鄱陽(yáng)湖紀(jì)偉濤攝中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投資機(jī)制

InvestingandFinancingSystemofWetlandConservationinChina溫亞利YaliWen北京林業(yè)大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院CollegeofEconomicManagement,BFU教授Professor副院長(zhǎng)ViceDean

主要內(nèi)容

Contents一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina二、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投融資機(jī)制的發(fā)展方向

ThedevelopingtrendofwetlandconservationinvestmentsystemThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina1、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)的背景ThebackgroundofwetlandconservationinChina國(guó)家和社會(huì)越來越重視濕地生態(tài)保護(hù)Moreattentionbeingpaidbythegovernmentandsocietyonthewetlandconservation公共財(cái)政投入不足

Shortageofpublicfinance社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境壓力越來越大

Facingincreasingpressurefromeconomicdevelopmentandpopulation

保護(hù)與利用的沖突較大Theconflictsbetweenconservationandutilizationarestillserious政策及法律體系不完善

Thelegalandpolicysystemsaretobeimproved。一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina2、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入的總體政策

Generalwetlandconservationinvestmentpolicy

政府投入為主，鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)參與濕地保護(hù)，積極參與和利用國(guó)際濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目及相關(guān)投資機(jī)制，以濕地保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地生態(tài)保護(hù)工程為投入重點(diǎn)，不斷提高濕地保護(hù)的投入水平。

Thegovernmentalinvestmentisthemainapproach.Whilethepublicandlocalcommunitiesareencouragedtoparticipateinwetlandconservation.AlsobyimprovingcooperationwithotherNGOswithmoreprojectinvestment，theconstructionofwetlandnaturereserveandtheimplementationofwetlandecologicalengineeringbecomethecoreofwetlandconservation，toincreaseamountofinvestment，stepbystep.一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina3、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入渠道InvestingChannels濕地保護(hù)wetlandconservation(WC)濕地保護(hù)專項(xiàng)資金WCspecialbudget相關(guān)生態(tài)工程建設(shè)資金Relevantecologicalprojectconstructionbudget濕地保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)資金WNRconstructionbudget濕地生態(tài)工程建設(shè)資金WCeco-engineeringconstructionbudget國(guó)際濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目Internationalwetlandconservationproject社會(huì)資金投入Socialinvestment中央和地方政府投入Centralandlocalgovernments’investment社會(huì)捐贈(zèng)資金Socialdonation商業(yè)性融資Commercialfinancing國(guó)外政府Foreigngovernment國(guó)際組織InternationalNGO一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀3、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入渠道

InvestingChannelsSixexamplesThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina例1、濕地保護(hù)專項(xiàng)資金

Exp.1Special

WetlandconservationBudget“三江三湖”污染治理項(xiàng)目資金投入表

investmentforwaterpollutioncontrol名稱Nameofactivity

投入計(jì)算時(shí)間Timeperiod投入資金（億）Investment(ahundredmillionyuan)備注(memo)海河(HaiRiver)63年至今From1963tonow350中央投入160億，地方投入190億Thecentralgovernmentinvestmentwas16billionyuan.Thelocalwas19billionsyuan.遼河(LiaoRiver)“九五期間”“Nine5”period48.12淮河(HuaiRiver)94年至今From1994tonow255.9巢湖(ChaoLake)“九五期間”“Nine5”period23.45國(guó)債資金2.43億Including24300millionyuannationaldebtbudget太湖(TaiLake)截至2001年Till2001120滇池(TianLake)93年至今From1993tonow77.991996-2003，利用世行貸款1.5億美金From1996to2003,1500milliondollarwasused.資料來源:”三江三湖“治理十五規(guī)劃例2、濕地保護(hù)工程資金投入

Exp2

wetlandconservationprojectbudget名稱Project投入計(jì)算時(shí)間Timeperiod投入資金（億）Investment(hundredmillionyuan)備注source退耕還湖工程Conversionoffarmlandtolake109國(guó)家投入centralgovernment鄱陽(yáng)湖退耕還湖工程conversionoffarmlandtolakeinthePoyangLakearea1998-200235.32國(guó)家投入centralgovernment塔里木河綜合治理工程integratedTalimRiverHarnessing2001-170國(guó)家投入centralgovernment三江源綜合濕地保護(hù)integratedSanjiangyuanwetlandconservation75國(guó)家計(jì)劃投入Plannedinvestmentbythegovernment濕地生態(tài)工程資金投入表Table2Budgetinvestedonwetlandconservationprojects資料來源:根據(jù)相關(guān)工程資料項(xiàng)目name數(shù)量（個(gè)）Number(unit)面積（萬(wàn)km2）Area(tenthouandkm2)總計(jì)（億元）Total(millionyuan)國(guó)家投入（億元）Fromcentralgovernment(millionyuan)地方投入（億元）Fromlocalgovernment(millionyuan)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)區(qū)Wetlandeco-systemNR300601050084002100濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)及示范區(qū)Wetlandeco-systemdemonstratedareas17042.091050082802220合計(jì)total470102.0921000166804320資料來源：全國(guó)林業(yè)系統(tǒng)自然保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)工程總體規(guī)劃，數(shù)據(jù)為2000年之前的合計(jì)情況例3、濕地保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地生態(tài)示范區(qū)建設(shè)資金投入

Exp3Investmentonwetlandnaturereserveandwetlandecologicaldemonstrateareas國(guó)家濕地保護(hù)區(qū)基本建設(shè)投入表Investmentinnationalwetlandnaturereserveforinfrastructure例4、濕地保護(hù)相關(guān)生態(tài)工程資金投入

Exp.4,Investmentinrelevantecologicalprojects年份year小計(jì)total天保工程N(yùn)FPP退耕還林ACF京津治沙SCP重點(diǎn)防護(hù)林ShelterbeltP草原建設(shè)GR水土保持WSC200211.420.84.31.61.860.81.36200110+1.94.211.135NANA200010+1.272NA0.443NA1.238199910.83.33NA0.50.73NA1.048我國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)國(guó)家基本投資建設(shè)表

單位：億元Investmentinnationalecologicalprojectsforprimaryconstruction(billionyuan)資料來源：中國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展白皮書（2000-2003）例5、濕地保護(hù)社會(huì)捐贈(zèng)資金投入Exp.5Socialdonationforwetlandconservation1999-2001年全國(guó)保護(hù)母親河行動(dòng)直接收到的籌資4500多萬(wàn)元，其中海外籌資1250多萬(wàn)元。

From1999to2001,apublicactivitynamedasprotectingtheYellowRivergatheredmorethan45millionyuan,includingforeigndonation12.5mln

R.M.B.yuan.

在濕地保護(hù)和恢復(fù)中,當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)投工投勞是較普遍的社會(huì)參與濕地保護(hù)活動(dòng).Thecommonwayoflocalcommunityparticipatinginwetlandconservationisthatfarmersinputtheirlaborwithoutpaymentsfromprojectsandactivities.例6、濕地保護(hù)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目資金投入

Exp.6InvestmentinwetlandconservationfromInternationalProject項(xiàng)目名稱NameofProject國(guó)際組織Nameoforganization投入計(jì)算時(shí)間Timeperiod投入資金（萬(wàn)美元）Amountofinvestment(tenthousandsUSd.)中國(guó)濕地生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用(WetlandBiodiversityconservationandsustainableuseinChina)UNDP/GEF1168.9白鶴GEF項(xiàng)目GEFSiberianCraneProjectUNEP/GEF400三江平原濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目SanjiangPlainwetlandconservationprojectADB/GEF2005-20092746長(zhǎng)江濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目YangtzeRiverWetlandProtectionProjectWWF/BGCI/Earthwatch50001一些國(guó)際組織濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目投入表Someinternationalorganizations’investmentinwetlandconservationinChina注1：為中國(guó)長(zhǎng)江等三大河流的項(xiàng)目資金總數(shù)。注2：數(shù)據(jù)由相關(guān)資料統(tǒng)計(jì)合成一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀4、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入的成效AchievementsandresultsofwetlandconservationinChina政府投入產(chǎn)生了顯著的引導(dǎo)作用Governmentalinvestmentplaysanotabledemonstratingrole重點(diǎn)濕地得到有效保護(hù)keywetlandseffectivelyprotected.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina4、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入的成效AchievementsandresultsofwetlandconservationinChina濕地生態(tài)破壞得到了有效控制Thedestructiononwetlandecologyisundercontrol.濕地保護(hù)區(qū)快速發(fā)展Wetlandnaturereserveshavebeendevelopedrapidly.初步建立起濕地保護(hù)投入體系Theelementarywetlandconservationinvestmentsystemhasbeensetup.

1999-2003濕地保護(hù)區(qū)數(shù)量和面積變化情況Thechangeofnumberandareaofwetlandnaturereservesfrom1999to2003inChina濕地自然保護(hù)區(qū)Wetlandnaturereserve1999年Year19992003年Year2003數(shù)量（個(gè)）Number(unit)262353面積（公頃）Area(hm2)1662331940200000一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀5、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的特點(diǎn)CharacteristicsofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina投入總量不斷增加

Grossinvestmentkeepsincreasing.政府投入為主Governmentalinvestmentisthemajorapproach.投入的重點(diǎn)是保護(hù)區(qū)和濕地保護(hù)生態(tài)工程

Majorofinvestmentspentonnaturereserveandecologicalconservationprojects.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina5、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的特點(diǎn)CharacteristicsofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina多部門投入增加了投入資金的來源

Inputsfrommultipledepartmentsandagenciesenlargeinvestmentsources.與濕地保護(hù)相關(guān)的生態(tài)投入巨大Theinvestmentinecologicalconservationrelevantwithwetlandconservationishuge.國(guó)際濕地保護(hù)項(xiàng)目成為有效的保護(hù)資金來源Internationalwetlandconservationprojectbecomesaneffectivewayofinvestingwetlandconservation.商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)開始介入濕地保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用Somecommercialagenciesstarttobeinvolvedinwetlandprotectionandsustainableuse.一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀6、濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制存在的主要問題Majorproblemsexistedincurrentwetlandconservationinvestmentsystem相對(duì)濕地保護(hù)事業(yè)發(fā)展投入總量不足Thegrossinvestmentisstillnotenough.投入不均衡Theinvestmentisunbalanced.渠道不穩(wěn)定Investmentchannelsarenotstable.資金投入分散，缺乏有效協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，資金使用效率相對(duì)較低Investmentisfragmentary.Absenceofeffectivecoordinationmechanismcausesrelativelylowefficiencyoffundusing.社會(huì)資本進(jìn)入濕地保護(hù)的政策保障體系不完善Securitysystemforensuringsocialcapitalflowingintowetlandconservationistobeimproved.與濕地保護(hù)相適應(yīng)的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制不健全Ecologicalcompensationsystemadaptivetowetlandconservationisnotperfect.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀時(shí)期Timeperiod投資總額Investment占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)重ProportionofGDP生態(tài)環(huán)境基本建設(shè)投入Investmentonecologicalinfrastructure“九五”Ninth5yearplan3460.93%34“八五”Eighth5yearplan1380.73%3.65“九五”與“八五”生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)投入比較表單位：億元Comparativetableofecologicalinvestmentbetweenninth5yearplanandeighth5yearplanunit:billionyuan資料來源：中國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展白皮書（2000-2003）ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina一、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投入機(jī)制的現(xiàn)狀林業(yè)六大工程投入資金表InvestmentonsiximportantforestryecologicalengineeringThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina年度Timeperiod總投資（A,十億元）TotalInvestment國(guó)家投資（B,十億元）Fromcentralgovernment（B,billionyuan）國(guó)家投資所占比例(%)ProportionofBtoA(%)截至2003年By200394.6779.01283資料來源：國(guó)家林業(yè)局網(wǎng)站二、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投融資機(jī)制的發(fā)展方向1、建立政府濕地保護(hù)公共財(cái)政體系Settingupapublicfinancesystemforwetlandconservation以中央和地方公共財(cái)政預(yù)算投入為基礎(chǔ)，加大投入Basedonthegovernmentbudget,investmentinwetlandconservationshallbeincreased.以保護(hù)區(qū)和保護(hù)工程為重點(diǎn)，全面支持濕地保護(hù)活動(dòng)的開展thepublicbudgetshouldfocusonnaturereserveandwetlandecologicalprojectstosupportwetlandconservationefforts.ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem公共財(cái)政主要投入領(lǐng)域圖Majorinvestmentareasbasedonthewetlandpublicbudget二、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投融資機(jī)制的發(fā)展方向ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem濕地公共財(cái)政預(yù)算所投入的主要領(lǐng)域Majorinvestmentareas生態(tài)工程建設(shè)EcologicalProject開展宣教活動(dòng)PublicAwarenessEducation生態(tài)補(bǔ)償EcologicalCompensation保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)NatureReserve

科學(xué)研究和監(jiān)測(cè)ResearchandMonitoring二、中國(guó)濕地保護(hù)投融資機(jī)制的發(fā)展方向2、統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃協(xié)調(diào)各個(gè)部門投入的資金使用，提高利用效率

Establishingcooperativemechanismofinvestmentamongdifferentgovernmentdepartmentsandagencies,toimprovetheefficiencyofusingthefund.制定國(guó)家濕地保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃

Developingthenationalwetlandconservationstrategicplan

ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem建立部門間濕地保護(hù)投入?yún)f(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制Establishinginter-agencycoordinatingmechanismofinvestment制定國(guó)家濕地保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃Developingthenationalwetlandconservationstrategicplan建立濕地保護(hù)投入?yún)f(xié)調(diào)機(jī)Establishinginter-agencycoordinatingmechanismofinvestment中央財(cái)政投入Centralfinancialinput地方財(cái)政投入Localfinancialinput各級(jí)地方政府Localgovernment各相關(guān)部局RelevantMinistriesanddepartments社會(huì)投