditionsdatingbacktoGrandma‘sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesandsilver，andthedresscodewillbeSunday-best.Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehasgivenwaytostoneware(粗陶)-and-stainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequallycasual—Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain，itspellseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-onTrent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs—one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000thenumberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery(陶瓷)region.Wedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearlier.AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,thelayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.AspokesmanforRoyalDoultonadmittedthatthecompany“hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend”towardcasualdining.Familieseattogetherlessoften，heexplained，andmorepeopleeatalone，eitherbecausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontoftelevision.Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecausal.Inatimeoflongworkhoursanddemandingfamilyschedules，busyhostsinsist，rightly,thatit’sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentora“real”dinnerparty.Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-pattenedtablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthesilver?Whohastime?Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(禮節)thatchildrenmightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparentsandgrandparents(“Chewwithyourmouthclosed.”“keepyourelbowsoffthetable.”)mustbepickedupelsewhere.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybutcluelesssocially.21.Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin______.A.bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturersB.shrinkingofthepotteryindustryC.restructuringoflargeenterprisesD.economicrecessioninGreatBritain22.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasualdining?A.Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.B.Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.C.Peoplewanttopracticeeconomyintimesofscarcity.D.Youngpeoplewon’tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.23.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatRoyalDoultonis_______.A.aretailerofstainlesssteeltablewareB.adealerinstonewareC.apotterychainstoreD.aproduceroffinechina24.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustryis_______.A.theincreasedvalueofthepoundB.theeconomicrecessioninAsiaC.thechangeinpeople’swayoflifeD.thefiercecompetitionathomeandabroad25.Refinedtablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrentsociallife,_______.A.arestillamustoncertainoccasionsB.areboundtoreturnsoonerorlaterC.arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathomeD.Canhelpimprovepersonalrelationships

Inbringingupchildren,everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisition(學會)ofeachnewskillthefirstspokenwords,thefirstindependentsteps,orthebeginningofreadingandwriting.Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningrate,butthiscansetupdangerousfeelingsoffailureandstatesofworryinthechildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.Ontheotherhand，though，ifachildisleftalonetoomuch，orwithoutanylearningopportunities,heloseshisnaturalenthusiasmforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnesstowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters.Othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightorpunctualityformeals.Ingeneral,thecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild‘sownhappiness.Asregardthedevelopmentofmoralstandardsinthegrowingchild,consistencyisveryimportantinparentalteaching.Toforbidathingonedayandexcuseitthenextisnofoundationformorality(道德).Also,parentsshouldrealizethat“exampleisbetterthanprecept”.Iftheyarenotsincereanddonotpracticewhattheypreach(說教),theirchildrenmaygrowconfusedandemotionallyinsecurewhentheygrowoldenoughtothinkforthemselves,andrealiz