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1.{{BUTEXTCH/B}}

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waning

prosperityandincreasingsociaIunrestledtherulingfamiIiestotry

topreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddle

classesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,onthe

otherhand,politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEngIand

therehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforIeachingthem

themannersappropriatetotheirnewwayofIife.

Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements;basicmoral

duties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificial,

optionaIgracessuchasformalcompIimentsto,say,womenontheirbeauty

orsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.

Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectfor

age.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungaIwaysstoodinthepresence

ofolderpeopIe.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania,theyoungmenbowas

theypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,untiIaboutacenturyago,

youngchiIdrendidnotsitintheirparents'presencewithoutasking

permission.

PracticalrulesarcheIpfuIinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociaI

Iifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothat

peopIecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionofthe

fork,etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanas

possible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonusefetiquette

suggestedthatafterspitting,apersonshouIdrobthespit

inconspicuouslyunderfoot.

Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartofgracious

living,hasbeencharacteristiconIyofsocietieswithweaIthandIeisure,

whichadmittedWomenasthesociaIequaIsofmen.Afterthefa11ofRome,

thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivateIifein

accordancewithacompIicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-century

Provence,inFrance.ProvencehadbecomeweaIthy.Thelordshadreturned

totheircastlefromthecrusades,andtheretheideaIsofchivalrygrew

up,whichemphasizedthevirtueandgentIenessofwomenanddemandedthat

aknightshouIdprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowould

behisinspiration,andtowhomhewoulddedicatehisvaIiantdeeds,

thoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswasthe

introductionoftheconceptofromanticlove,whichwastoinfIuence

Iiteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichsti11Iivesoninadebased

forminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnoveIstoday

InRenaissanceItalytoo,inthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies,

aweaIthyandleisuredsocietydeveIopedanextremelycompIexcodeof

manners,buttherulesofbehavioroffashionablesocietyhadlittle

infIuenceonthedailyIifeoftheIowercIasses.IndeedmanyoftheruIes,

suchashowtoenterabanquetroom,orhowtouseaswordorhandkerchief

forceremonialpurposes,wereirrelevanttothewayofIifeoftheaverage

workingman,whospentmostofhisIifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhut

andmostprobablydidtrothaveahandkerchief,certainlynotasword,

tohisname.

YettheessentiaIbasisofalIgoodmannersdoesnotvary.

Considerationfortheoldandweakandtheavoidanceofharmingorgiving

unnecessaryoffencetoothersisafeatureofalIsocietieseverywhere

andatalIIeveIsfromthehighesttotheIowest.

WhichisNOTconsideredasaneIementinetiquette

A.ethics.

B.pragmatism.

C.efficiency.

D.elegance.

2.{{B}}TEXTBH/B}}

Inmanyclassroomsaroundthecountry,teachersareemphasizingtand

periodicallytesting,students9readingfIuency,thecurrentbuzzword

inreadinginstruction.Theproblemisthatspeedisn'ttheonlyeIement

tofIuency,educatorssaid,KeyeIementsarealsoaccuracyand

expressiveness.

"Thefoodwasdelectable"isdifferentfrom"thefoodwasdetestable,M

andShakespeareshouIdnotsoundIikeachemistrytextbook.

ItisacompIicatedprocessteachingstudentstorecognizeenough

wordsandreadataconsistentratesotheycanspendtheirtime

concentratingonmeaningratherthandecodingfeducatorssaid.Andwhen

tackIingabooksuchas"TheGiver,nonethatdeaIswithaboy'sdiscovery

thathisutopianworIdcomesattheexpenseofthestiflingof

inte11ectuaIandemotionaIfreedom,meaningiscritical.

"FluentreadersarereaderswhoknowhowtodigintoabookandpulI

outjustwhattheyareIookingfor-whetheritisinformation,apart

withstrongIanguage,apartwithgoodcharacterdeveIopment,orjust

achancetoreadforfun,MsaidSusanMarantz,aIongtimeteachernow

atasuburbanschooIinColumbus,Ohio.

YetucombinationofpoliticsyinsufficientteacherdeveIopmentand

aninherentdifficultyincapturingalIaspectsoffIuencyhaveledto

questionabIeinstructionpractices,accordingtoRichardAlIington,a

readingresearcherandUniversityofTennesseeprofessor.

Manystudentsareaskedbyteacherstorereadthesamepassagesover

andover-oftenwithconstantinterruptionsfromtheteacher.Andsome

struggIingreadersaregivenbooks-includingtextbooks-thatareabove

theirreadinglevelandsoonbecomeasourceoffrustration.

"YoucanmakeanyadultadisfIuentreaderbygivingthembooksthat

aretoohardandjumpinandinterruptthemalot,MAlIingtonsaid.11What

doyouthinkitdoestokids”

Asaresult,somekidsaremotivatedtoreadonIytobeatatestcIockf

heandotherresearcherssaid.

"Themoreimportantquestiontoaskis:AreteachersfocusingonalI

threepartsoffIuency”Beers,vicepresident-electoftheNationaI

CounciIofTeachersofEnglish,wroteinane-maiI."WhenfIuencyisonIy

aboutbuildingautomaticity(andthereforespeed)vthensome(teachers)

domistakenlybeIievethatthepointofreadingisfastdecoding.That'

snomorethebestmeasureofaskilledreaderthanfastdrivingisthe

bestmeasureofskilleddriver.M

ThecurrentinterestinreadingfIuencyiIlustratesthecompIexities

inthelongnationaIargumentabouthowbesttoteachreadingvdubbed

the"readingwars.”

AdvocatesofphonicsandIiterature-basedinstructionhavebeenat

oddsforyears,withtheargumentonlyintensifyingafteracontroversial

2000reportbytheNationaIReadingPaneI.Manyreadingexpertssaidthe

panelreliedonaIimitedsetofstudiesthatsupported,amongother

thingstintensivedrillinginphonics.ReadingfIuencyalsowasoneof

thekeyareasforinstruction,alongwithphonemicawarenessandphonics

instruction,comprehension,teachereducationandcomputertechnoIogy.

PresidentBushusedthereportasabasisforReadingFirst,aprogram

toimprovereadingscoresthatbecamethecenterpieceofhisNoChild

LetBehindlaw.

AIthoughfIuencyhadlongbeenidentifiedbyexpertsasimportant,

itthenbecameahotissue.

Readingresearchersbegandevisingprogramstohelpteachersimprove

students1fIuency.AndaIthoughtherewasnoconsensusdefinitionof

fIuency,paneIsapprovingReadingFirstmoneyacceptedprogramsthatused

toolsthatstressedreadingspeed,accordingtosomeeducators.Areport

bytheDepartmentofEducation9sinspectorgeneralthismonthslammed

thegrant-approvalprocessing,sayingitwasriddledwithproblemsand

confIictsofinterest.

TheresuIt,saidfluencyexpertTimRasinskiofKentStateUniversity,

wasamassagestruttoschooIstoconcentrateonspeed."TheinfIuence

ofNoChiIdLeftBehindhasbeensuchthatevenschooIsthataren11Reading

FirstschooIsaredoingperiodic(speedreading)testingofkids,Mhe

said.

InOttumwa,Iowa,EvansMiddleSchooIdiditadifferentway.Evans

wasdeclaredaschooIinneedofimprovementinreadingin2004,and

PrincipalDavisEidahlsaidheadoptedaprogramfocusedonreading

fIuencyusingamodelconstructedbyRasinskiaimedatimproving

comprehension.

Somestudents,hesaid,cameintotheschooIreadingfastbut

understandinglittle.

"Theyreadsofast,withnopunctualionandnoexpressionthatweJ

dgobackandaskcomprehensionquestionsandtheyweren11verysuccessfuI

answeringthem."hesaid.

Toslowthemdownandteachthemtotalkwithexpressionand

comprehension,variousexerciseswereused,includinghavingchiIdren

readpassagestoe

A.containsmanynewanddifficultwords

B.hasmanylevelsofmeaning

C.iseasytoread

D.isaboutaboy'sdiscovery

3.{{B}}TEXTD{{/B}}

DavidLandes,authorofTheWeaIthandPovertyofNations:WhySome

AreSoRichandSomeSoPoor,creditstheworld1seconomicandsociaI

progressoverthelastthousandyearsto“WesternciviIizationandits

dissemination.nThereason,hebeIieves,isthatEuropeansinvented

systematiceconomicdeveIopmentLandesaddsthatthreeuniqueaspects

ofEuropeancuIturewerecruciaIingredientsinEurope9seconomicgrowth.

First,sciencedeveIopedasanautonomousmethodofinte11ectuaI

inquirythatsuccessfullydisengageditselffromthesociaIconstraints

oforganizedreligionandfromthepoliticalconstraintsofcentralized

authority.ThoughEuropeIackedapoliticalcenter,itsscholars

benefitedfromtheuseofasinglevehicIeofcommunication:Latin.This

commontonguefaciIitatedanadversarialdiscourseinwhichnewideas

aboutthephysicaIworIdcouIdbetested,demonstrated,andthenaccepted

acrossthecontinentandeventuaIIyacrosstheworld.

Second,LandesespousesageneraIizedformofMaxWeber1sthesisthat

thevaIuesofwork,initiativetandinvestmentmadethedifferencefor

Europe.Despitehisemphasisonscience,Landesdoesnotstressthenotion

ofrationalityassuch.Inhisview,Hwhatcountsiswork,thrift,honesty,

patience,[and]tenacity.MTheonlyroutetoeconomicsuccessfor

individualsorstatesisworkinghard,spendinglessthanyouearn,and

investingtherestinproductivecapacity.ThisishisfundamentaI

expIanationoftheproblemposedbyhisbook'ssubtitle:"WhySomeAre

SoRichandSomeSoPoor.MForhistoricalreasons-anemphasisonprivate

property,anexperienceofpoliticalpluralismyatemperateclimate,an

urbanstyle-Europeanshave,onbaIance,fo11owedthosepracticesand

thereforehaveprospered.

Third,andperhapsmostimportant,Europeanswerelearners.They

Mlearnedrathergreedily,HasJoelMokyrputitinareviewofLandes'

sbook.EvenifEuropeanspossessedindigenoustechnoIogiesthatgave

themanadvantage(spectacIesyforexampIe)vasLandesbeIievestheydid,

theirmostvitalassetwastheabiIitytoassimiIateknowIedgefromaround

theworld,andputittouse-asinborrowingtheconceptofzeroand

rediscoveringAristotle,sLogicfromtheArabsandtakingpaperand

gunpowderfromtheChineseviatheMusiimworld.Landesarguesthata

systematicresistancetolearningfromothercultureshadbecomethe

greatesthandicapoftheChinesebytheeighteenthcenturyandremains

thegreatesthandicapofArabcountriestoday.

AIthoughhisanalysisofEuropeanexpansionisaImostnonexistent,

LandesdoesnotarguethatEuropeanswerebeneficentbearersof

civiIizationtoabenightedworld.Rather,hereliesonhisown

commonsenselaw:"Whenonegroupisstrongenoughtopushanotheraround

andstandstogainbyit,itwi11doso."IncontrasttothenewschooI

ofworldhistorians,LandesbeIievesthatspecificculturalvaIues

enabIedtechnologicaladvancesthatinturnmadesomeEuropeansstrong

enoughtodominatepeopIeinotherpartsoftheworld.Europeanstherefore

proceededtodosowithgreatviciousnessandcruelty.Byfocusingon

theirvictimizationinthisprocess,Landesholds,somepostcoIoniaI

stateshavewastedenergythatcouldhavebeenputintoproductivework

andinvestment.IfonecouldsumupLandes9sadvicetothesestatesin

onesentence,itmightbe11Stopwhiningandgettowork.wThisis

particularlyimportant,indeedhopeful,adviceyhewouldargue,because

successisnotpermanent.Advantagesarenotfixed,gainsfromtradeare

unequaI,anddifferentsocietiesreactdifferentlytomarketsignals.

Therefore,notonlyistherehopeforundeveIopedcountries,but

deveIopedcountrieshavelittlecausetobecompIacent,becausethe

currentsituation"willpresshard11onthem.

ThethrustofstudiesIikeLandes'sistoidentifythosedistinetive

featuresofEuropeanciviIizationthatIiebehindEurope1srisetopower

andthecreationofmodernitymoregenerally.Otherhistorianshave

pIacedagreateremphasisonsuchfeaturesasIiberty,individuaIismf

andChristianity.Inareviewessay,thearthistorianCraigGlunasIisted

someofthelesswe11knownIinkagesthathavebeenproposedbetween

Westerncultureandmodernity,includingthepropensitiestothink

quantitativeIy,enjoypornography,andconsumesugar.AlIsuchproposals

assumethefundamentaIaptnessofthequestion:WhateIementsofEuropean

civiIizationledtoEuropeansuccessItisashortleapfromthis

assumptiontooutrighttriumphaIism.TheparadigmaticbookofthisschooI

is,ofcourse,TheEndofHistoryandtheLastMan,inwhichFrancis

Fuknyamaarguesthataftertheco11apseofNazisminthetwentiethcentury,

theonlyremainingmodelforhumanorganizationintheindustrialand

communicati

A.theylackworkethic

B.theyarescientificallybackward

C.theylackrationality

D.theyarevictimizedbycolonists

4.

{{I}}Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendofthe

interview,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing

5questions.

NowIistentotheinterview.{{/I}}

WhatdoesEdwardthinkofoldhousescomparedtonewones

A.Theyaredefinitelycheaper.

B.Theyaretoooldtolivein.

C.Theymaybecheaperbutrepairsandrenovationcostmuch.

D.Theyneedtobecheckedprofessionallyfromtimetotime.

5.{{BJ1TEXTC{{/B}}

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waning

prosperityandincreasingsociaIunrestledtherulingfamiIiestotry

topreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddle

classesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,onthe

otherhand,politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEngIand

therehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforleachingthem

themannersappropriatetotheirnewwayofIife.

Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements;basicmoral

duties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificial,

optionaIgracessuchasformaIcompIimentsto,say,womenontheirbeauty

orsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.

Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectfor

age.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungaIwaysstoodinthepresence

ofolderpeopIe.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania,theyoungmenbowas

theypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland,untiIaboutacenturyago,

youngchiIdrendidnotsitintheirparents1presencewithoutasking

permission.

PracticalrulesarcheIpfuIinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociaI

Iifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothat

peopIecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionofthe

fork,etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouIdbekeptascleanas

possible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse,etiquette

suggestedthatafterspittingtapersonshouIdrobthespit

inconspicuouslyunderfoot.

Extremelyrefinedbehavior,however,cu11ivatedasanartofgracious

living,hasbeencharacteristiconIyofsocietieswithweaIthandIeisure,

whichadmittedWomenasthesociaIequaIsofmen.Afterthefa11ofRome,

thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivateIifein

accordancewithacompIicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-century

Provence,inFrance.ProvencehadbecomeweaIthy.Thelordshadreturned

totheircastIefromthecrusades,andtheretheideaIsofchivalrygrew

upfwhichemphasizedthevirtueandgentIenessofwomenanddemandedthat

aknightshouIdprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowould

behisinspiration,andtowhomhewoulddedicatehisvaIiantdeeds,

thoughhewouldnevercomephysica11yclosetoher.Thiswasthe

introductionoftheconceptofromanticlove,whichwastoinfIuence

Iiteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichsti11Iivesoninadebased

forminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnoveIstoday

InRenaissanceItalytoo,inthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies,

aweaIthyandleisuredsocietydeveIopedanextremelycompIexcodeof

manners,buttherulesofbehavioroffashionabIesocietyhadlittle

infIuenceonthedailyIifeoftheIowerclasses.IndeedmanyoftheruIes,

suchashowtoenterabanquetroom,orhowtouseaswordorhandkerchief

forceremonialpurposes,wereirreIevanttothewayofIifeoftheaverage

workingman,whospentmostofhisIifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhut

andmostprobablydidtrothaveahandkerchief,certainlynotasword,

tohisname.

YettheessentiaIbasisofalIgoodmannersdoesnotvary.

Considerationfortheoldandweakandtheavoidanceofharmingorgiving

unnecessaryoffencetoothersisafeatureofalIsocietieseverywhere

andatalIIeveIsfromthehighesttothelowest.

Accordingtothewriter,partofchivalryisthat.

A.theknightshouldreturntohiscastleandlivethere

B.theknightshouldbevaliantenoughtomarrythelady

C.theknightshouldkeephislovefortheladyinsecretfillhisdeath

D.theknightshouldonlyhaveacourtlylovewiththelady

6.

{{BHTEXTA{{/B}}

Athrongofbeardedmen,insad-coloredgarmentsandgray

steeple-crownedhats,intermixedwithwomen,somewearinghoodsand

othersbareheaded,wasassembIedinfrontofawoodenedifice,thedoor

ofwhichwasheaviIytimberedwithoakandstuddedwithironspikes.

ThefoundersofanewcoIonyywhateverUtopiaofhumanvirtueand

happinesstheymightoriginallyproject,haveinvariablyrecognizedit

amongtheirearIiestpracticalnecessitiestoallotaportionofthe

virginsoilasacemetery,andanotherportionasthesiteofaprison.

Inaccordancewiththisrule,itmaysafelybeassumedthatthe

forefathersofBostonhadbuiltthefastprison-housesomewhereinthe

vicinityofCornhiII,almostasseasonablyastheymarkedoutthefirst

burial-ground,onIsaacJohnson,slot,androundabouthisgrave,which

subsequentlybecamethenucIeusofalIthecongregatedsepulchresinthe

oldchurchyardofKing'sChapeI.Certainitisthat,somefifteenor

twentyyearsafterthesettIementofthetown,thewoodenjaiIwasaIready

markedwithweatherstainsandotherindicationsofage,whichgaveayet

darkeraspecttoitsbeetle-browedandgloomyfront.Therustonthe

ponderousiron-workofitsoakendoorIookedmoreantiquethananything

elseintheNewWorld.LikealIthatpertainstocrime,itseemed,never

tohaveknownayouthfuIera.Beforethisuglyedifice,andbetweenit

andthewheel-trackofthestreet,wasagrassplot,muchovergrownwith

burdock,pigweed,apple-perutandsuchunsightIyvegetation,winch

evidentIyfoundsomethingcongeniaIinthesoiIthathadsoearlyborne

theblackflowerofciviIizedsocietyaprison.Butononesideofthe

portal,androotedalmostatthethreshold,wasawiIdrose-bush,covered,

inthismonthofJune,withitsdelicategems,whichmightbeimagined

tooffertheirfragranceandfragiIebeautytotheprisonerashewent

in,andtothecondemnedcriminalashecameforthtohisdoom,intoken

thatthedeepheartofNaturecouldpityandbekindtohim.

Thisruse-bush,byastrangechance,hasbeenkeptaliveinhistory;

butwhetherithadmerelysurvivedoutofthestemoldwiIderness,so

longafterthefaIIofthegiganticpinesandoaksthatoriginally

overshadowedit,orwhether,asthereisfairauthorityforbeIievingr

ithadsprungupunderthefootstepsofthesaintedAnnHutchinsonas

sheenteredtheprison-door,weshalInottakeuponustodetermine.

Findingitsodirectlyonthethresholdofournarrative,whichisnow

abouttoissuefromthatinauspiciousportaI,wecouIdhardIydootherwise

thanpluckoneofitsflowersandpresentittothereader.Itmayserve,

letushope,tosymbolizesomesweetmoralblossomthatmaybefoundalong

thetrack,orrelievethedarkeningcloseofataleofhumanfraiItyand

sorrow.

Theprison-housementionedinthesecondparagraphmustbe.

A.ofalonghistory

B.ofnewone

C.ofdelicatedesign

D.offashionabledesign

7.

{{I}}Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendofthe

interview,youwi11begiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing

5questions.

NowIistentotheinterview.{{/I}}

WhatisEdward9sattitudewhentalkingaboutgardensattachedtohouses

A.Disapproval.

B.Excitement.

C.Uncertainty.

D.Indifference.

8.

{IB}}TEXTA{{/B}}

Athrongofbeardedmen,insad-coloredgarmentsandgray

steeple-crownedhats,intermixedwithwomen,somewearinghoodsand

othersbareheaded,wasassembIedinfrontofawoodenedifice,thedoor

ofwhichwasheaviIytimberedwithoakandstuddedwithironspikes.

Thefoundersofanewcolony,whateverUtopiaofhumanvirtueand

happinesstheymightoriginallyproject,haveinvariablyrecognizedit

amongtheirearIiestpracticalnecessitiestoallotaportionofthe

virginsoilasacemetery,andanotherportionasthesiteofaprison.

Inaccordancewiththisrule,itmaysafeIybeassumedthatthe

forefathersofBostonhadbuiltthefastprison-housesomewhereinthe

vicinityofCornhi11valmostasseasonablyastheymarkedoutthefirst

burial-ground,onIsaacJohnson9slot,androundabouthisgrave,which

subsequentIybecamethenucleusofalIthecongregatedsepulchresinthe

oldchurchyardofKing1sChapeI.Certainitisthat,somefifteenor

twentyyearsafterthesettIementofthetown,thewoodenjaiIwasaIready

markedwithweatherstainsandotherindicationsofage,whichgaveayet

darkeraspecttoitsbeetle-browedandgloomyfront.Therustonthe

ponderousiron-workofitsoakendoorIookedmoreantiquethananything

elseintheNewWorld.Likea11thatpertainstocrime,itseemed,never

tohaveknownayouthfuIera.Beforethisuglyedifice,andbetweenit

andthewheel-trackofthestreet,wasagrassplot,muchovergrownwith

burdock,pigweed,apple-peru,andsuchunsightIyvegetation,winch

evidentIyfoundsomethingcongeniaIinthesoiIthathadsoearlyborne

theblackflowerofciviIizedsocietyaprison.Butononesideofthe

portal,androotedalmostatthethreshold,wasawiIdrose-bush,covered,

inthismonthofJune,withitsdeIicategems,whichmightbeimagined

tooffertheirfragranceandfragiIebeautytotheprisonerashewent

in,andtothecondemnedcriminalashecameforthtohisdoom,intoken

thatthedeepheartofNaturecouldpityandbekindtohim.

Thisruse-bush,byastrangechance,hasbeenkeptaliveinhistory;

butwhetherithadmerelysurvivedoutofthestemoldwiIderness,so

longafterthefa11ofthegiganticpinesandoaksthatoriginally

overshadowedit,orwhether,asthereisfairauthorityforbelieving,

ithadsprungupunderthefootstepsofthesaintedAnnHutchinsonas

sheenteredtheprison-door,weshalInottakeuponustodetermine.

Findingitsodirectlyonthethresholdofournarrative,whichisnow

abouttoissuefromthatinauspiciousportaI,wecouIdhardlydootherwise

thanpluckoneofitsflowersandpresentittothereader.Itmayserve,

letushope,tosymboIizesomesweetmoralblossomthatmaybefoundalong

thetrack,orrelievethedarkeningcloseofataleofhumanfraiItyand

sorrow,

Therose-bushisasymboIof.

A.Nature?sinhumanity

B.Man'sinhumanity

C.Nature?ssympathy

D.Harshnessofsociety

9.{{B}}TEXTC{{/B}}

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waning

prosperityandincreasingsociaIunrestledtherulingfamiIiestotry

topreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromtheloweran