貴陽學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文．IntroductionThechoiceoflanguageinthebusinessnegotiation,inthecontextofthechoicetoformadynamicadaptation,sotheadaptationtheoryisadynamiccontext.Verschuerenputintothecontextandlinguisticcontextofthebackground.Communicativecontext,includinglanguageusers,speakersandtranslators,mentalworld,socialworldandthephysicalworld.Inthisprocess,peopletendtochooseotherlanguagethatpeopleusetocommunicateinthischoiceisalsoanecessarychoiceinthebusiness.BusinessEnglisheuphemismchosetouseformallanguageofcommunication,whichreflectsthespeaker'slanguagepolicy.Anoldmansaying:"Immigrationandaskban,thecountryandaskvulgar,entryandaskedtaboo,"profoundlyexpoundedtheimportanceoflanguageintheexchangeofsocialrelationsarecomplicated,butthelanguagecanbedescribedasoneofthebridges,whichcanmaintainthenetworkofrelationships,andtomakeitmoresecure.Sobusinesscommunication,youshouldtrytouseproperlanguagepolicy,thismayjeopardizeinternationalcooperation(Allan&Burridge,1991:69).Objectsreferredtobyeuphemismscertaindistance,thusavoidingadirectconveybecauseindecent,disrespectful,inauspiciousinformationbroughtembarrassment.ThepurposeofBusinessEnglishusedistoresolvematters,ofcourse,PolitenessPrincipleinwhichitshowstheimportance，sochooseeuphemismforbusinesscommunicationapproachisnecessary.Businessnegotiationsdiscoursetoselectdynamicchangesofcontextorre-create,tomakeitfavorabletowardbusinessdevelopmentpurposes;afterthechangeofcontextandcognitiveactivationcalleragainforthenextroundchoiceoflanguage(Brown.P&S.Levinson,1978:56).Thischoiceandcontextinadynamicconformprocess,orrathertheprocesscontextandlanguagestructuresconformtothelanguageselectionmadeinthemutual,iebi-compliant.Thistwo-waydiscoursemeaningcompliancedynamicallygeneratedtopromotesatisfactorysitesrequirepeopletobeclosetobusinessnegotiationstoachieve.Therefore,asabusinessnegotiationPragmaticStrategies，whetheritisthecallerorunconsciousdeliberatechoicetouse,whetheritisduetomultiplecausesinternalstructureoftheEnglishlanguageneedsofbusinessoroutside,Infact,inbusinessnegotiations,appropriatelanguagepolicy,whichisBusinessEnglisheuphemismuseisthekeytothenegotiations2．AnOverviewofTheoriesEuphemismisthelanguageofcommunicationinthelanguageandcultureoftenseenphenomenon,whichisalsoanimportantcomponentoflanguage.Mostpeopleuseeuphemismindailylifeinordertoavoidembarrassmentoroffencetothelistener/receiver.2.1DefinitionsofEuphemismEuphemismcomesoriginallyfromtheGreekwordeuphemism,meaning“good/fortunatespeech”inwhich“eu”fromtheGreekisroot-wordwiththemeaningof“good/well”andanotherroot-word“pheme”meaning“speech/speaking”(?erpja,

Adelina；Marteta,

Rafaela,2015:13).Indifferentdictionaries,thedefinitionsaredifferent.Forexample,euphemisminWebster'sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary(1984)isdefinedas“substitutionofanagreeableofinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant”.InCollinsCobuildEssentialEnglishDictionary(1989)euphemismisregardedas“apolitewordorexpressionthatpeopleusewhentheyaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichtheyorotherpeoplefindunpleasantorembarrassing,suchasdeathorsex”.AndinOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish—ChineseDictionary(2004),Sinceeuphemismtoexpressdifferentviewsandopinionsindirectavoidembarrassingandunpleasantexchanges,inbusinesscommunicationismoreeasytoaccept,andwillnotleadtoadverseexchangetowardsdirection.Duetovariousfactors,differentscholars’definitionofeuphemismisnotthesame.“Mild,agreeable,orroundaboutwordsusedinplaceofcoarse,painful,oroffensiveones”(RawsonHugh,1981:1)“Substituteaninoffensiveofpleasanttermforamoreexplicit,offensiveone,therebyveneeringthetruthbyusinginwords”(NeamanandSilver,1983:361-371).“Alternativestodispreferredexpressions,andareusedinordertoavoidpossiblelossofface.Thedispreferredexpressionmaybetaboo,fearsome,distasteful,offorsomeotherreasonhavetoomanynegativeconnotationstofelicitouslyexecuteSpeaker'scommunicativeintentiononagivenoccasion”(Allan&Burridge,1991:69).InChina,itwasChenWangdaowhofirstlydefinedeuphemism.Heregardedeuphemismas“afigureofspeechinwhichroundaboutandimplicitwordsandexpressionsareusedtosubstitutedirectexpressionstohintthemeaning”(ChenWangdao,1976:192).Fromthesedefinitionsmentionedabove,althoughtheydifferintermsofwordingandpointofview,wecanfindthesamepoint,thatis,theyallagreethateuphemismisanexpressionusedbythespeaker/writertobelessoffensive,embarrassingoreventroublingtothelistener/receiver.Itcanmaketheunpleasantthingssoundbetter,andmakepeoplefeelmorepleasantandatthesametimemakeboththespeaker/writerandhearer/receiverfeelbetterincommunicationwithoutlosingface.However,parentsdonotwanttohearthechildtofindanexcusefortheirownmistakes,sayingsomewordsthatnotresponsibleandhereisanexample.2.2AdaptationTheoryLinguisticAdaptationTheoryisinitiated,developed,andfinallyproposedbyJ.Verschueren,thesecretarygeneralofInternationalPragmaticsAssociationin1999.Itoffersageneralfunctionalperspectiveonlanguageandabrand-newtheoreticalframeworkforlinguisticresearch.Verschuerendefinespragmaticsas"ageneralcognitive,socialandculturalperspectiveonlinguisticphenomenainrelationtotheirusageinformofbehavior"(Verschueren,2000:7).Linguisticadaptationtheoryisadescriptionandexplanationoftheuseoflanguageinthefollowingfouraspects:contextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptabilityandsalienceofadaptability.Thispapermainlystudiesthephysicaldimension,thesocialdimensionandpsychologicaldimensionincludingcontextualadaptation.AsVerschuerendemonstrates,verbalinteractionisnodoubtcommunicationfrommindtomind-thoughweneverforgetthatmindsare"mindsinsociety”.Inthissense,theutterancesorthelinguisticchoicesmadearealwaysadapted,whethertentativelyorsuccessfully,tonotonlytheutterer’smentalworldbutalsotheutterer’sassessmentofwhatthementalworldoftheinterpreterlookslike.Socialcommunicationmainlydependsonthelanguage.However,theusersoflanguage,associalexistence,communicateanduselanguageunderthepremiseofsociety;societycontrolstheiraccesstothelinguisticandcommunicativemeans.Pragmatics,asastudyofhumanuseoftheirlanguageincommunicationway,basesitselfonastudyofthosepremisesanddetermineshowtheyaffectandexecutehumanlanguageuse(MeyJacob,2001:6).Therefore,languageuseshouldfollowsocialpremises,whichalsomeanslinguisticchoicesaretheresultofadaptationtosocialfactors.Timeandspace,whichistheanchorofthelanguageofchoicetothephysicalworld,thewaytothelanguageofapowerfulcharm,fromalongtimeago,“pragmatics”hasbecomeauniversalconcept.Theadaptationtophysicalworldmainlyreferstothetemporalstateandspatialsurroundings,especiallythelatter.Inmanycases,theinterlocutors’positioninthephysicalworldisimportantindeterminingcertainlinguisticchoicesandtheirmeanings(Verchueren,2000:9).Thismeansthatthelinguisticchoicesaremadesometimesinaspecifiedoccasion,onwhichtheadaptationtothementalandsocialworldswithdrawstoalowerposition3．TheEuphemisticStrategiesinBusinessNegotiations3.1 HedgingStrategiesHedgingstrategyisoftenusedinbusinessnegotiationsbynegotiatorstohedgetheirownopinionsbymeansofhedgingwordsandphrasessoasnottoshowtheirdisagreementtooobviously(Menken,1982:80).Whendisagreementorcriticismisunavoidable,thefollowingexpressionsareoftenused,suchas“I'mafraidthat...”,“Itseemsthat...”，“alittle”,“quite”,“asortof”or“rather”etc.Example1:a.Wecannotagreetoyourrequest.b.Iamafraidthatwecannotagreetoyourrequest.Example2:a.Itwasunwiseofyoutodelaythedelivery.b.Itseemstomethatitwasunwiseofyoutodelaythedelivery.Thesentenceaandsentencebinexample1areadisagreementandsentenceaandsentencebareakindofcriticism,bothofwhichwillthreatenthehearer'sface.Byaddingthehedgingphrases“I'mafraid”and“Itseemstome”,thespeakerreducestheforceimposedonthehearerandmakestheutterancemoreacceptable.3.2SyntacticStrategiesSyntaxstrategiesincludepassivevoice,usingtransitionalwordssubjunctive,usuallycritical"but","if"conditionindicatorsandquestionstoachieveeuphemismeffect,thesuccessofthesestrategiesistheuseofeuphemism(MeyJacob,L,2001:6).3.2.1UseofTensePasttensecanbeusedtoexpresspolitenesssothateuphemisticeffectcanbeachieved.Becauseofthetensionisfromnowtothepast,thespeakerdistanceshimselffromthe“hereandno”(Neaman,J.S.&C.G.Silver,1983:361).Example3:a.Canyousendusacataloguebyairmail?b.Couldyousendusacataloguebyairmail?c.Iwonderedwhetheryoucouldsendusacataloguebyairmail.Wecanfeelthatpolitenessinexample3increasesbecauseoftheuseofthepasttense.Thus,wecanfindthatsentenceainexample3ismorepoliteandeuphemisticthansentencebinexample3.Example4:a.Iwaswonderingwhetheryoucouldsendusacataloguebyairmail.b.Iwonderwhetheryoucouldsendusacataloguebyairmail.Theunstressedauxiliaryverbdidcanbeusedtoachievesimilareffect.3.2.2UseofPassiveVoiceInbusinessnegotiations,negotiatorsoftenusetheactivevoicetoexpresstheirviewsandopinionsarestraightforward.Sometimes,thepassivevoiceismoreappropriate,itisconducivetothenegotiators,especiallywhenaspeakerwantstoexpresssuchaview,itisrecommendedCriticismordeny,becausehecanavoidtheembarrassmentanddiscomfortoftheroleofpeopleresponsibleforbusinessnegotiationscausedrepression(Rabab’ah,Ghaleb;Al-Qarni,AliM,2012:730).ThepassivevoiceisusuallyusedtoreducetheimposedontheaudienceExample5:ShipmentshouldbemadebeforeOctober;otherwisewearenotabletocatchtheseason.Thisformisnotonlywithrespecttothelistenerrelative,and"10monthsagoyoushouldcompleteshipment,orelse"Itdoesnotseemtobearequestfordelivery.Inparticular,certainlynoone.Passivevoicemaybeusedtoremovethementioningofthespeaker,asisshowninthefollowing:Example6:a.Iregretthatthecargosarenotinlinewiththerequirementsspecifiedinthedocumentarybill.b.Itisregrettedthatthecargosarenotinlinewiththerequirementsspecifiedinthedocumentbill.Inaword,passivevoicecanbeusedtoavoidmakingdirectreferencetotheagentofaspeechact.Byeliminatingagent,utterancesbecomemoreindirect,andreducethedangerofthreat.3.2.3InterrogativeSentencesTrialcommoninbusinessnegotiations,themainpurposeistoobtaineffectivebusinessinformation,businessnegotiations.Therefore,usingtheappropriatesentenceinbusinessnegotiationsisveryimportant(Verschueren,J,2000:84).Becauseofthedepthandbreadthofuseeuphemismsandtheproblemalsoappliestotheactualsituation.Suchmodalitiesshould,therefore,itshouldbe,itshouldbebetterthanthismode,theproblemmaybemorepolite,must,should.Example7:Wouldyoudeliverthefirst500infourweeksandthesecondparttwoweekslater?Example8:Couldyougiveussomeideaaboutyourpriceforabicycle?Theaboveexamplesreflectthemodalverbpoliteandindirect,becausethespeakerdoesnotthinktheseinterrogativehearerableandwillingtodowhatherequestsorsuggestions.Thus,thehearergetsmuchfreedomandthespeakerinsuchasofttonewouldnotfeelashamedevenifheisrejected.3.3 EmpathicStrategyEmpathymeansthequalitycanimagineandsharedthoughts,feelings,andopinionsofothers.Totellthetruth,empathypoliciescanpromotetheuseofbusinessnegotiations.Useskilled,afoollisteners),youcareabouthim(their)problem(GanChangyin,2006:45).Example9:a.Wedon'trefundyouifthereturneditemissoiledandunsalable.b.Wegladlyrefundyouwhenyourreturneditemisnotsoiledandsalable.Example10:a.Wedonotbelieveyouwillhavecausefordissatisfaction.b.Wefeelsurethatyouwillbeentirelysatisfied.Thistechniqueiseffectivewhenthereexiststensionorlowtrustbetweentwoparties.Moreover,tensioncanbelessenedifhearersbelievethateverythingisbecauseofthefaultofspeakers.3.4ShirkingStrategyNegotiatorsoftenevasivetactics,becausehehasnorighttomakeadecision,orwhenheneedstocontacthissuperiors.Limitedpowertoprovideagoodwaytomaintaingoodbusinessrelations,especiallyinthepresenceofadilemmabetweentheparties(ZhouBaoxue,2014:234).Thisstrategyenablesonepartytogiveintotheotherpartywithoutlosingface.Thecommonmethodistoobtainsuggestionorpermissionofone'sboss.Example11:AsfarasI'mconcerned,thatisOK.However,ofcourse,Ihavetoconsultmyboss.Example12:Iwillacceptthisitem.ButIamsorrythatIhavenorighttodecidesuchanimportantitem.3.5ConcedingStrategyConcedingstrategyisusuallyadoptedwhenpeoplerefusetoadmittheirmistake(LiBirong,2010:66).Inthiscase,noexplanationisvain.Inthiscase,itcanbeavoidedthroughtheuseofeuphemismembarrassment,butalsocanfindouttheproblemsintheexchange,bothtoensuresmoothcommunication,butalsofortheotherpartytoretainface.Example13:Weknowthatthequalityofyourproductsisnotsogood.Example14:Weknowwhereyouareaboutthequalityofyourproducts.Insentence13,thespeakermakeshisbusinesspartnerembarrassedbyadirectstatement.In14,thespeakerbearsinmindthequalityoftheproducts.Heusestheeuphemisticexpression“whereare”tosavethehearer'sfaceandavoiddirectverbalconflict.4．TheAdaptiveAnalysisoftheStrategiesoftheEuphemisminInternationalBusinessNegotiationNeaman(1983:361)pointedoutthatthespeakerisaword,istodeterminethehumanconditionsolutionisaeuphemism"word.Clearly,whenthedefinitionofeuphemismisstilllimitedvocabularylevel.AccordingtoconditionsofemploymentNeaman,euphemismandinterlocutersgreatlyaffected(LiWenying,2010:153).adaptationtheoryoflightadaptation,euphemismisakindofmasscommunicationstrategiesinordertomeettheneedsofcommunication,processisnegotiablenowaffectsandlimitsthecommunicativecontextincludementalworld,socialworldandthephysicalworld.languageusersSelecteuphemismonlyaccommodatethreefactors(LiTaizhi,2007:90).Ineverydaybusinesscommunication,thespeakerisfacingavarietyofcommunicativecontext.Inlargepart,howtoselecttheappropriatelanguageandhowlanguageadaptationdependsoncommunicationenvironment.Thefollowingsectionisdedicatedtoexploringpotentialbusinesscommunicativecontext.Euphemismisanappropriatelanguagetocommunicate,includingpsychological,socialandphysicalaspects.4.1AdaptationtoSocialWorldAsVerschueren(2000:84)states,oneofthekeyelementsofverbalcommunicationfromhearttoheart,where"thinking"isthespiritualworldoflanguagechoice.Spiritualworldofthespiritualworldisthespeakerandspeakeroftheassessmentseemstobewhatthespiritworld(LiangLujin,2004:13).Andtheresultsofthelanguageselection,toadapttothespiritualworldoftranslation.Compliancearguedthatthespiritualworldisapersonality,emotions,beliefs,desires,desires,motivesandintentions.However,notallofthesefactorshaveplayedthesamerole,communicationproblemsandconflictscanbeavoidedintheactualbusinesscommunication.Useeuphemismsdesireandmotivationoranytypeofeuphemismexchangewiththespeakers.Infact,accordingtoVerschueren'stheory,thepsychologicalworldoflanguageselectionincludestwoaspects,namely,cognitivefactorsandaffectivefactors.Theformerismainlymanifestedintheconceptofsocialinteraction,whichreferstotheinteractionbetweentheattitudeoftheparticipantsandtheemotional.Intermsofeuphemism,itisakindoflanguagemethodwhichprovidesapoliteandindirectwaytoachievegoodcommunication.Whenemployingeuphemisms,thespeakerwouldadapttotheassessmentofwhatthementalworldoftheinterpreterislike(PanFei,2005:93).Atthesametime,understandingthespeakertranslatorscanalsoaffecthismentalelementandspeakers,makingadaptationtothespiritualworldandthecorrectinterpretationofdiscourse.However,ifthefailuretoadapttothespiritualworld,communicationmayfail.Therefore,whethertousetheeuphemism,inpart,bythespeakerofthespiritualworld,ontheotherhand,thespeaker'schoicereflectsthespiritworld.Example15:Anyhow,I'mafraidtheimplicationsofthesetwotermsaresomewhatdifferent.Example16:Well,thedesignisgenerallybasedonthecalculationofProfessorThompson.Heoncesaidthatthemostefficientsteamenginewasonlyabout20%efficient.Intheaboveexamples,vaguelanguagetakeseffectbyvirtueofsomeparticularwordsorsentences.Whenyoucannotgiveadirectanswerorinconvenienttodeclareyouropinions,itiswiseforyoutoadoptsuchexpressionstorealizeself-protection.Inshort,becausepeopleuseeuphemismsconsciousresort,theuseofsuchlanguageisnotasimpleorrandomacts.Itmustadapttothevariousaspectsofthespeakerandtheinterpreterofthespiritualworldconsciouslyorunconsciouslycommunicateeffectivelyandsmoothly.4.2AdaptationtoMentalWorldEuphemismadaptedtosocialworldisadynamicprocessofgreatercomplexityandsubtlety.AsVerschueren(2000:91)thereisnofixedlimitsocialcategory,butinthiscategorythechoiceoflanguagehasshownitsadaptability,mutualimpactofthisadaptation.Thespeakeralsohastoadapttoaspectsofthesocialworldandachieveappropriatechoice-making.Thelinguisticchoicesincommunicationarerestrictedbythesocialandculturaldimensions.“Allthesestudiesconsolidatetheculturalandsocialcontextoflanguageunderstandingresults(GoodwinandDuranti,1992;qtd.inAkman,2000).Playinter-adaptable,theseincludesocialcustoms,raceandethnicity,gender,religion,age,educationlevel,occupation,education,languageandfastchangingsocialdimension.Itisbecauseoftheconstraintsofthesesystems,wewillbeabletocommunicatesmoothly.(Verschueren,2000:92).Socialcommunicationisconsideredthecorrectwaytomaintainorientationorsaveaperson.AccordingtoBrownandLevinson'sfacetheory,itapprovedeagerface.Everytimewehavealanguagetointeractwithothers,wemustconsiderwhetherwearediscussingiseasytomaintain,strengthenordamagetohisface,theimpactofourwordsonothers(YangYanfang,2015:216).Ingeneral,themeetingistoacceptinstruction,particularlywithregardtosocialbehavior.Afterthecustomorcertainbehaviors,formedalongpractice,usedbymostpeopletoaccept.Accordingtovarioussocialnormspeople'sbehavior.Businesscommunicationneedspolite,peoplearegoodatusingamildway,theeuphemismeducation.“Would(Could)youmind?”or“Would(Could,Will)youplease…?”aretypicalexamplesofeuphemism.Eveninmakinganorder,theywilleuphemizetheirtonesnottooffendtheothers.Example17:Couldyousendthemessagetome?Example18:Wouldyouliketotypetheletterforme?Besides,businesspeopleavoidmakingothersembarrassedinrefusingarequestoraninvitation.Forinstance,Example19:A:Wouldyouliketosendthelistofproductstomenow?B:Iwanttodoit,butnowIhavesomethingurgent.Today,therapiddevelopmentofworldeconomy,inordertomeetthechallengesofsociety,peoplewillchoosetocontinuetheirstudies.Somesensitivetopicsisalwayspresentinanycivilization.Allmembersofsocietyneedtofocusonthesetopicsandotherdiscrimination.Asweallknow,discriminationisasensitivesocialissue.Itreferstothetreatmenttakenfororagainstacertaingroupofpeople,inconsiderationbasedonclassorcategory.Therearealotofdiscriminationineverydaylife,suchas:racialdiscrimination,agediscrimination,sexdiscrimination,disabilitydiscriminationandsoon.Includingenterprises,varioussocialorganizationsshouldaimtoavoiddiscrimination.Intheprocessofbusinesscommunication,particularlywhenfacedwithcross-culturalcorporatecommunications,businesspeopletypicallyuseeuphemismstoavoidsexdiscrimination.Forexample,“people”shouldbeusedinsteadof“man”toavoidgenderdiscrimination.Example20:Theworkshopisespeciallyusefultobusinesspeople.(insteadofbusinessman)Example21:Employeesandtheirspousesareexcludedfromthecontest.(insteadofwives)Inadditiontoavoidingsexism,businesspeoplealsoneedtoavoiddisabilitydiscriminationbyvirtueofeuphemisticalway.Theyusuallyusesomeeuphemisticalwordslike“disabledorhandicapped”,“emotionaldifficulties”,“speakingandhearingimpaired”insteadof“crippled”,“insanity”,“deafanddumb”andsoon.Racialdiscriminationisalsoanimportantfactorcannotbeignored.Companyemployeestocommunicate,itisnecessaryinordertoavoidracialdiscrimination,useeuphemismstoensuresmoothcommunication.Undernormalcircumstances,theywouldnotusethewordorsentence,buttakesomeexpressionmellowedwithnationalcharacteristics.TwoexamplesbelowarealsoquotedfromZhang(ZhangJianpei，2005:44).Example22:Mr.JeffersonisachemicalengineeratABCindustries了Mr.Jeffersonisablackmanbutdoesn'tsayablackengineer)Example23:Somepeopleareveryambitious.(AlthoughsomepeoplehererefertoJapanese,thewriterdoesn'twriteitdown)4.3AdaptationtoPhysicalWorldVerschueren(2000)pointedoutthatthereferencetimeandspace,speakersandlistenersinthephysicalworld,willtendtomaintainthespeakerandthelistener'sremarksconsistency.Inthephysicalworld,locationandmaterialconditionsarewithinthescopeofthephysicalworld,exchangesmoreorlesstomakealanguageselection.Therefore,thechoiceofeuphemismalsoconformtothephysicalworld.AccordingtotheprinciplesofVerschueren,inthecommunication,becauseofthetimeandspacereferencesarealwaysrelativetoaperspective,undernormalcircumstances,thespeakermaymaketheirviewstendtobeconsistentwiththeintrinsicorientationoftheobjectinquestion(ZhaoLijuan,2009:46).Thefollowingexamplesillustratethefulllifeoftenhappensinactualbusiness.Example24:Manager:Haveyoufinishedit?Jack:Yes,Ihave.Intheaboveexample,managerasksJackifhehasfinishedhisself-criticismreportforhislateforwork.“It”hereisemphasizedas“self-criticismreport”tomaintainthepositivefaceandimageofparticipants.Example25:Manager:WhereisJack?Tom:Hewentthere.Example25tellsofmeeting.ManagersfoundthatJackisgone,whenheinvitedJacktospeak,sowhenheaskedTom,Tomwiththe"presence"asaeuphemismindicatingthetoilettoanswerthisquestion.Thus,bothTomansweredJackmanagerwheretheymaintainthesolemnatmosphereofthemeeting.Thetwoexamplesarerelatedtothephenomenonofreferencetothephysicalworld.Inexchange,peopletendtochoosetheappropriatelanguageformstoadapttotheneedsofsociety,thesewordsusuallyproducerelevantunderstanding,throughthesesemanticscandeterminetheinterlocutorsinthedialogueexchangesintentions,thisistheimportanceoflanguagechoice.Asdescribedabove,inadditiontothecorrectselectionoftimeandspace,theparticipantsalsoveryimportantinthelocationofthephysicalworld,soinamulti-semanticcase,tobeproperlyscreened.Forexample,inanoffice,amanissmoking,astaffstoppedhimandpointingtoanon-smokingsignonthewall,themanstopssmokingimmediately,andsaid:"I'msorry"..Thestafftellsthemannottosmokeinaeuphemisticwaywithoutsayingasinglewordorevenutteringasound.Moreover,whencommunicatingtopayattentiontosomeexpressionofbodylanguage,manytypesofspeechactsareassociatedwithaparticularbodyposture,look,appearance(includingclothing),physicalcondition,orbiologicalproperties.Infacetofacebusinesscommunicationlikebusinesspresentation,report,ormeeting,participantsoftentransmitpraiseoragreementtothespeakerwiththehelpofsmile,showingeuphemisticallytheiradmirationforthespeaker.Andaccordingly,thespeakerwithsinceresmilealsocangetothers'trustandconfidenceforhim/her.Inaddition,whenyoulistentoapersonspeaking,youshouldalwayscontactwithyourspeakers,toprovethatyouarelistenedcarefully.Moreimportantly,whenyouaredoingapresentationormeeting,yourboss,whereyoushouldstandupright;whenyouareinforcommunicationwithcustomers,youshouldlistentoitbecauseallpolitenessisaeuphemismwaytoexpresstoyourpartneryourrespecttiltedforward.Infact,itisamanifestationofbodylanguagetoconformtothephysicalworldofeuphemism.Asformaterialconditionsofspeech,Verschueren(2000:101)arguesthatthematerialconditionsofspeechexertinfluenceontheuseoflanguage,eitherinducingorpreventingcertaintypesofchoices.ThisisanexamplequotedfromVerschueren(2000:101):“Areyouprinting?”Thissentenceisuttereddozensoftimesinthepoorlyequippedofficewhereallthepeopleshareoneandtheonlyprintersimultaneously.Therefore,theuseofthissentencecanbeinterpretedasapoliteexpressiontoimplythatthespeakerw