熱考主題強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練(二)科普知識(shí)(限時(shí)30分鐘)A(2023·淮北二模)As3Dprintingtechnologyimproves,peoplekeepfindingnewusesforit.Andthelatestisprettysweet:cheesecake.ResearcherswiththedepartmentofmechanicalengineeringatColumbiaUniversitycreatedaseven-ingredientsliceofcakeusinga3Dprinter,andtheysayprintingfoodscouldbeanewcookingoptionwithseveralbenefits.Suchprintershavebeenusedtomakeorgansbefore,andsimilartechnologiesalreadyexistinthefoodspace—likepizzaandbreadrobots,pastaprintersandautomaticcakedecorators,theresearcherssayinthestudy,publishedintheNPJScienceandFoodjournal.Theresearchersdefinedprintedfoodas“thecontrolleddeposition(沉淀),ofaningredient;assuch,anyingredientthatwaspushedintopaste(醬)，”andtheysaymanyexistingprocessedfoodscanbeconsidered“printed”bythisdefinition.So,inordertomakethe3D-printedpeanutbutter-bananacheesecakewithacherrycoat,alltheingredientshadtobeconvertedintopaste-likesubstances.Allseveningredientswereputintothe3Dprinterandthenprintedoutinlayersintotheshapeofapieceofcheesecake.Theresearcherssay3Dprintingfoodcouldallowcookstocontrolthenutrientcontentinamealandalsooffertheabilitytomakemorecustomizedmeals.Italsoreduceshumancontactwithfood,whichcouldpreventthespreadoffood-borneillnessesanddiseases.Theyalsoseesustainabilitybenefitstoprintingfood,becauseingredientscanbelocallysourced,plant-basedmealscanbecreatedandtheshelflifeofthefoodscouldbeextended.Printingfoodcouldalsohelppeoplewithswallowingandotherdigestivedisorders，byprovidingnewfoodoptions,ratherthantheblandfoodstheymayberestrictedto.Whilesomeprocessedfoodscouldhavebettertaste,texture,cleanlinessandshelflives,processingfoodscanalsodegradetheirnutrients.However,theresearchershopedevelopingthe3Dprintingtechnologycanhelppreventnutrientdegradationwhileprocessingfoods.語篇解讀：本文是一篇科普說明文，介紹了3D食品打印技術(shù)的好處。1．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph2?A．Printingfoodisnotasstrangeasitsounds.B．Suchprinterswereonlyusedinmedicalbefore.C．Printingpizzaissimilartoprintingbreadrobots.D．Thistechnologygetstheapprovalofmanyscientists.解析：選A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Suchprintershavebeenusedtomakeorgansbefore,andsimilartechnologiesalreadyexistinthefoodspace”可知，作者在第二段中告訴我們打印食物并不像聽起來那么奇怪。2．Howdidtheresearchersmaketheingredientsprintable?A．Bysqueezingthemintopaste.B．Bycuttingthemintopieces.C．Byshapingthemintolayers.D．Byputtingthemintodifferentprinters.解析：選A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“So,inordertomakethe3D-printedpeanut...convertedintopaste-likesubstances.”可知，研究人員必須把它們擠成糊狀才能將這些成分打印出來。3．Whatisthebenefitofprintingcooking?A．Increasinghumancontactwithfood.B．Makingmealsbecomemorenutritious.C．Promotingthespreadoffood-bornediseases.D．Treatingthedisordersassociatedwithfood.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段“Printingfoodcouldalsohelppeople...ratherthantheblandfoodstheymayberestrictedto.”可知，打印烹飪的好處是治療與食物有關(guān)的疾病。4．Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A．Adietdairy. B．Acookbook.C．Amedicalmagazine. D．Asciencejournal.解析：選D推理判斷題。本文是一篇科普說明文，介紹了3D食品打印技術(shù)的好處，由此可知文章可能選自科學(xué)期刊。B(2023·鞍山一模)Theearthhasmanymysteriesforpeopletoexploreandweliveontheearthforprotection.DidyouknowthattheearthhastwoNorthPoles?There'sthegeographicNorthPole,whichneverchanges.Andthere'sthemagneticNorthPole,whichisalwaysonthemove.Overthepast150years,themagneticNorthPolehascasuallywandered685milesacrossnorthernCanada.Butrightnowit'sracing25milesayeartothenorthwest.Thiscouldbeasignthatwe'reabouttoexperiencesomethinghumanshaveneverseenbefore:amagneticpolarflip.Andwhenthishappens,itcouldaffectmuchmorethanjustyourcompass.Rightnowonthesurfaceoftheplanet,itlookslikeit'sjustabarmagnet.Ourcompassesarejustpointingtoonepoleatatimebecausethere'smainlyatwo-polesystem.Butsometimes,theearthdoesn'tjusthaveasinglemagneticNorthandSouthPole.Evidencesuggeststhat,forhundredstothousandsofyearsatatime,ourplanethashadfour,six,andeveneightpoles.Thisiswhathashappenedwhenthemagneticpolesflippedinthepast.Andwhenithappensagain,itwon'tbegoodnewsforhumans.Nowyoumightthink,eightpolesmustbebetterthantwo.Buttherealityisthatmultiplemagneticfieldswouldfighteachother.Thiscouldweakentheearth'sprotectivemagneticfieldbyupto90%duringapolarflip.Theearth'smagneticfieldiswhatprotectsusfromharmfulspaceradiationwhichcandamagecellsandcausecancer.Withaweakerfieldinplace,somescientiststhinkthiscouldexposeplanestohigherlevelsofradiation,makingflightslesssafe.Thiscouldalsodisrupttheinternalsenseofdirectioninmanyanimalsthatusethemagneticfieldfornavigation.Evenworse,itcouldmakecertainplacesontheplanettoodangeroustolivein.Butwhatexactlywilltakeplaceonthesurfaceislessclearthanwhatwillundoubtedlyhappeninspace.Satellitesandspacemissionswillneedextrashelterthatwe'llhavetoprovideourselves.Withoutit,intenseuniversalandsolarradiationwillfrycircuitboardsandincreasetheriskofcancerinastronauts.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了地球的磁場(chǎng)對(duì)人類的作用，以及磁極翻轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)給地球上的生命所帶來的影響。5．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．Astronautsaremorelikelytosufferfromcancer.B．ThemagneticNorthPoleismovingfasterthanbefore.C．Therearealwaysmorethantwomagneticpolesontheearthatatime.D．Flightsaren'tallowedtotravelasusualwhenthemagneticpolesflip.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Overthepast150years,themagneticNorthPole...25milesayeartothenorthwest.”可知，磁北極比以前移動(dòng)得更快。6．Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheearth'smagneticfield?A．Theprotectiveumbrellaofhumans.B．Thenavigationofsatellites.C．Thecenteroftheuniverse.D．Thefocusofscientificresearch.解析：選A推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“Theearth'smagneticfieldiswhatprotectsusfromharmfulspaceradiationwhichcandamagecellsandcausecancer.”可推知，地球磁場(chǎng)是人類的保護(hù)傘。7．Whatwillsomeanimalsbefacedwithwhenthemagneticpolesflip?A．Beingunabletofinddirectionsexactly.B．Bearingveryloudnoisedayandnight.C．Losingtheabilitytohuntforfood.D．Beingunabletoprotectthemselvesfromdanger.解析：選A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Thiscouldalsodisrupttheinternalsenseofdirectioninmanyanimalsthatusethemagneticfieldfornavigation.”可知，當(dāng)磁極翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，一些動(dòng)物將找不到確切的方向。8．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Howandwhenwillthepolesflip?B．ThereasonswhyscientistsresearchpolesC．Whatwillhappenwhenthepolesflip?D．Thewaysthatscientistsresearchpoles解析：選C標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thiscouldbeasign...affectmuchmorethanjustyourcompass.”并結(jié)合全文可知，本文主要說明了地球的磁場(chǎng)對(duì)人類的作用，以及磁極翻轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)給地球上的生命帶來的影響。C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)兩極翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。C(2023·聊城二模)Researchershaverecentlydiscoveredthatgutbacteria(腸道細(xì)菌)thatgrowwithinourbodyhelpthebrainbuildimportantsocialskills.AccordingtoapaperpublishedinPLOSBiologyinNovember,zebrafishwereusedasresearchsubjectstotesthowalackofbacteriacouldaffectsocialskills.Zebrafisharesocialanimalsaseven2-week-oldfishstarttohangoutingroupsoffourtotwelve.Theexperimentstartedwithmakingagroupoffish“bacteria-free”throughtheirdiet.Theothergroupwereinjectedwithahealthymixofgutbacteriaaftertheywerehatched.About15dayslater,thesecondgroupbeganswimmingingroupswhilethe“bacteria-free”group“shockingly,didn't，”JudithEisen,aco-authorofthenewresearch,saidtoQuantaMagazine.Theteamthenexaminedthefish'sbrains,discoveringobviousdifferencesbetweenthetwogroups.Theoneswholackedthegutbacteriahadmoreinterconnectionsamongtheneurons(神經(jīng)元)intheirbrainsinchargeofsocialbehavior,andsocialneuronswereseentohaveovergrown.Thismadethefishmorecautiousinsocialsituations.Scientistssaidthatthebacteriamightreleaseaspecialchemicalthatcrossestheblood-brainbarriertoreachthebraindirectly.Althoughtheexperimentswereonlyonfish,thefindingscantheoreticallybeappliedtohumans.Theteamwishestoexplorehowgutbacteriaaffectthehumanbraininthefuture,whichmayleadtosolutionstomentalhealthproblems.Perhapsmanypeoplewhoclaimthattheyhave“socialphobia(社交恐懼癥)”canblametheirguts.However,socialphobia,orsocialanxietydisorder,canbeaseriousillnessifoverlooked.AccordingtotheNationalHealthServiceintheUKitismorethanshynessbutinsteadaconstantfearofsocialsituations.Patientsmayexperiencepanicattackswhichareanoverwhelmingfearandanxietythatlastforafewminutes.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，在我們體內(nèi)生長的腸道細(xì)菌有助于大腦建立重要的社交技能。9．Whatdoestheresearchfocuson?A．Thegrowthofgutbacteria.B．Thewayzebrafishbuildsocialskills.C．Theinfluencingfactorsofsocialbehavior.D．Thelinkbetweengutbacteriaandsocialbehavior.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Accordingtoapaperpublished...howalackofbacteriacouldaffectsocialskills.”可知，這項(xiàng)研究的重點(diǎn)是腸道細(xì)菌和社交行為之間的聯(lián)系。10．Whatwasfoundintheexperiment?A．Thetwogroupsofzebrafishbecamedifferentinsize.B．Thebacteria-freezebrafishswamingroups.C．Thezebrafishinjectedwithgutbacteriawerequieter.D．Thezebrafishwithgutbacteriaswamingroups.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“About,15dayslater,thesecondgroup...groupswhilethe‘bacteria-free’group‘shockingly,didn't’”可知，帶有腸道細(xì)菌的斑馬魚成群游動(dòng)。11．Howdoscientistsfeelabouttheirfindings?A．Positive. B．Disappointed.C．Doubtful. D．Concerned.解析：選A推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Althoughtheexperimentswereonlyonfish,thefindingscantheoreticallybeappliedtohumans...healthproblems.”可知，科學(xué)家們對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)是持積極態(tài)度的。12．WhichisTRUEabout“socialphobia”accordingtothelastparagraph?A．Itwillresultingutproblems.B．Itisasevereillness.C．Itmaycausepanic.D．Itisallaboutshyness.解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Patientsmayexperiencepanicattackswhichareanoverwhelmingfearandanxietythatlastforafewminutes.”可知，“社交恐懼癥”可能會(huì)引起患者驚慌。D(2023·晉中一模)Mindfulnessmeditation(冥想)isapracticeusedtoachievementalquietandasenseofcalm.Itisaseriesofstepsusedtoencouragereflectionanddeepbreathingandtoincreaseself-awareness.Amindfulnessmeditationcoursemaybeaseffectiveatreducinganxietyasacommonmedication(藥物),accordingtoanewstudy.Theresearch,publishedonNovember9inJAMAPsychiatry,involvedagroupof276adultswithuntreatedanxietydisorders.Halfofthepatientswererandomlyselectedtotake10to20mgofescitalopram,thegenericformofLexapro,acommonmedicationusedtotreatanxietyanddepression.Theotherhalfwereassignedtoaneight-weekcourseinmindfulness-basedstressreduction.Theresultswerestunning:Bothgroupsexperiencedabouta20%reductionintheiranxietysymptomsovertheeight-weekperiod.Thepatientsassignedtothemeditationgroupwereaskedtoattendamindfulnessmeditationgroupclassin-persononceaweek.Eachclasswasaroundtwo-and-a-halfhourslongandheldatalocalclinic.Theywerealsoaskedtomeditateontheirownforaround40minutesperday.Hoge,theleadauthoronthestudy,comparedthetimecommitmentto“takinganexerciseclassoranartclass”．ButaccordingtoJosephArpaia,anOregon-basedpsychiatristspecializinginmindfulnessandmeditation,thedailytimecommitmentislikelytoomuchformanypatientsdealingwithanxiety.Arpaiasaysthathehasworkedtofindlesstime-intensivemindfulnessmethodstohelppatientsmanagetheiranxiety.Onetechniqueheteachesiscalleda“one-breathreset”thathelpspatientscalmthemselvesoverthecourseofasinglebreath.Butdespitehisreservations,“It'salwaysinterestingtoseemeditationwork,anditworksaswellasmedication，”hesaid.“Myhopewouldbethatpeoplerealizethattherearethingsotherthanmedicationthatcanwork.”“Myotherhopewouldbethattheyrealizethatifsittingandfollowingyourbreathmakesyoufeelrelaxed,great,butitdoesn'tmakeeveryonefeelrelaxed.Findsomethingthatdoes.Readabook,goforawalk,andspendtimegardening，”hesaid.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了有關(guān)“冥想減壓”的一項(xiàng)新研究以及專業(yè)人士對(duì)此研究的評(píng)價(jià)。13．What'sthemainfeatureofmindfulnessmeditation?A．Itworksinremovinganxiety.B．Itmakespeople'smindempty.C．Itdrivespeopletokeepcalm.D．Itfocusesonthoughtsandawareness.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Itisaseriesofstepsusedtoencouragereflectionanddeepbreathingandtoincreaseself-awareness.”可知，正念冥想不是讓思想處于空無狀態(tài)，而是更注重思想和意識(shí)。14．Whatcanweknowaboutthenewstudy?A．Itsresultishardtounderstand.B．Itsparticipantsshoul