023-2020高中英語復習之閱讀理解識別閱讀理解干擾項的設置有規(guī)律可循，如果做題時把握干擾項特點，準確捕捉選項的錯誤信息點,迅速排除干擾項，對提高解題的準確率必將起到事半功倍的作用。閱讀理解中客觀事實題的干擾項的設置手法有下列幾個原則：假如對A選項的理解概括了對其它三項(或某一項)的理解，那么A與其他三項是包含或概括關系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其它三項?(或其中某一項)的理、解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項中，正確答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因為玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。1．包含項原則Livinginaresidencehallcarriescertainobligation.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitaryaspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerantofanotherperson'shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.1.Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate'stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate'sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary2.Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.A.QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.HealthyhabitsbenefitourhealthC.FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.1.Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate'stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate'sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary從四個選項分析中我們可以看出，選項B“與你不同的生活習慣”其實就包含并概括了其他三選項，即A室友的電話、C室友的朋友來訪、D室友不愛衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習慣。如果我們可以選A、C、D任一選項，那么B也可以選，但正確答案只有一個，所以只能選B。2.The?three?examples?are?cited?to?show?that______.?A.?Quit?smoking?is?necessary?????????????????B.?Healthy?habits?benefit?our?health?C.?Fruits?and?vegetables?are?better?than?milk?????D.?We?should?drink?more?water?everyday.?顯而易見，B為包含項，概括了A、C、D三項，即quit?smoking,have?more?fruitsand?vegetables?anddrink?more?water都是“Healthyhabits”。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt根據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識：兩個相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真,答案一般在A、B項當中取其一。1.Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.1.Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____.A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions2．正反項原則高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptTheyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.1.Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____.A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt當他們心不在焉,?感到厭倦,或對談論的話題不感興趣的時候，他們就會覺得自己不是一個好的聽眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非用心去聽。四個選項中，A與C陳述互相矛盾,互為正反項。我們什么時候不會用心去聽???A.我們情緒厭倦的時候，C.我們對話題很感興趣的時候。顯然這兩個選項是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個而且必有一個是真，所以我們可以先排除B、D選項，然后再結合我們下文將要提及的常識項原則，可以把答案確定為A。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptThe?main?problem?is?that?our?neighbor?worlds?appear?tobe?unsuitable?for?advanced?life?forms.?The?moon?may?be?the?case?first,?it?hashardly?any?atmosphere.?Venus?is?little?better,?but?the?surface's?temperatureis?very?high.?Mars?with?thin?atmosphere?and?little?water?cannot?support?theliving?necessity?of?the?animals.?There?is?unlikely?any?life?on?Venus?because______.?A.?it?has?very?thin?atmosphere??????????????????????B.the?surface?temperature?is?too?hot?C.?the?weather?is?too?cold??D.?it?is?extremely?short?of?water?高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptThe?main?problem?is?that?our?neighbor?worlds?appear?tobe?unsuitable?for?advanced?life?forms.?The?moon?may?be?the?case?first,?it?hashardly?any?atmosphere.?Venus?is?little?better,?but?the?surface's?temperatureis?very?high.?Mars?with?thin?atmosphere?and?little?water?cannot?support?theliving?necessity?of?the?animals.?There?is?unlikely?any?life?on?Venus?because______.?A.?it?has?very?thin?atmosphere??????????????????????B.the?surface?temperature?is?too?hot?C.?the?weather?is?too?cold??D.?it?is?extremely?short?of?water?高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptB.表面溫度太熱C.氣候太寒冷語義相反互為正反項根據(jù)正反項原則，可以排除A、D項，然后在B、C項中選其一這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50％。其實，此題為細節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。正反項原則預示:?陳述內(nèi)容或基調完全相反的兩選項往往有一個是正確答案。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。選項含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等，而含有絕對語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等。3．委婉項原則高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt很明顯，根據(jù)委婉原則，正確答案應該為D,?其他三項都含有過于肯定語氣的詞：completely,?has?already,?far?morethan?any?other而選項D比較委婉，if分詞短語使說話留有余地，情態(tài)動詞may使語氣相對平緩。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt2.Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt2.Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.peoplelivingontheeartharealmostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt根據(jù)委婉項原則，我們先可以把含有絕對語氣詞almost，certainly，?definitely，the?only的C、D項先排除，對比A、B項，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)A項與B項所表達意思相近，但A項含有推測情態(tài)詞may，使得它所表述的語氣比B項更委婉，所以答案應該為A項。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt幾個選項如存在形式與結構上的相似，那它們就互為同形項。命題者往往先將正確答案設置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細微變化來考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結構相似的選項一般存在有正確答案。4．同形項原則高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptThedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallellocaleconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptThedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallellocaleconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt經(jīng)語言形式與結構分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C選項形式與結構相似,僅with與after一詞之差,為同形項，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結合常識原則,下文：高速路軌的建設應該與地方經(jīng)濟互相促進、同步發(fā)展，最終確定答案為B。?檢驗：根據(jù)原文中的parallel可以確定上述分析結果正確。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt議論文中，符合一般常識，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往正確1.Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.Theygivehimshade5．常識項原則高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt1.Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.Theygivehimshade高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt植樹造林是我國的一大國策，目的在于防止洪澇、風沙、旱災，這是我國公民的普遍常識，所以C為正確答案：樹木可以幫助人類阻擋洪澇與旱災。相對于其它三項，C項意義更加深遠。?根據(jù)Unfortunately,in?many?parts?of?the?world,manhasnotrealizedthat?the?third?of?these?servicesis?the?mostimportant，”也可以得出C項為正確答案。高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptIfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.Ifthepremium（保險費）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoneyeachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別ppt高考英語二輪復習PPT課件：專題二十二高中英語復習之閱讀理解干擾項識別pptIfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.Ifthepremium（保險費）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoneyeachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.眾所周知，保險公司之所以能盈利，是因為被保險的對象平安無事。所以，人活得越長，交的保險額就越多，保險公司利潤就越高，所以C為正確答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更長。注意：人的平均年齡往往是保險公司設置保率的基準。另外，此題根據(jù)Butif?she?lives?to?the?ageofseventyor?beyond,the?insurancecompany?will?makeaprofit.”也可以推斷出答案為C。閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題型的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則規(guī)定：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關系，那么正確答案就是這兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可以產(chǎn)生幾個結果，那么答案就是因項；如果果項可以對應幾個原因，那么答案就是果項。6．因果項原則Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.advocatedoingawaywithuniformsNooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantagesD.advocatedoingawaywithuniforms綜合分析四個選項，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)C與B，D項互為因果項，也就是說，因為C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。根據(jù)因果項原則，一個原因對應了兩個結果，答案應該選原因項C。本題是主旨題，根據(jù)原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，說明制服弊大于利。B、D項為干擾項，屬于推理過頭。把文章作者的觀點與他人的觀點混淆起來，題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點；或者題干問的是他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到選項中去。或者是選項的答案并非是題干中主語的行為或觀點，而是文中其他人物的行為或觀點。7.張冠李戴原則First,employersshouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.First,employersshouldtaketheresponsibilityfortheirretiredemployees.Tomakethispossible,apercentageofprofitsshouldbesetasideforthispurpose.Anotherwayofsolvingtheproblemistoreturntheresponsibility,totheindividual.Thismeanseachpersonmustsaveduringhisworkingyearstopayforhisyearsofretirement.Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthecareoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Accordingtothepassage,howcanthegovernmenthelpimprovelivesofretiredpeople?A.Setasidesomeprofitstohelppeoplewithproblemsaftertheyretire.B.Increasesavingslevelsofpeopleduringtheirworkingyears.C.Increasethediscountsforfoodandtransportfortheold.D.Makeavailablepensionsforthosewhohaveretired.從上述節(jié)選的文段不難發(fā)現(xiàn)A是employers該做的B是the?individual應做的C屬于無中生有D符合題目的要求，是government應采取的措施干擾項用了與原文相似的句型結構和大部分相似的單詞，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個詞匯，造成句意的改變。8.偷梁換柱原則LOSANGELES—HearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterand“therehasbeensteadyimprovementinhercondition”sinceshewasadmittedlastweek.Taylorisbeingtreatedforsymptomsofheartfailure,aconditionsherevealedinNovember2004.

"Hermedicalteamissatisfiedbyherprogresstodate,anditishopedandexpectedthatthiswillcontinueoverthenextfewdays.Fornow,shewillremainundertheircareinthehospitalforcontinuedmonitoring,"Morrisonsaid."FriendsandfansaroundtheworldshouldbeconvincedthatElizabethTaylorisingoodhandsandreceivingthebestpossiblecarefromherskilledanddevoteddoctorsandnurses."

MorrisondescribedTaylor'sconditionasstablebutofferednootherdetails.WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsomeyears.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.LOSANGELES—HearttroubleiskeepingElizabethTaylorhospitalizedinLosAngelesforsometime,butherpublicistsaysthe78-year-oldactressisOKandhasbeenvisitingwithfamilyandfriends.TaylorspokeswomanSallyMorrisonsaidinastatementTuesdaythatthetwo-timeOscarwinneriscomfortableatCedars-SinaiMedicalCenterand“therehasbeensteadyimprovementinhercondition”sinceshewasadmittedlastweek.Taylorisbeingtreatedforsymptomsofheartfailure,aconditionsherevealedinNovember2004.

"Hermedicalteamissatisfiedbyherprogresstodate,anditishopedandexpectedthatthiswillcontinueoverthenextfewdays.Fornow,shewillremainundertheircareinthehospitalforcontinuedmonitoring,"Morrisonsaid."FriendsandfansaroundtheworldshouldbeconvincedthatElizabethTaylorisingoodhandsandreceivingthebestpossiblecarefromherskilledanddevoteddoctorsandnurses."

MorrisondescribedTaylor'sconditionasstablebutofferednootherdetails.WhatcanweknowaboutElizabethTaylorfromthenews?A.Shehasbeensufferingfromheartillnessforsomeyears.B.Shewillgobackhomeinadayortwo.C.Sheisfeelingquitewellinhospital.D.ShewillreceiveherOscarAwardinthehospital.C屬于偷梁換柱的選項，與原文的第二段的第一句的后半部分，...?the?two-time?Oscar?winneriscomfortable與She?is?feeling?quite?well?inhospital有部分相近的意思,但把comfortable偷換成了feeling?quite?well，意思上還是有區(qū)別的。故根據(jù)第三節(jié)第一句話Taylor?is?being?treatedforsymptomsofheart?failure,a?conditionshe?revealedinNovember，所以正確答案為A。這一干擾方法一般用于對句子或詞語含義的考查，即利用某個詞或句子的字面意義代替目前定語境中的具體意義。9．望文生義原則Astudyinvolving8,500teenagersfromallsocialbackgroundsfoundthatmostofthemareignorantwhenitcomestomoney.Thefindings,thefirstinaseriesofreportsfromNatWestthathasstartedafive-yearresearchprojectintoteenagersandmoney,areparticularlyworryingasthisgenerationofyoungpeopleislikelytobeburdenedwithgreaterdebtsthananybefore.Universitytuitionfees(學費)arecurrentlycappedat￡3,000annually,butthiswillbereviewednextyearandtheGovernmentisunderenormouspressuretoraisetheceiling.Thephrase“toraisetheceiling”inparagraph2probablymeans“______”.A.toraisethestudentsloansB.toimprovetheschoolfacilitiesC.toincreasetheupperlimitofthetuition D.tolifttheschoolbuildingroofsA?studyinvolving?8,500?teenagers?from?all?social?backgrounds?found?thatmost?of?themare?ignorant?when?it?comes?to?money.?The?findings,?the?firstin?aseriesofreportsfrom?NatWest?that?has?started?a?five-year?researchprojectintoteenagers?andmoney,?are?particularly?worrying?as?thisgenerationof?youngpeopleis?likelyto?be?burdened?withgreater?debtsthananybefore.?Universitytuitionfees(學費)arecurrentlycapped?at￡3,000annually,but?this?will?bereviewednextyearand?theGovernment?is?underenormouspressuretoraise?the?ceiling.?The?phrase“to?raise?the?ceiling”in?paragraph?2?probablymeans“______”.?A.?to?raise?the?students?loans??B.?to?improve?theschool?facilities?C.?to?increase?the?upper?limit?of?thetuition???????????D.?to?lift?the?schoolbuilding?roofs一看到ceiling這個詞可能立即會想到“天花板，頂棚”,這樣就會不自覺中將答案限定在了B、D中在短文the?Government?is?underenormous?pressure這一語境中ceiling顯然指的是“最高限度，上限”，故答案應在A、C中，再根據(jù)本文是講的政府部門對學生提供貸款而不是學費，故正確答案為A。干擾項往往是生活的基本常識和普遍接受的觀點，但在原文中并無相關的信息支持點，這種選項的設置往往與問題的設問毫不相干。此外，干擾項也可能就是與所閱讀的文章內(nèi)容沒有任何聯(lián)系。10.無中生有原則Inthefirstcase,whenwedon'ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect...Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_______.A.lyingB.stealingC.cheatingD.advertisingInthefirstcase,whenwedon'ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.Deepdowninsidewewouldknowourselvesasatypeofthief.Intheprocess,wewouldlosesomepeaceofmindandself-respect...Theauthorthinksthatkeepingsilentabouttheunchargeditemisequalto_______.A.lying

B.stealingC.cheatingD.advertising題中A和C就是屬于我們生活中普遍接受的觀點，認為在商店拿了東西卻沒有付款是“說謊”或“欺騙”但原文中卻用了“a?type?of?thief”,所以答案應是B?這種干擾方法的命題思路是，在對原文進行同義轉換或解釋的過程中，通過改變一些詞匯或表達方法，使改變后的意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大的改變。11．偷換概念原則WhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnews B.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkers D.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifeisnotallworkWhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnews B.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkers D.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifeisnotallwork“The?purpose,?as?stated?in?the?newspaper?was?a?doubleone:?to?giveHong?Kong?people?asense?of?security?afterthe?disturbanceof?1967?and?tomakeyoung?people?andworking?peopleawareof?the?need?fora?bit?of?funandenjoyment,”而干擾項C把原文中的working?people偷換成workers，使范圍縮小，表達不準確。英語文章為了表達的準確、嚴密，很注意對范圍的限定，有時通過加上almostall，nearly，morethan，normally，usually等詞對文意加以限制，“擴縮范圍”干擾法就是通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息中的范圍、程度、色彩等改變，從而導致錯誤。12．擴縮范圍原則Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefromformaltocasualofficewearhasbeenslow.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-aweekbenefitforemployeeshasreallybecomeaneverydaything.”saidbusinessconsultantAntonyJones.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTrue?A.Companyworkersstartedtodressdownabout30yearsago.B.Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenonsincetheearly1990s.C.“Dress-downFriday”wasfirstgivenasafavorfromemployers.D.Manyworkerswanttowearcasualclothestoimpresspeople.Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefromformaltocasualofficewearhasbeenslow.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-aweekbenefitforemployeeshasreallybecomeaneverydaything.”saidbusinessconsultantAntonyJones.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTrue?A.Companyworkersstartedtodressdownabout30yearsago.B.Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenonsincetheearly1990s.C.“Dress-downFriday”wasfirstgivenasafavorfromemployers.D.Manyworkerswanttowearcasualclothestoimpresspeople.原文提到雇主允許雇員在Friday穿著較為隨便的衣服，而不是every?day，此題的正確答案為D。?這種干擾方法常見于說明文的備選項中，即在介紹科學實驗或新科研成果時，把可能當作現(xiàn)實，把可能出現(xiàn)的問題設置為已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的問題，把未然當作已然。13.故意夸張原則Mobile?phone?users?will?be?able?to?changetheir?devices?wirelessly?for?the?first?time?from?2012.?Fuhitsu,?theJapanesetechnology?company,?has?created?a?system?able?to?charge?multiple?portableelectronic?devices?suchas?mobile?phones,?digital?cameras?and?laptop?computerswithout?the?need?for?cable?connections.?Electric?carsusers?may?also?eventually?beable?to?charge?their?vehicles?wirelessly?using?the?same?technology?according?toFujitsu,?which?developed?a?prototype?system?at?an?Instituteof?Electronics,?Information?andCommunicationEngineers?conference?at?Osaka?Prefecture?University.?Claiming?to?be?the?world's?first?of?its?kind,thetechnology?works?on?the?basis?of?the?transmission?of?electricity?usingmagnetic?fields?between?the?chargerand?the?electroonic?device.?The?systemenables?wireless?charging?at?distances?of?up?to?several?meters,?withthe?aim?ofinstalling?public?“charging?spots”?on?the?streets?in?order?to?enable?easycharging?around?the?clock.?Scientists?at?Fujitsu?Laboratories?areplanning?to?commercially?sell?products?with?the?new?wireless?chargingsystem?asearly?as?2012?but?did?not?disclose?how?much?they?would?cost.?“This?technology?paves?the?way?tomixing?compact?wireless?charging?functions?into?mobile?phones?andenablingmultiple?portable?devices?to?be?charged?simultaneously?without?any?restrictionson?their?positionwith?respect?to?the?charger,”?the?company?said?in?astatement.?The?popularity?of?portableelectronic?devicesranging?from?iPads?to?e-readers?is?expected?to?fuel?a?boomin?wireless?recharging?technology?developmentover?thecomingdecade.?Mobile?phoneusers?in?Japan?can?cuttently?top?up?their?batteries?using?disposableportableplug-in?battery-operated?devices-available?at?most?train?and?conveniencestores-although?phonecompanies?warnprolonged?use?can?damage?the?phones.?The?new?system?develope