·歐洲文化入門課后習題答案：Divisionone:GreekcultureandRomanculture謝謝閱讀希臘、羅馬文化Ⅰ.Greekculture希臘文化1.WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?精品文檔放心下載Therearetwomainelements——theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christian謝謝閱讀element.2.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?精品文檔放心下載InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.感謝閱讀3.WhatdidHomerdo?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?精品文檔放心下載HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.謝謝閱讀WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?謝謝閱讀Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.謝謝閱讀Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,Agamemnon感謝閱讀Word資料·Sophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,Antigone謝謝閱讀Euripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen精品文檔放心下載5.Weretherehistoriansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?感謝閱讀Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.感謝閱讀HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.謝謝閱讀Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajorphilosophers?精品文檔放心下載No,Iwouldn’t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics.Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.謝謝閱讀DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?謝謝閱讀No,hedidn’t.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.感謝閱讀8.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?精品文檔放心下載(1)Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.感謝閱讀9.InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?Whataresomeof精品文檔放心下載Word資料Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.精品文檔放心下載·Aristotle’sworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?精品文檔放心下載Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.(2)Hethoughtthat感謝閱讀“idea”andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhe differedfrom感謝閱讀Platowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworks謝謝閱讀includes:10.Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?Doestheword“Epicurean”initsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?謝謝閱讀(1)TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.精品文檔放心下載(2)No,itdoesn’t.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword“Epicurean”hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.謝謝閱讀SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?謝謝閱讀AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.精品文檔放心下載12.GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglish謝謝閱讀Word資料·literature.Someexamples:AFreudianterm“OedipusComplex”of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGreektragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheir感謝閱讀admirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron’sIsle感謝閱讀ofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.感謝閱讀Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.感謝閱讀Ⅱ.Romanculture羅馬文化WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?精品文檔放心下載(1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon—andtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.謝謝閱讀(2)Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidn’t,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.感謝閱讀2.ExplainPaxRomana.Word資料·Intheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.精品文檔放心下載3.WhatcontributionsdidtheRomansmaketotheruleoflaw?謝謝閱讀InRoman’searlieststage,onlyanumberofpatriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure.WhentheruleswereputintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyB.C.itmarkedavictoryfortheplebeians.Therewasfurtherdevelopmentoflawundertheemperorsuntilitwascodified,eventuallytobecomethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinmanyWesterncountries.感謝閱讀4. WhoweretheimportantprosewritersinancientRome?Whatdoes“Ciceronian”mean?DidCicerowritethatkindofrhetoricalproseallthetime?感謝閱讀<1>MarcusTulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarweretwoimportantprosewriters.<2>CiceronianmeansCicero’seloquentoratoricalmannerofwriting,WhichhashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.<3>No,hedidn’t.BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate.謝謝閱讀5.GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesar’sprose.謝謝閱讀Anexample:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered(modelsofsuccinctLatin).感謝閱讀6.WhowasLucretius?Whatdidhedo?謝謝閱讀Word資料·(1)LucretiuswasapoetofancientRome.(2)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOnthe感謝閱讀NatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.精品文檔放心下載WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountries?InwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?謝謝閱讀(1)ThebookwasAeneid.(2)ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy,whoescapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseina精品文檔放心下載newplace,Rome.Hedidn’tgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshouldersandleadinghislittlesonbythehand,afamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.ThusinthiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.感謝閱讀8.WhydowesayAeneusisatrulytragichero?精品文檔放心下載BecauseAeneashadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage,sothathecouldfulfillhishistoricmission.感謝閱讀9.WhatisthechiefRomanachievementinarchitecture?Givesomeexamples.謝謝閱讀TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirworldfromoneendtotheotherwithroads,bridges,aqueducts,theatresandarenas.精品文檔放心下載Someexamples:ThePantheon:thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B.C..謝謝閱讀PontduGard:itisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyin謝謝閱讀southernFrance.10.Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustoday?精品文檔放心下載RomanpaintingwasstronglyinfluencedbytheartofGreece.Anditalsohadpecularitiesofitsown.Unfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists.Thereare,however,some謝謝閱讀Word資料·wall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples.Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,landscapepaintingsandfigurepaintings.AmongthemwereLadyMusicianandYoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowersandtheLandscape.精品文檔放心下載Divisiontwo:theBibleandChristianity感謝閱讀基督教及其《圣經》1. WhatwastheHebrew’smajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?感謝閱讀ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.ThustheHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributionstotheworldcivilization.謝謝閱讀2. WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?精品文檔放心下載JudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated:⑴itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirth謝謝閱讀toChristianity;⑵bothoriginatedinPalestine—thehubofmigrationandtraderoute,謝謝閱讀whichledtoexchangeideasoverwideareas.感謝閱讀3. Whendidthegreatexodustakeplace?感謝閱讀Around1300B.C.,Moses,thefamousHebrewleader,wenttoseethepharaohofEgypt,tellinghimthatYahwehwantedthepharaohtoendHebrewslaveryandlettheHebrewleaveEgypt.WiththisbegantheExodus,whichlastedfortyyears.感謝閱讀4. WhowasMoses?WhatdidhedofortheHebrews?感謝閱讀MoseswasafamousHebrewleader.Around1300B.C.,MosesledtheHebrewstoleaveEgyptforthePromisedLand.ThiswascalledtheExoduswhichlastedfortyyears.Whenthe謝謝閱讀Word資料·wanderingHebrewsleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai,Mosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceiveformgodmessage,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.HediedshortlybeforetheHebrewsarrivedattheirhomeland.精品文檔放心下載5. WhataretheTenCommandmentsabout?感謝閱讀TheTenCommandmentareasetofrulesMosescommandsallIsraeltoobeyinthenameofGod:⑴YahwehistheonlyGodallIsraelshouldworship;⑵Donotcarveandserveanyidoltoworship;⑶DonottakethenameofGodinvain;⑷KeeptheSabbathdayandlaborintheothersixdays;⑸Honorandrespectone’sparents;⑹Donotkill;⑺Donotcommitadultery;⑻Donotsteal;⑼Donotbearfalsewitnessagainstpeople;⑽Donotdesireone’sneighbor’swife,norhishouse,norhisfield,norhisservants,norhislivestock,noranythingelse.感謝閱讀6. WhatwritingsmakeuptheNewTestament?謝謝閱讀TheNewTestamentconsistsof14books.Thefouraccounts,whichwerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus’earlyfollowers,arethefirstpartoftheNewTestamentandtellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.謝謝閱讀Thencome:theActsoftheApostles,ahistoryoftheearlyChristianmovement:theEpistles,orletterstothechurchgroupsaroundtheMediterranean;andlastlythebookofRevelation,avisionaryaccountofthefinaltriumphofGod’spurpose.精品文檔放心下載7. HowdidtherelationsbetweenChristiansandtheRomangovernmentchange?謝謝閱讀TheearlyChristianweresubjecttopersecutionsbytheRomangovernment.JesusChristwascrucifiedbytheRomangovernment.AfterJesusdied,hisdisciplinesSt.PeterandSt.PaulsufferedmartyrdomundertheRomanEmperorNeroabout65A.D.Neroeven感謝閱讀Word資料·burnedChristiansinhisgardenin64A.D.For240yearsafterthemartyrdomsofPeterandPaul,persecutionsofChristianscontinued.ThechiefpersecutionswereunderNero,Domitian,Trajan,ValerianandDiocletian.Despitethesepersecutions,ChristianscontinuedtospreadsteadilyovertheMediterraneanregion.ItbegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesandtheattitudeoftheRomangovernmenttowardChristianitybegantochange.By305Diocletiangaveuphisefforttodestroytheyoungreligion.WhenConstantineⅠwonthethronefromhisrivals,hebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhim,andin313heissuedtheEdictofMilanwhichgrantedreligiousfreedomtoallandmadeChristianitylegal.UnderConstantineChristianitymadegreatcontributionoftheempire.TheemperorswhofollowedConstantineⅠcontinuedpro-Christianpolicies.In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppressiontoaweaponinthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.精品文檔放心下載8. HowdidChristianmonkshelpWesterncivilizationsurvive?謝謝閱讀TheChristianmonkshelpedwesterncivilizationsurviveinmanyways:⑴TheChristianmonksspreadChristianitytotheMediterraneanregionandsomeofthemevensufferedmartyrdom;⑵SomemonkstranslatedtheOldTestamentintoGreekandSt.JerometranslatedthewholeBibleintoLatin.LatersomesuchasJohnWycliffeandWilliamTyndaletranslatedtheBibleintothevernacular;⑶IntheMiddleAges,peopleinWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.Ofthesethreeclasses,theonlyliteratesectionwastheclergy.TheChristianmonksdidalottohelppreserveandtr