第11講選擇性必修一Unit4Grammarandusage目標(biāo)任務(wù)目標(biāo)任務(wù)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)圍繞人與社會的主題語境，依托語篇，通過一系列英語學(xué)習(xí)活動，發(fā)展英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。1．在語篇中觀察、探究語法現(xiàn)象，自主歸納語法規(guī)則，并在新的語境和活動中正確使用語法。2．通過訓(xùn)練與本單元語法相關(guān)的練習(xí)加強學(xué)生的英語運用意識。002預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)學(xué)（一）課前閱讀：本單元語法是非謂語動詞三種形式的用法整體復(fù)習(xí)：Overviewoftoinfinitives,verbingandverbedformsBelowisanintroductiontoRomanticpoetry.Findthesentencesthatusetoinfinitives,verbingorverbedformsandfillinthetablebelow.（黃色標(biāo)注的部分）Romanticismwasaculturalmovementfromthelate18thtothemid19thcentury.Itwasatimewhenmanypainters,musicians,novelistsandpoetslookedattheworldinnewanddifferentways.TheaimoftheRomanticswastobreakwiththeidealsofthe18thcentury:theyrefusedtofollowrigidrules;instead,theyputemphasisontheimportanceofimaginationandfeeling,theloveofnatureandareturntothepast.InEngland,thegreatestachievementsoftheRomanticmovementlayinpoetry,especiallythatofWilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,GeorgeGordonByronandPercyByssheShelley.Duringthattime,Englandwasundergoingaprocesscalledindustrialization.Largefactorieswerebeingbuiltandpeopleweremadetoworklonghours.Romanticpoetswereoftennotpleasedwithwhatwashappeningintheircountryandtheywerenotalwaysinterestedintheimprovementsinscience.Instead,theyadvocatedgoingbacktonature.Asaresult,celebratingthebeautyofnatureandcountrylifebecameamonthemeinRomanticpoetry.Thepoetsalsowroteaboutindividualfeelingsandbeliefs.Exploringtheworldofemotionandshowingthebeautyofnature,thepoetryoftheRomanticeraisoneofthegreatesttreasuresinWesternliterature.（二）基礎(chǔ)梳理非謂語動詞作主語不定式作主語：指具體的一次性的動作（通常會用it作形式主語）→表將來含義結(jié)構(gòu)一：Itis/was+adj.+(for/ofsb)+todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)二：Itis/was+a/an+n.+todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)三：Ittakes/took+(sb)+time/courage/patience,...+todosth.Itrequires/requiredcourage/patience/hardwork,...+todosth.動名詞做主語：指一般的或抽象的多次性的動作，時間概念不強(1)常用句型：結(jié)構(gòu)一：Itis+adj.(eg.good,funny,nice,worthwhile,interesting,etc)+doingsth.結(jié)構(gòu)二：Itisno/any/somegood/use(in)doingsth.結(jié)構(gòu)三：Thereisnopoint/use/good(in)doingsth.結(jié)構(gòu)四：Thereisnodoingsth.“禁止做……”(2)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（注意時態(tài)和語態(tài)）：形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞名詞所有格+動名詞如：Theiringtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Mike’sreturningtoworkisagreathelptous.注意Doing+謂語動詞+其他.It+謂語動詞+...+todosth.（80%）非謂語動詞作賓語不定式作賓語作及物動詞的賓語（從一而終：動詞形式后加todo作賓語，其名詞形式后也是加todo）(1)決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕沒法愿假裝；主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wishrefuse,manage,desire,pretendoffer,promise,choose,planagree,ask/beg,help如：Hehopestogotouniversitynextyear.他盼望來年上大學(xué)。Shefinallydecidedtogiveupthejob.她最后決定放棄那項工作。(2)it作形式賓語，構(gòu)成“及物動詞+it+adj./n.+(forsb)+todosth”結(jié)構(gòu)，這類及物動詞常見的有：think,find,believe,feel,make,consider。如：Herforeignidentitymakesithard(forher)tofindajobhere.作介詞的賓語：不定式通常不作介詞的賓語，但可在except和but后作賓語（前有“do”，后無“to”）；若在除二者之外的介詞后作賓語，通常會加上特殊疑問詞（賓語從句的省略）。如：They’retalkingabouthowtogetthere.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Wehavenothingtodobutwait.動名詞作賓語作及物動詞的賓語考慮建議盼原諒（consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon）承認推遲沒得想（admit,delay/putoff,fancy）避免錯過繼續(xù)練（avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise）否認完成就欣賞（deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate）禁止想象才冒險（forbid,imagine,risk）不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡（can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape）難以忍受始反對（can’tstand,setabout,objectto）想要成功堅持忙（feellike,succeedin,stickto/insiston,bebusy）習(xí)慣放棄有困難（beused/accustomedto,giveup,havedifficulty/trouble/problems<in>）導(dǎo)致專心防道款（leadto,devoteto,prevent/stop/keepsb/sthfrom,apologizefor）besurprisedat對……感到驚訝beproudof以……為驕傲beafraidof害怕……注意①allow,permit,forbid,advise等及物動詞后直接加動名詞（doing）作賓語；如果這些詞后有名詞或代詞，則用todo作賓語。如：allowdoingsth.或allowsbtodosth.；②大部分能加名詞作賓語的及物動詞，也能加動名詞（doing）作賓語（但expect,want等除外）；③主動表被動：need/want/requiredoing=need/want/requiretobedone。作介詞的賓語：vi./adj.+介詞短語+doing。其中，需特別注意介詞to！補充含有介詞to的固定搭配admitto,beequalto,devote...to,getdownto,lookforwardto,objectto,stickto,taketo開始沉湎于……；養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣,seeto,attendto,leadto,payattentionto,be/getused/accustomedto等。3、動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語（注意時態(tài)和語態(tài)）：人稱代詞（賓格）+動名詞形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞名詞所有格+動名詞名詞通格+動名詞如：=1\*GB3①Itthebabysittercan’tetomorrow,doyoumindFred’s/his/himbeingleftaloneathome,sleeping?=2\*GB3②Iknewnothingaboutthewindowbeingopen.非謂語動詞作表語不定式或動名詞→對稱結(jié)構(gòu)注意對于不定式，如果主語部分有實義動詞“do”，則作表語的不定式通常省“to”。如：Theonlythingyoucandoiswaitandsee.（前有“do”，后無“to”）分詞：exciting和excited非謂語動詞作定語注意完成式<tohavedone,tohavebeendone,havingdone,havingbeendone>不作定語！！作前置定語（單個單詞→所以沒有todo）→doing,done動名詞（doing表功能，強調(diào)名詞詞性；沒有beingdone）現(xiàn)在分詞（doing表進行，強調(diào)動作；沒有beingdone）過去分詞（done表完成，強調(diào)動作）注意有些單個的過去分詞在作定語時習(xí)慣后置，如：given,left,concerned有關(guān)的等。作后置定語→todo,tobedone;doing,beingdone;done不定式（表將來）*現(xiàn)在分詞短語（doing表主動/進行；beingdone表被動且進行，“正在被……”）過去分詞短語（done表被動且完成，“已經(jīng)被……”）Therearemanydifficultiestohandle.→可在不定式前加“forme”，說明困難是由“我”解決。Therearemanydifficultiestobehandled.→表示困難不是由“我”解決。中心詞為不定代詞，或被theonly/last/next/...,thefirst等序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾時。如：Ihavenopenciltowritewith.Heisthefirstonetogettoschool.注意①非謂語動詞為不及物動詞，則只有現(xiàn)在分詞的主動形式（過去分詞表示動作已完成）；②非謂語動詞為及物動詞，則有2種情況：有名詞或代詞作賓語，用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動形式。如：Theyliveinaroomfacingthesouth.若無賓語，則用被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)時態(tài)的不同，有3種情況：Themeetingtobeheldisveryimportant.“將被舉辦的”Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.“正在被舉辦的”Themeetingheldwasveryimportant.“已被舉辦的”（三）預(yù)習(xí)作業(yè)1.預(yù)習(xí)本單元Integratedskills&Extendedreading&Project部分的重點詞匯和短語2.熟讀這部分出現(xiàn)的文章003探究提升環(huán)節(jié)一變：單句語法填空1．Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you'llbelesslikely(bring)yourworkhome.2．(build)thebridge,theworkersmovedtoanothercity.3．(face)withthedifficultsituation,hetookcourageandovercameitatlast.4．LangPingisthefirstpersoninvolleyballhistory(win)goldasbothaplayerandaheadcoachintheOlympicGames.5．(inspire)bythespiritofthespider,thegeneralgatheredhissoldiersandtrainedthemcarefully.6．Keeptheinjuredwithhishead(hold)straightwhilesomeonecallsforemergency.7．Theairport(plete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.8．Attheparty,theprettygirlworeaveryattractiveskirttomakeherself(notice)．【答案】1.tobring2.Havingbuilt3.Faced4.towin5.Inspired6.held7.tobepleted8.noticed環(huán)節(jié)二變：單句語法填空1.Wemustalsoconsiderthereactionoftheperson________(receive)thegift.2…Withtheproblem________(solve),Ifeltproudofmyachievement..3.…IthennoticedthatIhadjust10minutesleft_________(plete)therest..4.There,________(place)neatlybesidetheemptydish,weretwonickelsandfivepennies—hertip!5.________(pare)withthepreviousyear,thenumberofstudentswhowentabroadforstudywasincreasedby15,000,orariseof13%.6.StormssweptalongNewMexico'sborderwithTexasonFriday,______(destroy)homesandotherbuildingsandinjuring…7．Wemustpractisespeakingand________(write)thelanguagewheneverwecan,butitisnotenoughonly________(memorize)rulesfromagrammarbook.8.Thetelevisionviewermakesnochoiceandnojudgment.Heispletelypassiveandhaseverything______(present)tohimwithoutanyeffortonhispart.【答案】receiving2.solved3.toplete4.placed5.pared6.destroying7.writing;tomemorize8.presented環(huán)節(jié)三變：語法填空TheMid-AutumnDayisaveryimportanttraditionalfestivalinChina.Ittakesitsnamefromthefactthatit(36)________(celebrate)inthemiddleoftheautumnseason.TheMid-AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayoftheeighthlunarmonth.ThedayisknownastheMoonFestival,asatthetimeoftheyear,themoonisatitsroundestand(37)________(bright).Itisaneveningcelebrationin(38)________familiesgathertogetherandeatmooncakes.Besides,(39)________(make)thehousemorebeautiful,peoplewillhangredlanternsinfrontofit.Onthatday,peoplelookbackonthepastandlookforwardtothefuturetogether.Childrenwillplaywiththeirown(40)________(toy)andenjoythemselves.TheMid-AutumnFestivalcelebrationsdateback(41)________morethan2，000years.Theword“Mid-Autumn”first(42)________(appear)inthefamousancientbookZhouLi.However,itwasnot(43)________theearlyTangDynastythatpeoplecelebratedthedayasatraditionalfestival.Itbecamean(44)________(official)establishedfestivalduringtheSongDynasty,andhasbeeaspopularastheSpringFestivalsincetheMingandQingDynasties.Celebrationshavecontinuedeversinceandmorecustomsfor(45)________(mark)thisoccasionhavebeenformed.【答案】36.iscelebrated37.brightest38.which39.tomake40.toys41.to42.appeared43.until44.officially45.marking004體系構(gòu)建todo不定式、動詞ing形式非謂語動詞作主語todo不定式、動詞ing形式非謂語動詞作主語非謂語動詞作賓語非謂語動詞作表語非謂語動詞作定語非謂語動詞作補語非謂語動詞作狀語todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式、動詞ed形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式、動詞ed形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式、動詞ed形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式todo不定式、動詞ing形式、動詞ed形式005記憶清單一、非謂語動詞作主語1.不定式作主語：指具體的一次性的動作（通常會用it作形式主語）2.動名詞做主語：指一般的或抽象的多次性的動作3.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：①形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞②名詞所有格+動名詞二、非謂語動詞作賓語1.不定式作賓語2.動名詞作賓語3.主動表被動：need/want/requiredoing=need/want/requiretobedone三、非謂語動詞作表語1.前有“do”，后無“to”：對于不定式，如果主語部分有實義動詞“do”，則作表語的不定式通常省“to”2.區(qū)分exciting和excited這類詞四、非謂語動詞作定語1.完成式<tohavedone,tohavebeendone,havingdone,havingbeendone>不作定語2.作前置定語→doing,done3.作后置定語→todo,tobedone;doing,beingdone;done4.中心詞為不定代詞，或被theonly/last/next/...,thefirst等序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾時00601強化訓(xùn)練一、閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Everyonefeelsliketheyhavetoomuchtodobuttoolittletimetodoit.Maybeyoufeellikeyourlistisgrowinglongerbytheminute.36Here’showtomanageyourtasks.?37Beforeyoutrytosortyourtasksinorderofimportance，takethetimetomakealistofeverythingthatyouwanttofinish.Divideyourlistintopartsfordifferenttypesoftasks，suchasdailyorweeklytasks，necessarytasksandunnecessarytasks.?Organizeyourlist.Onceyou’velistedeverything，youcanfigureoutwhattodofirstandorganizeyourschedule.Youcanorganizeyourtasksaccordingtowhethertheyareimportantorwhatthevalueofataskis.38?Batch(分批處理)tasks.Batchingtasksisoneofthemostusefulwaystogetthosetasksdone.Batchingsimplymeansyouworkonthesametypeoftaskagainandagainbeforestartingsomethingelse.39Thenyoudealwiththosetasksatthesametimeusingthatworkprocess.?Deletetasks.Onceyou’velistedallyourtasksandsortedthemcorrectly，itwillbeeclearwhichtasksareatthebottomofthelist.40However，ifthat’snotpossible，youhavetodecidewhethertoscheduletimeforthemortodeletethem.Youmayhavetasksonyourlistthatyoudonothavetodoorevenwanttodo，butyoufeelpressuredatsomepoint.Thesecanbedeletedentirely.A．Makealistofyourto-dotasks.B．Makeothersknowyourprivatetasks.C．Maybeyoudon’tevenknowwheretostart.D．Youcanalsoorganizethemaccordingtoyourtime.E．Sometimesyoucancallsomeoneelsetodothosetasks.F．Thosetasksshouldbeofgreatimportancetoyourownfuture.G．Thefirststepistoidentifytasksandsetupasimpleworkprocesstofollow.【答案】CADGE二、應(yīng)用文寫作假設(shè)你是李華，你校即將舉辦一場孔子思想講座，主題是“見賢思齊焉，見不賢而內(nèi)自省也”。請寫一封郵件邀請對中國傳統(tǒng)文化感興趣的交換生Jim聽講座，內(nèi)容包括：1.時間、地點；2.講座主題；3.可能的收獲。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。參考詞匯：《論語》TheAnalectsofConfucius；儒家思想Confucianism_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】DearJim，Goodnewsforyou!TherewillbealectureaboutConfuciousnextweekinourschool.SinceyouareveryinterestedinChineseculture,thisisagoodchanceforyoutogetaglimpseofitsorigin—Confucianism.Thelectureisscheduledtobeheldat6pmnextFriday,inLectureHall1.YouknowwemodernChinesegettoknowtheideasofConfuciousfromthebookTheAnalectsofConfucius,whichkeepsarecordofhisideasandthoughtsaboutpoliticsandlife.TheinvitedprofessorwillfocusononeofConfucious'sayings—Whenweseemenofworth,weshouldthinkofequalingthem;whenweseemenofacontrarycharacter,weshouldturninwardsandexamineourselves.Afterthelecture,youwillknowwhatweChinesefollowinourprivatelifeandwhatshapesourpersonality.Weareapeoplewhoaregoodatreflectingonourthoughtsandbehaviours.Ifyouareinterestedinthelecture,remembertobeinLectureHall1at6pmnextFriday.Yours，LiHua三、閱讀理解AFourappstokeepyourlifeontrackFromsimpletaskschedulingtodetailedtaskmanagement,alltheseappsoffereverythingyouneedforefficienttaskrecording.FocusterWithFocuster,youjustneedtoaddallyourtasksandthetoolwillarrangethemimmediatelyinorderofimportance.Afteraddingallthetasks,justpresstheNowbuttonandthetoolwillshowthetasksyoushouldbefocusingonfortheday.TeuxDeuxThisusefulappletsyouscheduleandorganizeallyourtasksforthewholeweek.Justaddthetasksbelowthedaycolumnandyou'redone.Wanttomoveataskfromonecolumntoanother?Noworries.Itsdrag-and-dropinterface(界面)letsyourearrangethetaskandaddittoadifferentday'scolumn.Additionally,TeuxDeuxletsyouaddrepeatingtasksforaday.TickTickTickTickallowsyoutoaddtasks,subtasks,customremindersaswellasdeadlinesforaday,aweek,oramonth.Inordertoprovideyouwithmoreeaseintaskscheduling,TickTickoffersanicecalendarview,whereyoucanaddoredittasksonaweeklyordailybasis.Italsohasexperimentalfeatures,whichyoucanturnonifyouwanttotryoutbetacapabilities(測試功能)．WunderlistTheappletsyoucreatetasks,subtasksandallowsyoutosharewithyourfamily,friendsandcolleagues.Thewholeappisdesignedinthemostuser-friendlywayandoffersyoutheabilitytoadddeadlines,additionalinformationandreminders.1.Toshareyourtaskswithothers,you'dprefertochoose________．A.FocusterB.TeuxDeux C.TickTick D.Wunderlist2.What'sthesimilaritybetweenTeuxDeuxandTickTick?A.Theyofferabeautifulcalendarview.B.Theyhavegreatexperimentalfeatures.C.Theycanhelporganizetasksforaweek.D.Theyhaveaveryuser-friendlyinterface.3.Whatbenefitcanyougetfromthefourapps?A.pletingyourworkmoreeasily.B.Obtainingeverythingyouneedfaster.C.GettingaccesstotheInternetmorequickly.D.Organizingyouractivitiesmoreeffectively.【語篇解讀】本文介紹了四個讓你的生活保持正軌的應(yīng)用程序。1.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Theappletsyoucreatetasks,subtasksandallowsyoutosharewithyourfamily,friendsandcolleagues.”(這款軟件允許你創(chuàng)建任務(wù)、子任務(wù)，并允許你與家人、朋友和同事分享。)由此可知，要想與他人分享你的任務(wù)，你會選擇Wunderlist，故D項正確。2.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thisusefulappletsyouscheduleandorganizeallyourtasksforthewholeweek.”(這個有用的應(yīng)用程序可以讓你安排和組織整個星期的任務(wù)。)及第四段中的“TickTickallowsyoutoaddtasks,subtasks,customremindersaswellasdeadlinesforaday,aweek,oramonth.”(TickTick允許您添加任務(wù)、子任務(wù)、自定義提醒一天、一周或一個月的截止日期)可知，TeuxDeux和TickTick的相似之處是這兩個應(yīng)用程序都可以幫助你組織一周的任務(wù)，故C項正確。3.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容(從簡單的任務(wù)調(diào)度到詳細的任務(wù)管理，這四個應(yīng)用程序都提供了高效記錄任務(wù)所需的一切。)由此可知，這四個應(yīng)用程序都可以讓你更有效地組織你的活動，故D項正確。BHereisarecordofthediscussionaboutAI(artificialintelligence)conductedbyseveralscientists：ScientistA:IwouldsaythatwearequitealongwayoffdevelopingtheAI,thoughIdothinkitwillhappenwithinthenextthirtyorfortyyears.Wewillprobablyremainincontroloftechnologyanditwillhelpussolvemanyoftheworld'sproblems.However,noonereallyknowswhatwillhappenifmachinesbeemoreintelligentthanhumans.Theymayhelpus,ignoreusordestroyus.ItendtobelieveAIwillhaveapositiveinfluenceonourfuturelives,butwhetherthatistruewillbepartlyuptous.ScientistB:Ihavetoadmitthatthepotentialconsequencesofcreatingsomethingthatcanmatchorgobeyondhumanintelligencefrightenme.Evennow,scientistsareteachingputershowtolearnontheirown.Atsomepointinthenearfuture,theirintelligencemaywelltakeoffanddevelopatanever-increasingspeed.Humanbeingsevolvebiologicallyveryslowlyandwewouldbequicklyreplaced.Intheshortterm,thereisthedangerthatrobotswilltakeovermillionsofhumanjobs,creatingalargeunderclassofunemployedpeople.Thiscouldmeanlarge-scalepovertyandsocialunrest.Inthelongterm,machinesmightdecidetheworldwouldbebetterwithouthumans.ScientistC:I'mamemberoftheCampaigntoStopKillerRobots.ForgetthemovieimageofaterrifyingTerminator(終結(jié)者)stampingonhumanskullsandthinkofwhat'shappeningrightnow:militarymachineslikedrones,gunturretsandsentryrobotsarealreadybeingusedtokillwithverylittlehumaninput.Thenextstepwillbeautonomous“murderbots”followingordersbutfinallydecidingwhotokillontheirown.Itseemscleartomethatthiswouldbeextremelydangerousforhumans.Weneedtobeverycautiousindee