第六節用量與用法本項最常用的英語表示法有：DosageandAdministration用（劑）量與用法RouteofAdministration給藥途徑（用法）Administration用法DirectionforUse用法Methodof（for）Administration用法ApplicationandDosage用法與用（劑）量ModeofApplication用法Dosage用（劑）量HowtoUse用法Posology劑量學還可能有其他的表示方法。本項也是閱讀的重點，讀者必須正確理解本項內容中的給藥對象、給藥方式、劑量及劑量單位、給藥時間等。1、常用表示劑量的術語averagedose平均劑量minimal（minimum）dose最小有效量dailydose日劑量（一日量）multipledose多劑量divideddose分次劑量overdose（overdose）過量fatal（lethal）dose致死量singledose一次劑量indicateddose有效蠐量standarddose標準（合適）劑量initial（beginning,starting）dose首次量suggested（recommended）dose推薦劑量maintenancedose維持量therapeuticdose治療劑量maximumdose最大劑量(極量)usual(normal)dose常用劑量2、常用的劑量單位表示法g=gram克l=liter（litre）升mg=milligram毫克ml=milliliter毫升kg=kilogram千克c.c.毫升mcg=microgram微克I.U.=internationalunit國際單位ug微克bodyweight體重persquaremeterofbodysurface每平方米體表面積3、每次給藥次數的表示方法daily（perday,aday,everyday）每日every...hours每隔…小時intervatsof...每隔…once（twice）daily（aday）每日一（二）次everyotherday每隔一日threetimesaday（daily）每日三次threetimesaweek每周三次once（twice）aweek（weekly）每周一（二）次Dividedinto...doses分…次intwoorthreedivideddoses分為二或三次（個劑量）例1Unlessotherwiseprescribedbythephysician,theaveragedailydoseis1capsule3timesdaily.如果醫生不另開處方，平均日劑量為每日3次、每次1個膠襄。例2Thesuggesteddoseis10to15mgperkgdodyweightdailyin3-4divideddosesorally,takenwithmeets.日劑量最好每公斤體重10-15mg，分3-4次口服，與食物共服。例3Theinitialdosagerecommendedis1/2tabletofMadopa250threetimesdaily.開始劑量最好為每日3次，每次半片美多巴250.例4Children:Theusualdoseis50to100mg/kg/daytotal,giveninfourequallydividedandspaceddoses.兒童：常用總劑量為每日50-100mg/kg體重，均分為四等份，等間隔給藥。例5Therecommendedstartingdoseis20mggivenasasingledailydose.推薦的首劑量為每20mg，一次服用。4、給藥對象：最常見的用詞有adolescents青少年intant（s）幼兒adult（s）成年人male男性baby（babies）嬰兒newbornbaby（babies）新生兒children（child）兒童patient（s）患者，病人debilitatedpatients體弱患者pediatric兒科的elderlypatient（s）老年患者pregnantwomen孕婦female女性senilepatient（s）老年患者（病人）5、給藥方式的表示法：多用副詞成或介詞短語表示，例如：intra-arterially靜脈內給藥bymouth（OS）口服intragluteally臀肌內給藥byphleboclysis靜脈輸液intramuscularly肌內給藥byintramuscular（IM）injection肌肉注射intraperitoneally腹(膜)腔內給藥byintravenous(IV)injection靜脈注射intrapleurally胸(膜)腔內給藥bytheintra-articataradministration關節內給藥intrathecally鞘內給藥bytheintramuscularadministration(route)肌內給藥intravenously靜脈內給藥bytheintranasalroute鼻內給藥locally局部給藥orally口服給藥parenterally腸道外給藥bytheintraperitonealadministration腹(膜)腔內給藥subconjuntivally結膜下給藥bytheintravenousinfusion(perfusion)靜脈輸注subcutaneously皮下給藥sublingually舌下給藥submucously粘膜下給藥bytheintrathecaladministration鞘內給藥byaerosol噴霧給藥bythesublingualadministration舌下給藥bydripphleboclysis點滴靜脈輸液perrectum直腸給藥byenema灌腸pervaginum陰道給藥bylumbar腰椎給藥prorecto直腸給藥此外還有許多其他的表示法，不一一列舉。6、表示“投藥”的常用動詞administer(或beadministered、give、begiven、indicate、beindicated)給藥、投藥use(或beused、employ、beemployed)用藥recommend(berecommended>suggest、besuggested)推薦給藥7、表示不同的用藥方式的動詞：take服用inhale吸入applyto用于、涂于、敷于spray噴霧inject注射swallow吞服例6...Therecommendedsingledoseis1ampoule,givensubcutaneously,intramuscularlyorintravenously.建議一次劑量為1安瓶，皮下、肌肉或靜脈注射給藥。例7I.Minjectionsshouldbeadministeredintheamountof25-50mgdailyperkiloofbodyweight,subdividedintoinjectionsevery6-8-12hours.肌肉注射：每日每公斤體重給藥25-50mg，每6-8-12小時一次。例8Foradultsgiveintramuscularinjectionof400to600mgperdayin2-3divideddoses.Forinfantsgiveintramuscularinjectionof10-20mg/kgperdayintwodivideddoses.成年人：肌肉注射，每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射；嬰兒：肌肉注射，每日10-20mg/kg體重，分2次注射。例9Thetablets(orthesyrup)aretobetakenduringorafteramealwithalittleliquid.片劑(或糖漿)應于食間或飯后用少量液體送服。例10ApplytheNitro-Dursystemfirmlytotheskinsurface.TheNitro-Dursystemmaybeappliedtoanyconvenientskinarea,arecommendedsideofapplicationisthearmorchest.把護心貼片緊貼在皮膚表面，護心貼片可貼在任何方便的皮膚區域，最好是貼在手臂或胸部。例11Ingeneral1to3metereddosesshouldbeinhaledorsprayedontoorunderthetongueattheeveryonsetofanginapain.一般應在心絞痛開始發作時就吸入，或向舌上或舌下噴入1-3個規定的劑量。8、其它的短語或句型，例如：accordingto根據beadjusted調整dependon依據adaptto適合，修改onthebasisof在…基礎上varyftom...to...變化范圍由…至…，因…而異rangefrom...to...變化范圍由…至…itisadvisableto(itisrecommendedto、itissuggestedto)建議...例子很多，不一一列舉。例12Dosageshouldbeadaptedtopatientsindividually,onthebasisofperiodictestsofglycosuriaandbloodsugar.在周期性檢驗尿糖和血糖的基礎上，調整劑量，使之適用于不同的患者。例13Itisadvisabletoinitiatetherapywithmassivedoses:3x2tabletsdailyaftermealsover2-4days.建議開始治療時采用大劑量，每日劑量為3x2片，飯后服用，持續2-4日。例14Inseverschroniccases,treatmentisstartedwithdaily1to2ampoulesofBilocidandcontinuedwithoneampouleeveryotherday,injectedslowlybytheintravenousroute.治療嚴重的慢性疾病時，治療從每日1-2支利膽素注射劑開始，繼續治療時每隔一日1安瓶緩慢靜脈注射。例15Thenumberofinjectionsrequiredmayvaryfrompatienttopatient.所需注射次數因患者而異。例16ThedosageofGlutrilmustbeadjustedbythedoctoraccordingtotheindividualmetabolicstate.格路特利的劑量需由醫生根據每個患者的代謝狀況調整。例17Insuchinstance,itisrecommendedthatthedosebereduced.在這種情況下，建議減少劑量。例18Themaintenancedosageisdeterminedbyresponseofthepatient.維持劑量視患者對藥物的反應而定。第七節不良反應不良反應這一項中包括藥物的副作用、癥狀及體征、毒性作用及耐受力、過敏反應、停藥等。現分述如下：1?“不良反應”的常用的英語表示法有：AdverseReaction(s)不良反應Unwanted(Untoward)Reaction(s)不良反應2“副作用”的常用的英語表示法有：Side-effect(s)副作用Unwanted(Undesirable)Effects副作用SideReaction(s)副作用By-effects副作用3?常見的霉副反應的癥狀及體征的詞語很多，但記住下列詞語很有必要:allergic(hypersensitive，anaphylactic)reaction(s)過敏反應allergy(hypersensitivity)過敏dizziness冃玄暈gastrointestinaltract胃腸道fever發熱localreaction(s)局部反應flush潮紅skinreaction(s)皮膚反應headache頭痛symptom(s)癥狀nausea惡心systematic全身的pruritus瘙癢anorexia厭食rash皮疹bloodcount白細胞計數spasm痙攣bloodpressure血壓thirst口渴coma昏迷tiredness疲倦diarrhea腹瀉vomiting嘔吐4?“毒性”、“耐受性”的英語表示法：toxicity毒性tolerance(tolerability)耐受力，耐藥性tolerate(toleration)耐受5.“停藥”的英語表示法舉例：abandon停藥discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation)停藥，中斷(治療)cease(cessation)(stop)停藥(停止治療)don'tuse勿使用（停藥）suspend停藥terminate停止，結束withdraw（bewithdrawn,withdrawal）停藥6.其他一些常見的基本詞匯及短語：acute急性的control（becontrolled）控制chronic慢性的diminish（reduce，reduction）減少common常見的disappear消失irreversible不可逆的encounter遇到，見到mild輕微的giveriseto產生normal正常的include包括rare（ly）罕見的（地）leadto導致riverside可逆的manifest表明，顯示severe嚴重的observe（beobserved）（被）觀察到temporary暫時的produce產生transient一過性的，短暫的reactto對反應appear（develop，happen，occur）出現（產生）resultfrom由引起bereported（被）報道resultin導致cause（becausedby）（由）引起treat（treatment）治療specialcare（caution）shouldbeexercised特另U小心（注意）例1Ciprofloxactinisgenerallywelltolerated.Themostfrequentlyreportedadversereactionsare:nausea,diarrhaea,vomiting,dyspepsia,abdominalpain,headache,restlessness,rash,dizzinessandpruritus.環丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報道的副作用有：惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、消化不良、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈及瘙癢。例2Side-effectsarerarewithslow-K,asanyexcesspotassiumisrapidlyexcretedintheurine.施樂凱的副作用根罕見，因為任何過量的鉀都迅速由尿排出。例3Attherecommendeddosageside-effectse.g.venousirritationorhypersensitivityreactions(coetaneousandmucousreactions)areonlyobservedinisolatedcases.用推薦劑量治療時，僅見個別的靜脈刺激或過敏反應(皮膚及粘膜反應)病例。例4Whenadversereactionsoccur,theyareusuallyreversibleanddisappearwhenthehormoneisdiscontinued.當不良反應發生時，它們往往是可逆的，停用激素后副作用即消失。例5Themostseriousside-effectisdamagetothebonemarrow.Becauseofthis,thewhitebloodcellcountshouldbecontrolledoftenenoughduringthetreatment.最嚴重的副作用是骨髓損害，因此在治療期間，要經常監測白細胞計數。例6Theseunwantedeffectsusuallydisappearspontaneouslyafter7-14daysorfollowingatemporaryreductioninthedosage.這些副作用通常在7-14日之后，或者暫時降低劑量便自行消失。例7Withhighdosagecontinuousinfusion(morethan200mg/m2/day)over5to7days,thegastrointestinalcomplicationsaremorepronouncedandcanonoccasionleadtoileus.Allsideeffectsarereversibleaftercessationoftherapy.大劑量連續輸注超過5?7日(超過200mg/m2/日)，胃腸道并發癥更為明顯，偶爾可導致腸梗阻。停藥后副作用皆可逆轉。例8Insomepatientsnausea，dizziness，andvomitingmayoccurinthefirstdaysoftreatmentbutthetreatmentneednotbediscontinuedforthat.Inrarecasesadecreaseofbloodpressuremayappearforwhichabloodpressurecheck-upisrecommendedinout-patientsbeforethetreatmentisinitiated.Ifside-effectspersist,lowerdosesshouldbeadministered.服用本品的頭幾天，有些病人可能會出現惡心、頭暈和嘔吐，但不必停藥。偶有血壓下降的病例，為此，在治療開始前建議對門診患者檢測血壓。若副作用持續不消失，應減少服用劑量。例9Majoradversereactions(muchlesscommonthantheminoradversereactions)includeinhibitionofmyelopoiesis,drugfeverandhepatitis.較重的不良反應(遠不及輕度不良反應常見)包括抑制骨髓細胞生成，藥物熱及肝炎。例10Side-effects:Lossofappetiteandnauseaoccurinmostcases,sometimeswithvomiting.Thesesymptomsareusuallyconfinedtothefirstfewdaysoftreatmentandthentendtodisappear.副作用：多數病例出現食欲減退、惡心，有時嘔吐。這些癥狀通常發生在治療的最初幾天，以后逐漸消失。第八節注意事項“注意事項”也是藥品說明書中的重要內容之一。為了安全用藥，廠商在本項中特別強調應注意的事項，其中主要包括：正確的劑量和用法，超過劑量時的應急措施，用藥對象，可能出現的較嚴重的副作用及治療方案，藥物的配伍，藥液的配制、使用及保管等、方面的注意事項。現就本項內容詳細介紹如下：本項常用的英語表示法：Precaution(s)注意事項Specialnote(caution,precaution)特另U注意Caution(s)注意事項N.B.注意Note注意Warning(s)警告有時也用：Important重要事項Importantforthepatients患者須知本項中常見的檢查項目：bloodcount血細胞汁數Kidney(renal)function腎功能bloodpicture(hemogram)血象Liver(hepatic)function肝功bloodlevel血濃度serumconcentration血清濃度bloodpressure血壓serumcreatininetest血清肌酸酐檢驗clottingtime凝血時間urineroutine(examination)尿常規creatinineclearance肌酸酐清除率本項的特點是內容長短不一，有難有易；詞匯量大，涉及面廣，既有普通詞匯，也有大量的專業詞匯及編寫詞。許多詞匯、結構和句型可在藥理作用、適應癥、禁忌癥、劑量和用法、副作用，貯藏等項中見到。從英語結構上分析，句型變化較多，長句、難句也屢屢出現，是比較難讀的一個項目。例1Warningsandprecautions:CiprofloxacinshouldbeusedwithcautioninepilepticsandpatientswithahistoryofCNSdisordersandonlyifthebenefitsoftreatmentareconsideredtooutweighttheriskofpossibleCNSside-effects.警告和注意事項：癲癇病人及有中樞神經系統病史的患者慎用環丙沙星，僅當認為療效超過可能產生的中樞神經系統副作用的危險時才可使用。例2Ciprofloxacincouldresultinimpainnentofthepatientsabilitytodriveoroperatemachinary,particularlyinconjunctionwithalcohol.環丙沙星能損害人們駕駛汽車或操縱機器的能力，尤其是在飲酒之后。例3Warnings:Vfepesideshouldbeadministeredunderthesupervisionofaqualifiedphysicainexperiencedintheuseofcancerchemotherapeuticagents.警告:泛必治應該在使用治療癌癥的化療制劑方面有經驗、有資格的醫生的監護下使用。例4Themostseriousriskassociatedwithanticoagulanttherapywithsodiumwarfarinarehemorrhageinanytissueororganandlessfrequently,necrosisand/organgreneofskinandothertissues.Theriskofhermorrhageisrelatedtolevelofintensityandthedurationofanticoagulanttherapy.用華注林鈉進行抗凝治療產生的最嚴重的危險就是組織或器官出血，以及不大常出現的皮膚和其他組織的壞死和（或）壞疽。出血的危險與抗凝治療的藥物濃度（水平）及療程長短有關。例5Theoccurrenceofaplateletcountbelow50,000/mm3oranabsoluteneutrophilcountbelow500/mm3isanindicationtowithholdfurthertherapyuntilthebloodcountshavesufficientlyrecovered.血小板數低于s0，000/mm3或絕對中性白細胞數低于500/mm3，表明不能繼續使用本品治療，待白細胞計教充分恢復后才能繼續用藥。例6Wayfaringtherapyshouldbediscontinuedwhenwayfaringissuspectedtobethecauseofdevelopingnecrosisandheparintherapymaybeconsideredforanticoagulation.當懷疑華法林治療引起壞死時，則須停止治療，并且考慮使用肝素治療。例7Dosageshouldbecontrolledbyperiodicdeterminationsofprothrombintime(PT)orothersuitablecoagulationtests.必須定期檢查凝血酶原時間(PT),或做其他相應的凝血試驗來控制劑量。例8PleasenoteCerebralconvulsivediseaseisregardedasarelativecontraindicationforexaminationsinthesubarachnoidspace.Ifaftercarefulconsideration,theseexaminationsareneverthelessperformed,allequipmentandmedicinesnecessarytocounteranyconvulsionsmayoccurmustbepreparedreadyforusebeforehand.請注意：腦驚厥被認為相對禁止進行蛛網膜下腔檢查，如經謹慎考慮后、仍要進行這些檢查時.必須事先備妥應付可能發生驚厥所需的所有設備與藥品。例9Cautionmustbeexercisedinthecaseofhypersensitivitytoiodinatedcontrastmedia,latenthyperthyroidismandblandnodulargoiter.對碘造影劑過敏、隱匿性甲狀腺亢進和輕微甲狀腺腫的病例，應慎重。例10CautionAlcoholintakemayenhancenitrateeffectsandoccasionallyinducehypotensionwithsubsequentimpairmentofreactivity.Duringthefirstthreemonthsofpregnancydrugsshouldonlybeusedontheexpressdirectionoftheattendantphysician.Isketsprayshouldnotbestoredattemperaturesabove25.C!Temperaturesabove40°Caretobeavoided,evenforbriedperiods!Donotforcecanisteropen,evenwhenempty!注意：飲酒可增強硝酸鹽的作用、偶爾引起低血壓，繼而損害反應力。妊娠三個月時，只有在監護醫生明確指導下才可使用本品。異舒吉噴霧劑的貯存溫度不應超過25C!避免超過40Co即使短時間也不可！不要用力開罐，即使空罐時也不可用力開！勿使兒童接觸本品例11Aswithallnewdrugs，patientsshouldbefollowedcarefullysothatanyside-effectsorunusualmanifestationsofdrugidiosyncrasymaybedetected.IfanyallergicreactiontoKeflexoccurs,thedrugshouldbediscontinuedandthepatienttreatedwiththeusualagents.像使用所有新藥一樣，應細心地隨訪患者，以便觀察任何副作用或藥物特異反應。如果出現對頭抱菌素IV的過敏反應，應停藥，并用常規藥物治療患者。例12Inpatientswithnormalrenalfunction,chronichypocalcaemiamaybeassociatedwithanincreaseinserumcreatinine.Whilethisisusuallyreversible,itisimportantinsuchpatientstopaycarefulattentiontothosefactorswhichmayleadtohypocalcaemia.對于腎功能正常的患者,慢性高鈣血癥可能與血清肌酸酐增多有關。這通常雖然是可逆的，然而對這樣的病人，密切注意可能導致血鈣過多的各種因素是很重要的。例13Precautions一Avoidtheconcomitantuse,intheabsenceofspecialmonitoringlaboratoryofparameters,ofanticoagulantsoraspirin.一Informtheattendingphysicianintheeventofbleedingoroftheoccurrenceofahematoma.注意事項：在無化驗室參考指標的專門監測情況下，避免與抗凝劑或阿司匹林合用。如發生出血或出現血腫，應通知主治醫生。例14PeriodicalexaminationofhepaticorrenalfunctionandbloodpictureisdesirablesinceKedacillinmayincreaseSGOT.SGPTandBUN,anddecreaseerythrocyteandleukocyte.磺芐青霉素鈉可使血清谷-草轉氨酶，血清谷-丙轉氨酶和血液尿素氮增高，使紅細胞和白細胞減少.所以最好要定期檢查肝、腎功能和血象。例15N.B.TransferencefrominsulintoGluteimaybeattemptedincaseofmaturity-onsetdiabeteswithobesity;dosageisbasedupontheresultofthenecessarilyfrequentmetabolictests.注意：伴有肥胖癥的成年型糖尿病患者，可試從胰島素改用格路特利治療，劑量應以必須經常進行的代謝試驗為依據。第九節包裝1“包裝”在英文藥品說明書中的表示法有許多，最常用的是Pack(Package)和Supply，例如：Pack(s)(Packing(s))包裝Supplys(Supplied)包裝Package(s)包裝HowSupplied包裝方式PackingforHospital醫院用包裝MethodofSupply包裝方式PackageQuantitiess(Quantity)包裝量此外還有，Presentation包裝Hospital(Size)Packs醫院用包裝Availability包裝TradePacks(Packings)商品包裝Mode(Form)ofIssue包裝2常見的包裝單位(工具)的英語表示法：ampoule(s)安咅瓦carton紙盒blisterpack(package)鋁塑包裝(水泡眼包裝)pack包blisterstrip鋁塑條狀包裝(水泡眼條包裝)sheet張bottle瓶strip條box盒tube管canist罐vial玻璃小瓶3藥物的常見劑型的英語表示法：aerosol(spray,inhaler)氣霧齊Uampoule針齊Ucapsules膠囊oralsolution口服液coated(-)tablets包衣片pill丸劑cream孚L膏powder粉齊UdermTTS皮膚貼膏retardcapsules(tablets)緩釋膠囊(片)dragee糖衣丸scored-tablets刻(劃)痕片drops滴劑solution溶液劑emulsion乳劑栓劑sugar-coatedtablets糖衣片film-coatedtablets薄膜片。膜衣片suppositories栓齊Ugranule顆粒suspension懸浮劑，混懸劑injection注射劑，針劑sustainedreleasetablets恒(緩)釋片liniment搽劑syrup糖漿liquid液劑tablets片劑ointment軟膏4本項的結構特點；內容結構簡單，多為不完全句，或僅僅列出包裝工具、劑型、裝量等，詞匯量容易閱讀。例1Presentation30capsules.包裝：30粒膠囊裝。例2Packages：Boxcontainingone100mgbottle包裝：盒裝，每盒1瓶，每瓶100mg.例3PackingBottleof12capsules250mgand500mg.Boxof12capsules250mginblister.Bottleforpediatricuse(granulated):20gmgranulatedcontain1gmampicillin,Thecontentofthespoonincludedinthepackingcorrespondsto100mgampicillin.包裝瓶裝12粒膠囊，每粒含量250或500mg.盒裝12粒膠囊(水泡眼包裝)，每粒含量250mg.瓶裝兒童用顆粒劑：20克顆粒劑每瓶含有1g氨芐青霉素。附在包裝內的一匙的量,相當于1O0mg氨芐青霉素。例4ModeofissueCeopranIsissuedinvialscontaining250mg,500mgand1gramofcephaloridine.包裝方式本品小瓶包裝，內裝250mg、500mg及1g頭抱菌素II.例5TradepacksTradepackscontaining50and100sugarcoatedtablets.商品包裝50及100糖衣片包裝。例6Packs(Madopar)250:Cross-scoredtabletseachcontaining200mglevodopa+50mgbenserazide.包裝美多巴“250刻痕片，每片含200mg左族多巴50mg羥芐絲肼。例7MethodofsupplyTabletsintubes,eachcontaining30tablets.Paintinglassbottlesof24ml.Meladinineissuppliedonlyonprescriiption.包裝方式管裝片劑.每管30片。玻璃瓶裝搽劑，每瓶24ml?敏白靈只按處方供藥。例8AvailabilitySyrup:Orbeninsyrupisavailableinbottlescontainingreconstitutablepowderforpreparinganaqueoussolution.Whendispensedeach5mlteaspoonfulcontains125mgcloxacillinasthesodiumsalt.包裝糖漿：全霉林糖漿為瓶裝，內含可供再配制水溶液的粉末。配制后的每茶匙5ml藥液中含125ml鄰氯青霉素鈉鹽，例9HowsuppliedTablets:Coumadin(crystallineWartarinSodiumUSP),Fororaluse,singlescoredimprintednumericallyandPackagedinbottleswithpotenciesandcolorsasfollows:包裝片劑：香豆定(結晶華法林鋼一美國藥典標準)。供口服。藥片上有一條劃痕，印有數字。瓶裝，效價及顏色如下：例10AlsoavailableinHospitalUnit-Doseblisterpackageof100.也提供醫院用的單位劑量的鋁塑包裝，(每包〕100片裝。例11Temaril250white,film-coatedtabletsmarkedononesidewith250,eachtabletcontaining291.5mgciprofloxacinhydrochloridemonohydrate(equivalent50250mgciprofloxacin).替馬利爾25U：白色有刻痕標記的薄膜片，一面刻有“250mg”字樣、每片含291.5mg鹽酸環丙沙星-水合物(相當于250mg環丙沙星)。例12PacksStandardpacksof20drageesHospitalpacksof100,500and1000dragees.包裝標準包裝為20粒糖衣九。醫院用包裝為100，500及1000粒糖衣丸。例13PackageouantitiesBeconaseNasalSprayisametered-doseaerosolswithaspeciallydesignednasalapplicator.Eachcanisterprovides200sprays.包裝噴霧劑是一種氣霧劑.配有專門設計可供鼻用的噴霧器，每罐可噴霧200次。第十節貯存“貯存”的英語常用表示法是Storage.本項中常用的一些短語有：store(keep)inacoolanddryplace存于于陰涼干燥處awayfromlight避光awayfromchildren勿讓兒童接觸protectfromlight(heat)避光(熱)outof(the)reachofchildren勿讓兒童觸及preventmoisture防潮本項的句子較簡單多為一簡單句，其中多為祈使句；用詞也不多。例1storemedicinescarefully.Keepawayfromchildren.注意保存.勿讓兒童接觸。例2Storebelow25°Cprotectingfromfreezingandlight.存于25C以下，防凍，避光。例3Validityandstorage.Thesolutionwillkeepforfiveyearsifstoredatatemperaturebelow+20C有效期及貯法：放置于20C以下可保存5年。例4Storageinstructions:Protectfromheatandlight.貯存方法；避光及防熱貯存。例5Tobestoredinadryplaceatatemperaturenotabove25C存于不高于25C的干燥之處。例6Donotstorethesuppositoriesover25C本栓劑不得存于25C以上的溫度。例7storeatbelow25Candprotectfrommoisture,存于25C以下，防潮。例8Thesolutionshouldbepreparedimmediatelypriortouse,butcanbestoredat4Coruptooneweek.藥液應在配制后立即使用，但在4C下可貯存一周。有時也有較復雜的結構，或較多的內容，如:

例9Ampoulesandunopenednasalspraybottlesshouldbestoredinarefrigerator(2一8°C).Onceopenedthenasalspraybottlemustbekeptatroomtemperature;itshouldbekeptintheuprightpositionandusedforamaximumof4weeks.Likealldrugs,Miacalcicshouldbekeptoutofreachofchildren.安瓿或未開啟的噴霧劑瓶應存于冰箱(2—8C)中。噴霧劑瓶一旦開啟。就應于室溫下保存、藥瓶應直立存放，使用時間最多為4周。與其他藥物一樣，密鈣息應妥善保存，勿讓兒童接觸。例10Protectfromlight.Storeincartonuntilcontentshavebeenused.Storeatcontrolledroomtemperature(59一86F,15C—30C).Dispenseinaltight,light-resistantcontainerasdefinedintheU.S.P.避光保存。藥片在使用前于紙盒中保存。在恒溫室溫(59?86F,15C—30C)下保存。調劑時，使用美國藥典規定的密閉，避光容器。例11Fungizoneintravenousinpowderformshouldbestoredintherefrigerator,protectedagainstexposuretolight.Theconcentratemaybestoredinthedark,atroomtemperaturefor24hours,oratrefrigeratortemperaturesforoneweekwithminimallossofpotencyandclarity.Anyunusedmaterialshouldthenbediscarded.兩性霉素B粉劑應避光存于冰箱中。濃縮液可存于暗處，室溫下可保存Z4小時，或可在冰箱溫度下保存一周，其效價及澄明度變化極小。那以后一切尚未用的藥物就應棄之。第十一節其他項目上述10項是絕大多數英文藥品說明書中必備項目，但是許多說明書中還常常出現其他一些項目。例如：1、特點(Characteristics)，2、性質(Properties)，3、藥代動力學(Phamacokinetics)，4、2、性質(Properties)，3、藥代動力學(Phamacokinetics)，4、用藥過量(Overdosage).5、相互作用(Interactions)，6、有效期(Validity)，7、其他可能出現的項目。現將各項簡要分述如下:1、Characteristics（特點）或Features（特點）的主要內容是藥物的藥理作用特點、療效、劑量及藥物代謝等。所以本項內的英語詞匯及結構特點與“藥理學”、“劑量”等項內容相似。例1Characteristics:1）AsverinIsanentirelynewandpatentedcoughmedicinedevelopedbyTanabe'srocess.2）Asverinbeinganon-narcotic,canbeusedasacommonmedicine.3）AntitussiveeffectofAsverinisequaltoormorepowerfulthanthatofcodeine.4）Asverinisprovidedwithanexpectoratingactionwhichhasbeenneverfoundinanyconventionalantitussitiveagentssofaravailableinthemarket.5）Asverincanbeadministeredsafelyforalongdurationwithoutanysideeffect.特點1）安嗽靈是一種全新的、獲有專利的用塔那勃氏方法研制的鎮咳藥。2）安嗽靈屬非麻醉藥，可作為常用藥使用。3）安嗽靈的鎮咳作用相當于或強于可待因。4）安嗽靈的祛痰作用是迄今市場上可買到的常用鎮咳藥中前所未有的。5）安嗽靈可長期服用，既安全又無副作用。2.Properties（Property）（性質）：本項內容與Characteristics基本相同。例2Methotrexate（MTX）isanantimetaboliteoffolicacidwhichhasbeenusedforalongtimeinthechemotherapyoftumors.氨甲葉酸（簡稱MTX）為甲酰四氫葉酸的抗代謝物，長期以來一直用作治療腫瘤的化療藥物。例3Unlikenitroglycerine,itisnotrapidlyinactivatedintheliverandareliableclinicaleffectcanbeexpected.Toxicityislow-effectsareminimalwithMotazomin.脈心導敏與硝酸甘油不同，在肝臟不能迅速失活，因而可望具有可靠的臨床效果，本品毒性小，副作用極為輕微。例4Urgeninactsasananti-inflammatory,reducingtheswellingintheprostaticbladderregioncausedbygeneralobstruction.Italsostimulatesthebloodcirculationinthisareaandthebody'snaturaldefensemechanism.護前列腺素具有抗炎作用，能減輕前列腺膀胱區因一般性梗阻引起的腫脹，本品能刺激上述部位的血液循環，并增加機體的自然防御機制。例5Medomininducesrestorativesleeplasting6-8hours.Becauseitisrapidlyandcompletelybrokendowninthebody,itisunlikelytoproducemorninghangoveranddoesnotcumulate.Itretainsitsfullactivityevenwhenusedrepeatedly.美多眠可使消除疲勞的睡眠持續6?8小時；由于本品在體內能迅速和完全分解，因而不會產生清晨的“殘留作用.也沒有積蓄作用。即使經常服用，本品仍能保持充分的活性。Pharmacokinetics(藥物代謝動力學)的內容王要是代謝(metabolism)，吸收(absorption),分布與排泄(distributionandelimination)等：例6Ampicillinisstableinthepresenceofgastricacidandiswellabsorbedfromthegastrointestinaltract(30-60%ofadosebeingabsorbedbythisroute).Itsabsorption,however,isdiminishedwhenitistakentogetherwithfood.氨芐青霉素在胃酸中穩定.而且易被胃腸道吸收(30?60%的一次劑量經此途徑吸收)然而與食物共服，其吸收減少。例7TheabsolutebioavailabilityofMiacalicfouowingintramuscularorsubcutaneousinjectionisapproximately70%.Itspeakplasmaconcentrationisattainedwithinonehourandithashalf-lifeofeliminationof70—90minutes.Upto95%ofthedoseisexcretedviathekidneys,2%asunchangeddrug.Theapparentvolumeofdistributionis0.15?0.31/kgandproteinbinding30?40%.肌注或者下注射后.密鈣息的絕對生物利用率約為70%。1小時內其血藥濃度可達高峰，其半衰期為70?90分鐘。高達95%的劑量經由腎臟排出，2%以其不變的藥物原型排出。表觀分布容積為0.15?0.31/kg、蛋白質結合率為30?4C%。例8Midazolamiscompletelymetabolizedinthebody.Theprimarymetaboliteisa-hydroxy-midazolam,whichcanbetracedintheplasma.Immediatelyafteritsformation,thisactivemetaboliteisconjugatedwithglucuronicacid(inactivation)andtheneliminatedbythekidneys.速眠安在體內代謝完全，主要的代謝產物為a-羥基速眠安，可在血漿中查出。代謝產物形成后，此活性代謝物便立即與葡萄糖醛酸結合(失活)，然后由腎臟排出。Overdosage(超劑量，藥物過量)主要介紹用藥過量所產生的后果(effect)，癥狀(signsandsymptoms)及處理(treatment)方法。其英語詞匯和結構等與'劑量與用法"，“副作用”，“注意事項”等項目中的詞匯和結構相似。例9Overdosagemaygiverisetothefollowingsignsandsymptoms:tremor,xcitation,convulsions,changesinbloodpressureimpairmentofconsciousness,andcoma.EEGandECGchangesmayalsooccur.Treatment:Measurestomonitorandsafeguardvitalfunctions.Administrationofdiazepamwherenecessary.超劑量可能引起下列體征和癥狀：震顫、興奮、痙攣、血壓改變、意識損害及昏迷。心電圖和腦電圖也可能發生改變。治療：采取措施監護重要器官的功能。必要時給予安定。例10ManifestationsofHalcionoverdosageincludeextensionsofitspharmacologicalactivity,namelysomnolenceandhypnosis.Asinallcasesofdrugoverdosage,respiration,pulse,andbloodpressureshouldbemonitoredandsupportedbygeneralmeasureswhennecessary.Immediategas