第二講句法

主講：朱坤領一、句子的分類1、按使用分類，可分為四種：陳述句，疑問句，祈使句，感嘆句。1）陳述句：說明事實或陳述說話人的看法

Iamastudent.Ithinkitisverygood.2）疑問句①一般疑問句：助動詞/情態動詞+主語+主要動詞+其它句子成分；或：動詞+主語+其它句子成分

Willthemeetingbeoversoon?IsheBritish?②特殊疑問句疑問詞+一般疑問句語序或：疑問詞+陳述句語序

Whatdidyousay?Wholikestoplaythepiano?③選擇疑問句：一般疑問句+or+一般疑問句（或其簡略形式）

Doyoulikethisoneor(doyoulike)thatone?④反意疑問句：陳述句+一般疑問句的簡略形式（中間用逗號隔開），分為肯定結構和否定結構兩種

Youwillagree,won’tyou?Theyhavenotgonetothecountry,havethey?3）祈使句：第二人稱祈使句（表示命令或建議），第一、三人稱祈使句（表示提議等）

Becareful!Don’tbelate.Letusknowthetimeofyourarrival.Don’tletthecatoutofthebag.4）感嘆句

Whatadelightfuleveningwehad!Howcolditisgetting!Howsweetlyshesings!2、按結構分類可分為簡單句，并列句，復合句，強調句。1）簡單句①主語+謂語（不及物動詞）（+狀語）

Wegetupat6everymorning.②主語+系動語+表語

Theirmethodofcountingisdifferentfromours.③主語+謂語+賓語

Shesmiledherthanks.④主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

AknowledgeofEnglishgivesonemuchhelpinthestudyofscience.⑤主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

Ithoughthimaverysuitablepersonforthatjob.Wesawthetrainpullingoutofthestation.2）并列句①并列：用and,so,therefore,notonly…but(also,aswell),neither…nor等作連接詞

Theskywascloudless,andthesunwasshiningbrightly.Neitherishewrongnorareyou.②選擇：用or,otherwise,orelse,either…or等作連接詞

Makehaste,oryouwillbetoolate.③反意：用but,yet,still,however,while,whereas等作連接詞(表示轉折)Welovepeace,butwearenotafraidofwar.④結果：用so,then等作連接詞

Ididn’tfeelwell,soIwenttobedearly.⑤原因：用for作連接詞

Hecamebacktired,forhehadwalkedallday.3）復合句：名詞從句（主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句（詳見后面的有關句子成分和相應從句部分）4）強調句：強調句子的主語和其它成分

ItwasJamesWattwhoinventedthesteamengineinthe1760s.(強調主語)Itwasinthe1760sthatJamesWattinventedthesteamengine.(強調狀語)二、句子成分1、主語主語由名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、動名詞、不定式、從句、詞組等組成。

Snowiswhite.

Thefirstisbetter.

Thebravearehonored.

Launchingashiprequiresskillandcare.

Tofinishtheworkrequiresconcentration.

WhatIsayorwhatIthinkisnobusinessofyours.“Safetyfirst”isourslogan.主語從句有三種類型：1）由that引導。Thathehasn’tphonedisodd.2）由連接代詞/副詞引導。Whyheleftwasn’timportant.3）由關系代詞型what或whatever引導。WhatIwantisacanvastravelingbag.Whatevershedidwasright.2、謂語1）簡單謂語：由一個動詞構成

Theylitafireontheedgeofawood.2）復合謂語：由兩部分構成

ThingsaremovingfastinChina.Bothofuscanskate.3）系動詞+表語

Thegirlgrewalarmedandturnedpale.3、表語：名詞、代詞、形容詞、數詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式、副詞、介詞短語、從句等。

Thematchbecameveryexciting.Heseemstobehonest.Hewasataloss.ThisisnotwhatIwanttoknow.表語從句有三種類型：1）由that引導（that有時可省略）。

Thefactis(that)sheneverlikedhim.2）由連接代詞/副詞引導。

that’snotwhatImeant.3）由關系代詞型what引導。

Timesaren’twhattheywere.4、賓語1）名詞、代詞、名詞化的形容詞、數詞、動名詞、不定式、從句等。

Weshouldfindtruthinthelightofscience.Askhimtobuythebookandgiveittoher.Weshouldrespecttheagedandlovetheyoung.Pleasegivemefour.Wecouldn’tstoplaughing.WelearntospeakEnglishbyspeaking.Tellmewhatandwhereyouwereborn.2)賓語的種類①直接賓語：動作的直接對象、承受者或后果

Don’tyouremembermyname?②間接賓語：動作是指向某人或為某人而做

Tomtoldhisyoungersisterthewholestory.③復合賓語：由兩部分組成，后一部分是賓語的補語Theyaskedhimtospeakatthemeeting.5、定語1）形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、分詞、動名詞或名詞所有格、不定式、介詞短語、詞組或合成詞\副詞、從句。

Itwasanoldhousewithhighwalls.Theyhavesomemistakesintheirexercises.Thereare12departmentsinourschool.Itwasabrightwintermorning.Sheputonhermother’sdressandwentout.Thereissomeexcitingnewsintoday’spaper.2）定語的位置：前置、后置及分隔

Lookatthosebeautifulflowers.(前置定語)Theaveragetemperaturethissummerishigherthanthatoflastyear.(前置定語)Theonlybuildingmaterialavailableonthesmallislandisstone.(后置定語)

Rollingfrictionistheresistancetomotioncausedchieflybythedeformation.(分割定語)6、狀語1)副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式、名詞、從句作狀語

Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Themachinehasbeeninoperationforthreedays.Livinginaremotevillage,Irarelyhadvisitors.Wearrivedtoolatetogetgoodseats.Hearrivedyesterday.ItisthreeyearssinceIhadachancetogobacktomyhometown.2）狀語的分類：時間狀語、地點狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語、程度狀語、原因狀語、結果狀語、目的狀語、讓步狀語

Iusuallygetupatsixinthemorning.(時間狀語)Marywillseemeoffattheairporttomorrow.(地點狀語)Wewillmissthebusunlesswesetoutnow.(條件狀語)Sheactedasifnothinghadhappened.(方式狀語)Heisnotsoactiveasbefore.(程度狀語)Tomisabsenttodaybecauseheisill.(原因狀語)Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.(結果狀語)Hestoodonachairinordertoreachthetopshelf.(目的狀語)Althoughthegroundwascoveredwithsnow,thecrippledmanmanagedtowalktohisoffice.(讓步狀語)3）狀語的位置①在句尾

Putpreventionfirst.②

在句中：在動詞tobe或助動詞、情態動詞之后，其他動詞之前

Ihavealreadyhadmysupper.③在句首

Sinceyouwon’ttakeadvice,thereisnopointinaskingforit.7、補足語1）名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、副詞、從句作補足語

Weelectedhimsecretary.Theworkerspaintedthewallwhite.Weconsiderthismatterofgreatimportance.Theyaskedmetoexplainthesentenceagain.IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaiting.Shefoundtheboyasleep.Youmaycallitwhatyouplease.2）補足語的分類：賓語補足語、主語補足語賓語補足語主要用在使用主動語態的句子；主語補足語則主要用在被動語態的句子中。

Youcanaskarepairmantohaveyourmotorcycleworkingproperly.(賓語補語)Thetelevisioncankeepuswell-informedofthecurrentaffairs.(賓語補語)Theairlinerwasseentakingoffsmoothly.(主語補語)三、基本句型1．主語+動詞（+狀語）

Heworksinafactory.2．主語+系動詞+表語

Heisanengineer.3．主語+動詞+賓語

Ineedadictionary.4．主語+動詞+直接賓語+間接賓語

Theladygavetheboyachocolate.5．主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補足語

IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaiting.四、主謂語的一致性1．謂語動詞和作主語的動詞或代詞的一致

Johnwasrelyingonanotheropportunity.Heismoreofasportsmanthananartist.Thingsseenaremightierthanthingsheard.2．謂語動詞與由and連接兩個或兩個以上單數名詞或代詞作主語的一致

Sheandhersisteraretwinsisters.3．謂語動詞與由with,togetherwith,except,aswellas等連接兩個或兩個以上單數名詞或代詞作主語的一致

Awomanwithababyis

comingtothenursery.ProfessorTribblewithhisstudentsisgoingtovisitChinanextweek.Theboyaswellashisclassmateshasseenthefilm.4．謂語動詞與由either…or,neither…nor連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語的一致

EitherheorIamtoattendthemeeting.Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherhasgotthebook.

5．謂語動詞使用單數的某些特定情況1）表示時間、金錢、距離等的名詞的復數作主語時

Thirtyminutesissufficientforagoodsermon.Fivedollarsisthelimit.Ahundredmilesisagooddistance. 2）某些作主語用的集體名詞作為一個整體看待時用單數。而著重于所包含的成員時，用復數。（family,team,audience,committee,police）

Thefamilyisabigone.而有些集體名詞后面的謂語可用單數也可用復數。

Theenemyis/areretreating.Thestaffis/areexcellent.3）成對的名詞表示一個完整的概念作主語時，用單數

Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Trialanderrorisknowntobethesourceofourknowledge.Womenandloveisapermanenttopicforwriters.4）兩個名詞作主語所指若為同一個人或同一范疇的事物時

ThefamousprofessorandtranslatorisanexpertinShakespeare.Truthandhonestyisalwaysthebestpolicy.Slowandsteadywinstherace.5）each,any,no,every構成的代詞作主語時，謂語都用單數形式。Twoboysentered.Eachwascarryingabag.IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?6）both,some,many,few,all(ofthem)后的謂語動詞多用復數形式。Both(ofthem)areEnglish.Fewofmyfriendsarestilloutofwork.Manyaregoingbyplane.有一些以–s結尾的詞后面可跟單數或復數謂語。Mumpsare/israreinadults.(腮腺炎)Mathematicsis/arewelltaughtinourschool.Theirheadquartersare/isinNewYork.6．謂語動詞使用復數的某些特定情況1）people,police,militia,cattle等作主語

Thereweremanypeoplepresentatthekindergartensportsmeet.2）作主語用的集體名詞在表示其每個成員時

Thefamilywerelisteningtotheradio.五、語序1．語序的分類1）正常語序：主語在前，謂語在后

Iwantsomeboiledwater.2）倒裝語序：主語在后，謂語在前①完全倒裝：整個謂語提前

Herecomesthebus.NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.②非完全倒裝：部分謂語提前

Whathewasdoingthere,Ican’timagine.2．倒裝語序的基本用法[請注意，本部分是重點和難點！]1）疑問句中

Whatisyourname?Hashecome?2）在“therebe”句型中

ThereisamapofChinaonthewall.Therearemanybookstoresinthecity. 3）在以here,there,now,then等副詞開頭且謂語動詞為come,go,be,exist,follow等動詞的句子中

Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthebell.但若主語是人稱代詞，主謂語的詞序不變

Therehecomes.Hereyouare. 4）在由were,had和should引導的虛擬條件句中代替連詞if+正常語序時

Hadyounothelpedme,Iwouldhavefailed.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.ShouldImeethimtomorrow,Ishouldtellhimtocomeassoonaspossible. 5）有些讓步狀語從句中也可以有倒裝。

Cleverthoughhewas,hecouldn’tconcealhiseagernesstopraise.

TryasIwould,Icouldn’tmakeherchangehermind.6）neither,nor,so在并列句中后一分句句首時

Idon’tlikecoffee,neither/nordoeshe.JoanisgoodatEnglish,soisPeter. 7）在句首含否定意義的詞語的句中(not,never,seldom,little,nowhere,scarcely,rarely,hardly,notonly)Notasinglebookhadhereadthatmonth.NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.8）在句首以only引出的狀語的句中

Onlyafterenteringthestoredidherealizethattherewasdanger.9）為修辭需要，如主語較長或為了強調表語等，可把表語提前

Amongthemwasasoldierwhowaswoundedinthestomach.10）直接引語如果放在句首，則主語和謂語動詞倒裝“Youallmadegreatprogresslastterm,”saidtheteacher.六、省略1．在以and，but，or或分號連接的并列句中的省略，包括主語、謂語、表語、助動詞、系動詞、賓語、定語、狀語等一個或幾個成分的省略。

Hewon’tcomebutIwill(come).HissuggestionsmadeJohnhappy,but(hissuggestionsmade)Maryangry.Shewasprettyand(shewas)bright.Mattercouldbeconvertedintoenergy,andenergy(couldbeconverted)intomatter.Hashegoneornot?(Hashegoneorhashenotgone?) 2．在由when，while，if，unless，until，though等引導的從句中，謂語動詞be的省略

Although(hewas)tiredout，hecontinuedhiswork.3．as，than從句中一些與主句相同的部分的省略

Thegirlsangaswellashe(sang).Lighttravelsfasterthananyflyingmachine(travels).七．復合句[請注意，本部分是重點和難點！]1．定語從句1）限制性定語從句（對所修飾的詞加以限制）和非限制性定語從句（對所修飾的詞沒有限制作用，只補充一些說明，通常用逗號隔開）

Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?（限制性定語從句）

Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbebusy.（非限制性定語從句）2）關系代詞和關系副詞：that,which,who,whom,whose,as,when,where,why3）關系代詞that和which的區別①使用that的情況●在兩個或兩個以上的表示人和物的先行詞之后

Theyaretalkingaboutthepeople,thescenery,andthecustomtherethatleftonthemadeepimpression.●在先行詞為形容詞最高級所修飾時

ThisisthemostinterestingnovelthatIhaveeverread. ●在序數詞后

ThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistoworkoutaplanfornextyear.●在all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代詞后

Isthereanyoneelsethatwitnessedtheaccident?②使用which的情況●在介詞后

Thisistheroominwhichhelivedfiveyearsago.●在非限制性定語從句中

Thefootballteam,whichplayedbadlylastyear,hasdoneverywellthisyear.4)關系代詞的省略①

whom在定語從句中作賓語時，可省略Whodoyouthinkistheman(whom)youcandependon?②which和that在定語從句中作賓語時，可省略Hereisthedictionary(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.Maryshowedmethepresent(that)herfathergaveheronherbirthday.5)介詞+which/whomTheWhiteHouseisthehouseinwhichthepresidentoftheUnitedStateslivesandworks.ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearntthenews.6)as也可引導定語從句，常和such連用。

Wehavesuchgrapesasyouneversaw.Hereturnedwithsuchprovisionsaswereneeded.such有時和as連在一起。

Wehopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.as也可以單獨引導定語從句。

Sophiawasnotconscious,aswouldbejudgedfromhereyes.7）but也可以引導定語從句，意思接近于that(who)…not。

Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.(沒有不結果實的樹。)Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalent.(很少有人不佩服他的才華。)8）whereby,wherein,whereupon也可以引導定語從句。

Theyhavesetaplanwhereby(bywhich)youcanspreadthecostoveraperiod.(照此)Hegazedoncemorearoundtheroom,wherein(inwhich)wasassembledhisentirefamily.Itoldherthatshelookedfat,whereupon(uponwhich)shethrewthesaucepanatmeandburstintotears.2．狀語從句1)時間狀語從句：常用連詞有when,whenever,while,as,before,after,till,since,eversince,once,assoonas等

WhenTomreturns,I’lltellhimthenews.2)地點狀語從句，常用連詞有where和whereverBamboogrowsbestwhereclimateisveryhot.Whereverthereisplentyofsunshineandrain,thefieldsaregreen. 3)條件狀語從句：常用連詞有if,unless,supposing,incase,aslongas,provided等

Aslongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoethedifficulty.4)讓步狀語從句：常用連詞有though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,nomatter等

We’lltrytofinishtheworkthoughweareshortofmoney. 5)原因狀語從句：常用連詞有as,because,since,nowthat,considering(that)等

Theywillsucceedbecausetheyworkveryhard.6)目的狀語從句：常用連詞有that,sothat,inorderthat,lest等

Theywrotethenoticesinseverallanguagessothatforeigntouristscouldunderstandthem. 7)結果狀語從句：常用連詞有so/such…that,so(that)等

Bringitnearer(so)that

Imayseeitbetter.8)方式狀語從句：常用連詞有as,justas,asif等

Wemustdoashetellsus.9)比較狀語從句：常用連詞有than和asHeworkedasfastasaskilledworker(did).另外，除了狀語從句之外，還有其它情形的狀語。不定式短語可作狀語，表示目的、結果、程度、原因等。

Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.Hehurriedtotheplaceonlytofindthehouseempty.Itwastoolatetodoanythingnow.Sheshudderedtothinkof

it.3．名詞從句1）關聯詞的分類①連接代詞：which,what,who,whom,whose②

連接副詞：when,why,where,how③

主從連詞：that,if,whether2）名詞從句的分類a)主語從句

Thathewillcometothediscussioniscertain.Itiscertainthathewillcometothediscussion. b)表語從句

Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkbytomorrowevening.c)賓語從句

Shespokeofwhatwastobedone.Iwanttoknowwhetheryoustillworkinthefactory.d)同位語從句注意that引導的從句作同位語與定語的區別

Thenewsthathewonthegamewasincorrect.(同位語從句)Thenewsthatwasspreadingprovedtobeincorrect.（定語從句）八、強調句It引導的強調句1）強調主語或賓語：Itis/was+被強調主語或賓語+that/which/who/whom+句子的其他部分

ItisMr.Smithwhohelpedme.Itisthedecisionthatwemadeatthemeeting.2）強調狀語：Itis/was+被強調的狀語+that+句子的其他部分

ItisbecausethebookissousefulformyworkthatIboughtit.3）強調時間狀語的強調句型：Itis(was)notuntil+時間狀語+that+句子的其他部分

Itwasnotuntillastyearthathefoundanewmethod.九、直接引語和間接引語1）直接引語和間接引語直接引語：直接引用別人的原話。間接引語：用自己的話報導別人的話。在多數情況下，引語都由連詞that引導，但在say,tell之后可以省略。2）把直接引語變成間接引語時，要根據意思改變人稱。“I’vealreadytakenyoursontothenursery,”Janesaid.Janesaidshehadalreadytakenmysontothenursery.3）把直接引語變成間接引語時，要根據時態呼應的原則加以調整。a)一般現在時要變為一般過去時。

Shesaid,“Ineedacalculator.”Shesaidthatsheneededacalculator.b)一般將來時要變為一般過去將來時。

Nancysaid,“I’llcallagainlater.”Nancysaidthatshewouldcallagainlater.c)現在進行時要變為過去進行時。

Jimsaid,“I’mexpectingalongdistancecall.”Jimsaidthathewa