核心考點(diǎn)詞第十三組

好:good;successful;spectacular;useful;efficient;improve;benefit;high;booming;innovative

壞:a-ab-in-im-il-ir-un-dis-anti-de-counter-mis-mal-non-under--less-free

壞:not;hard;but;few;little;reluctant;minimal;limited;restricted;danger;hazard;ratherthan;insteadof;yet;objection;failto;cannot;against;without;down;out;drawback;flaw;limitation;

negative;nolonger;no;rarely;hardly;seldom;never;scarcely;refuse;reject;turnone’sbackon;abandon;forgo;turndown

超過:over;morethan;inexcessof;exceed

平均:average,normal,standard,medium,common,par,usual,byandlarge,regular,mean,ordinary,forthemostpart

目標(biāo):aim,goal,target,objective,ambition

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3/15

722

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

Whypagodasdon’tfalldown

Inalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings-500orsowoodenpagodas-remainedstandingforcenturies?Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.Thosethathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.

Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,slenderbuildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirty years ago that the building industry felt confidentenough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storeyKasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's firstskyscraper - was considered amasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.

Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky-nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature'sforces.Butwhatsortoftricks?

Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfromChinainthesixthcentury.AsinChina,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.TheChinesebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreelyadaptedtolocalconditions-theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japanesebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsrainwatergushingdownthewalls.PagodasinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.

TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextended

eavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanyChinesepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.

ButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Istheanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda-withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira-simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?Forcenturies,manythoughtso.Buttheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingthingisthattheshinbashiraactuallycarriesnoloadatall.Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda-hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.

Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?Thebestwaytounderstandtheshinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.MrIshida,knowntohisstudentsas'ProfessorPagoda'becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table'inhislaboratory.Inshort,theshinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfrom

theside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance-witheachconsecutivefloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.

AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingtapers,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.

Andtheextra-wideeaves?Thinkofthemasatightropewalker'sbalancingpole.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.'Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMrIshida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofa thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modernstructuralengineering.

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Questions1-4

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

OnlytwoJapanesepagodashavecollapsedin1400years.

TheHanshinearthquakeof1995destroyedthepagodaattheTojitemple.

TheotherbuildingsneartheTojipagodahadbeenbuiltinthelast30years.

Thebuildersofpagodasknewhowtoabsorbsomeofthepowerproducedbysevereweatherconditions.

Questions5-10

Classifythefollowingastypicalof

bothChineseandJapanesepagodas

onlyChinesepagodas

onlyJapanesepagodas

Writethecorrectletter,A,BorC,inboxes5-10onyouranswersheet.

easyinterioraccesstotop

tilesoneaves

useasobservationpost

sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuilding

originalreligiouspurpose

floorsfittinglooselyovereachother

Questions11-13

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.

InaJapanesepagoda,theshinbashira

bearsthefullweightofthebuilding.

bendsunderpressurelikeatree.

connectsthefloorswiththefoundations.

stopsthefloorsmovingtoofar.

ShuzoIshidaperformsexperimentsinorderto

improveskyscraperdesign.

beabletobuildnewpagodas.

learnaboutthedynamicsofpagodas.

understandancientmathematics.

ThestoreysofaJapanesepagodaare

linkedonlybywood.

fastenedonlytothecentralpillar.

fittedlooselyontopofeachother.

joinedbyspecialweights.

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Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

EarlyChildhoodEducation

NewZealand'sNationalPartyspokesmanoneducation,DrLockwoodSmith,recentlyvisitedtheUSandBritain.HerehereportsonthefindingsofhistripandwhattheycouldmeanforNewZealand'seducationpolicy

EducationToBeMore'waspublishedlastAugust.ItwasthereportoftheNewZealandGovernment'sEarlyChildhoodCareandEducationWorkingGroup.Thereportarguedforenhancedequityofaccessandbetterfundingforchildcareandearlychildhoodeducationinstitutions.Unquestionably,that'sarealneed;butsinceparentsdon'tnormallysendchildrentopre-schoolsuntiltheageofthree,arewemissingoutonthemostimportantyearsofall?

A13-yearstudyofearlychildhooddevelopmentatHarvardUniversityhasshownthat,bytheageofthree,mostchildrenhavethepotentialtounderstandabout1000words

-mostofthelanguagetheywilluseinordinaryconversationfortherestoftheirlives.

Furthermore,researchhasshownthatwhileeverychildisbornwithanaturalcuriosity,itcanbesuppresseddramaticallyduringthesecondandthirdyearsoflife.

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Researchersclaimthatthehumanpersonalityisformedduringthefirsttwoyearsoflife,andduringthefirstthreeyearschildrenlearnthebasicskillstheywilluseinalltheirlaterlearningbothathomeandatschool.Onceovertheageofthree,childrencontinuetoexpandonexistingknowledgeoftheworld.

Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatyoungpeoplefrompoorersocio-economicbackgroundstendtodolesswellinoureducationsystem.That'sobservednotjustinNewZealand,butalsoinAustralia,BritainandAmerica.Inanattempttoovercomethateducationalunder-achievement,anationwideprogrammecalled'Headstart'waslaunchedintheUnitedStatesin1965.Alotofmoneywaspouredintoit.Ittookchildrenintopre-schoolinstitutionsattheageofthreeandwassupposedtohelpthechildrenofpoorerfamiliessucceedinschool.

Despitesubstantialfunding,resultshavebeendisappointing.Itisthoughtthattherearetwoexplanationsforthis.First,theprogrammebegantoolate.Manychildrenwhoentereditattheageofthreewerealreadybehindtheirpeersinlanguageandmeasurableintelligence.Second,theparentswerenotinvolved.Attheendofeachday,'Headstart'childrenreturnedtothesamedisadvantagedhomeenvironment.

Asaresultofthegrowingresearchevidenceoftheimportanceofthefirstthreeyearsofachild'slifeandthedisappointingresultsfrom'Headstart',apilotprogramme

waslaunchedinMissouriintheUSthatfocusedonparentsasthechild'sfirstteachers.The'Missouri'programmewaspredicatedonresearchshowingthatworkingwiththefamily,ratherthanbypassingtheparents,isthemosteffectivewayofhelpingchildrengetofftothebestpossiblestartinlife.Thefour-yearpilotstudyincluded380familieswhowereabouttohavetheirfirstchildandwhorepresentedacross-sectionofsocio-economicstatus,ageandfamilyconfigurations.Theyincludedsingle-parentandtwo-parentfamilies,familiesinwhichbothparentsworked,andfamilieswitheitherthemotherorfatherathome.

Theprogrammeinvolvedtrainedparent-educatorsvisitingtheparents'homeandworkingwiththeparent,orparents,and the child. Information on child development, andguidanceonthingstolookforandexpectasthechildgrowswere provided, plus guidance in fostering the child'sintellectual,language,socialandmotor-skilldevelopment.Periodiccheck-upsofthechild'seducationalandsensorydevelopment (hearing and vision) were made to detectpossible handicaps that interfere with growth anddevelopment.Medicalproblemswerereferredtoprofessionals.

Parent-educatorsmadepersonalvisitstohomesandmonthlygroupmeetingswereheldwithothernewparentstoshareexperienceanddiscusstopicsofinterest.Parentresourcecentres,locatedinschoolbuildings,offeredlearningmaterialsforfamiliesandfacilitatorsforchildcare.

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Attheageofthree,thechildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedinthe'Missouri'programmewereevaluatedalongsideacross-sectionofchildrenselectedfromthesamerangeofsocio-economicbackgroundsandfamilysituations,andalsoarandomsampleofchildrenthatage.Theresultswerephenomenal.Bytheageofthree,thechildrenintheprogrammeweresignificantlymoreadvancedinlanguagedevelopmentthantheirpeers,hadmadegreaterstridesinproblemsolvingandotherintellectualskills,andwerefurtheralonginsocialdevelopment.Infact,theaveragechildontheprogrammewasperformingatthelevelofthetop15to20percentoftheirpeersinsuchthingsasauditorycomprehension,verbalabilityandlanguageability.

Mostimportantofall,thetraditionalmeasuresof'risk',suchasparents'ageandeducation,orwhethertheywereasingleparent,borelittleornorelationshiptothemeasuresofachievementandlanguagedevelopment.Childrenintheprogramme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtuallyeliminated. The one factor that was found to affect thechild's development was family stress leading to a poorqualityofparent-childinteraction.Thatinteractionwasnotnecessarilybadinpoorerfamilies.

Theseresearchfindingsareexciting.ThereisgrowingevidenceinNewZealandthatchildrenfrompoorersocio-economicbackgroundsarearrivingatschoollesswelldevelopedandthatourschoolsystemtendstoperpetuatethatdisadvantage.Theinitiativeoutlinedabovecouldbreak

thatcycleofdisadvantage.Theconceptofworkingwithparentsintheirhomes,orattheirplaceofwork,contrastsquitemarkedlywiththereportoftheEarlyChildhoodCareandEducationWorkingGroup.Theirfocusisongettingchildrenandmothersaccesstochildcareandinstitutionalisedearlychildhoodeducation.Educationfromtheageofthreetofiveisundoubtedlyvital,butwithoutasimilarfocusonparenteducationandonthevitalimportanceofthefirstthreeyears,someevidenceindi