UnitThree

Ⅰ.Pre-ClassWorkPre-readingquestionsHaveyoueverheardaboutanycampusviolenceintheUnitedStates?Howwouldyouaccountforsuchviolence?Theauthorbelievesthat“violenceisanAmericantradition”.Doyouagreewithhim?Why,orwhynot?

Justasthepassageofthethirteenthamendmentabolishingslaverytookyearstopass;justasthenineteenthamendmentprovidingwomen'ssuffragetookyearstopass;justastheCivilRightslegislationofthe1960'stookyearstopass,thislegislationprovidessubstanceandmeaningtothepoliticalyearningsofourgeneration.Itsystematicallyappliesthepowerofpeacetotheeradicationofrootcausesofviolence."Theultimateweaknessofviolenceisthatitisadescendingspiral,begettingtheverythingitseekstodestroy.Insteadofdiminishingevil,itmultipliesit.Throughviolenceyoumaymurdertheliar,butyoucannotmurderthelie,norestablishthetruth.Throughviolenceyoumaymurderthehater,butyoudonotmurderhate,Infactviolencemerelyincreaseshate.Soitgoes.Returningviolenceforviolencemultipliesviolence,addingdeeperdarknesstoanightalreadydevoidofstars.Darknesscannotdriveoutdarkness,onlylightcandothat.Hatecannotdriveouthate,onlylovecandothat."-MartinLutherKing,JrItwasthereinthenation'sracialhistorywiththeviolentsuppressionofblacksbywhites.(Curiouslyenough,hedoesnotreallydiscusstheIndiansortheChinesetoanyextentwithinthiscontextbuttheycaneasilybeslottedintohismodel.)Violencewasavitalpartofthenation'seconomichistory.Itwasparticularlymarkedintheconflictbetweencapitalandlabourwherecapital,despitesupportfromthestate,createditsownprivatearmiestobrutallycrushstrikesandindustrialunrest.Labor,onitspart,adoptedequallyviolenttacticsanditisnosurprisethattheIWWwouldbebornintheUnitedStates.AndWallacearguesthatviolencehasbeenthedominantelementintheethnichistoryoftheUnitedStates.Fromthebeginning,ethnicgroupshavenotco-existedinharmony:theyhaveco-existedinastateoffrictionwhichhavespilledoverintoviolence.ALongWaytoHappinessIIILibrarywork1.TheLeatherstockingTalesisaseriesofnovelsbyAmericanwriterJamesFenimoreCooper,eachfeaturingthemainheroNattyBumppo,knownbyEuropeansettlersas"Leatherstocking,"'ThePathfinder",and"thetrapper"andbytheNativeAmericansas"Deerslayer,""LaLongue

Carabine"and"Hawkeye".NattyBumppoistheprotagonistoftheseries.Althoughheisthechildofwhiteparents,hegrewupwithNativeAmericans,becominganear-fearlesswarriorskilledinmanyweapons,oneofwhichisthelongrifle.Herespectshisforesthomeandallitsinhabitants,huntingonlywhatheneedstosurvive.Whenitcomestimetofirehistrustyflintlock,helivesbytherule,"Oneshot,onekill."HeandhisMohican"brother"ChingachgookchampiongoodnessbytryingtostoptheincessantconflictbetweentheMohicansandtheHurons.Heisknownas"Deerslayer"inTheDeerslayer,"Hawkeye"and"LaLongue

Carabine"inTheLastoftheMohicans,"Pathfinder"inThePathfinder,"Leatherstocking"inThePioneers,and"thetrapper"inThePrairie.ThenovelsrecountsignificanteventsinNattyBumppo'slifefrom1740-1806.1CriticGeorgLukacsidentifiedBumppoassimilartothemiddlingcharactersofSirWalterScott,who,becausetheydon'trepresenttheextremesofsociety,canactastoolsforsocialandculturalexaminationofhistoricalevents,withoutportrayingthehistoryitself.2

ChingachgookisaMohicanchiefandcompanionofBumppo.ChingachgookmarriedWah-ta-WahwhoborehimasonUncas,butshediedyoung.Uncas,"lastoftheMohicans,"3grewtomanhoodbutwaskilledinabattlewithrenegade(traitor)Magua.2.IshmaelandQueequeg3.HuckandJimTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisanovelbyMarkTwain,firstpublishedinEnglandinDecember1884andintheUnitedStatesinFebruary1885.CommonlynamedamongtheGreatAmericanNovels,theworkisamongthefirstinmajorAmericanliteraturetobewritteninthevernacular,characterizedbylocalcolorregionalism.ItistoldinthefirstpersonbyHuckleberry"Huck"Finn,afriendofTomSawyerandnarratoroftwootherTwainnovels(TomSawyerAbroadandTomSawyer,Detective).MarkTwainalsopublishedTheAdventuresofTomSawyer.ThebookisnotedforitscolorfuldescriptionofpeopleandplacesalongtheMississippiRiver.SatirizingaSouthern

antebellumsocietythathadceasedtoexistabouttwentyyearsbeforetheworkwaspublished,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisanoftenscathinglookatentrenchedattitudes,particularlyracism.Ⅱ.AdetailedstudyoftextⅠ

ViolenceasanAmericanTradition1.Line1:Self-knowledgeistheindispensable…beginswithhistory.Self-knowledgeistheessentialpreparationforself-control;andit,foranationandanindividual,beginswiththeadventofhumancivilization.2.Line2-3:Weliketothinkourselves…andnotofman.Wetendtobelieveweareaharmonious,impartialandbenevolentpeople,livingunderapprovedlawsbutnotbythewillofanyindividualinthegovernment.3.Line5:MostAmericansofferthisrespectmostoftheirlives.MostAmericansshowthisrespectforthepersonaandforlawmostoftheirlives.4.Line6-7:Whenwerefuseto…werefusetoseeournationasitis.Ifweignorethisotheraspectofthefact,weshallfailtolookatournationfromanunbiasedperspective.5.Line11:NodoubtweoftendidthiswithaBibleandaprayerbook.Thissentenceimpliesthat“WediditinthenameofGod;sowefeltforsurethatwhatwedidwasjustifiable.”6.Line11-14:Butnonation,…apropensitytowardviolence.Nomatterhowuprightandjustthenationprofessesorclaimstobe,anynationcouldactaswedidwithdoingsomethingfearful.…7.Line15-16:Itisalmostasif…whichstillshadowsourlife.initialexperience:thepretensionthat“IndiansandNegroesweresubhuman”alongwiththeknowledgethat“theywereGod’schildrentoo.”Aprimalcurse:theoriginalcauseofevil8.Line17:Itwasacursewehavealwaysflinchedtoacknowledge.Itwasatormentthatwehavealwaysfeltpainfultofacesquarely.9.Line28:Theevidencethat…byAmericanliterature.TheevidenceregardingsuchsuppressionasrecordedinAmericanhistoryisamplysuppliedinAmericanliteratureworks.10.Line33-34:WhatwhiteAmerican…underlieartisticcreation.Whatthewhitesrefusedtofaceintheirdescriptionofthepastwasactuallyrecountedinthedreamsandfantasiesinartisticforms.11.Line44:…whatMelvillcalled“theblacknessofdarknessbeyond”.…whattheevilorwickednessexistinginthedrearycommunitywheretheblackswereabused/insulted/treatedcruelly.12.Line45:Butliteraturecouldonlyregister…inspasmsofviolence.However,literaturecouldonlyrecord/describetheirsufferings,andcouldnotcurethem.Itleftevilcoveredupandharmfulinthenationalunconscious,findingoutlet(channel)throughviolence.13.Line47-48:Perhapsnothingshaped…intheslaverysystem.Theuseofviolenceasanestablishedpracticeintheslaverysystemisthemostimportantfactorwhichshapedournationalunconscious.14.Line48-54:“Thewholecommercebetween…undepravedbysuchcircumstances.”

commerce:socialrelationsbetweengroupsofpeople.

unremittingdespotism:continuoustyranny.

degradingsubmission:humiliatingcapitulation.

lineamentsofwrath:typicalqualitiesofextremeanger.putonthesameairs(ashisparent):behavelikehisparent.擺出父/母的架勢givesaloosetotheworstpassion:givesventtogreatanger/expressesstrongfeelingswithoutrestraint.cannotbut,couldnotbut,andcannothelpbut:難免；不能不Thesephrasesmeanthatwhenyouwanttoemphasizethatyoubelievesthmustbetrueandthatthereisnopossibilityofanythingelsebeingthecase,youusethem.i.e.Theoutsidercannotbutbestruckbythereluctanceofthelearnedworldtorecognizeimportantdiscoveries.(外界對學術界遲遲不愿承認重要的發現難免感到驚訝。prodigy:rarity.15.Line57:…arevolutionofthewheeloffortune:circlingmovementofthewheeloffortune,which,inallegory,showsuncertaintiesoffateoranexchangeofsituation.16.Line58:TheAlmightyhasnoattributewhichcantakesidewithusinsuchacontest:Ifsuchanexchangeofsituationshouldtakeplace,Godhadnopowertosupportus.17.Line61-62:MarkTwain’smeditation…tothelatestghettoriot.MarkTwain’sreflectionontheFrenchRevolutionclarifiestheattitudeofwhiteAmericatoblackAmericawithseriousaccuracy,fromtheblackfighter,NatTurner,tothelatestsocialdisordersinslumareasinhabitedbytheblack.18.Line83:…inlieuof:insteadofⅢ.Organizationanddevelopmentofthetext

Themostnoticeablefeatureofthisexcerptisthatthewriterhascarefullytakencontrolofthedevelopmentoftheparagraphs—eachonewithaclearmainideaandthelinkagebetweeneverytwoparagraphs.

Para.1:Tohaveabetterself-knowledge,Americansshouldadmitthattheyhaveadualcharacter—bothpeacefulandviolent.

Linkage:“Wemustrecognizethat…”restatesthemainideaoftheprecedingone.

Para.2:Suchnationcharacterhastodowiththenation’shistory.

Linkage:“curse”

Para.3:Whitehistorianshavetakenanevasiveattitudetowardsuchaconne