2019考研英語凱旋門課堂618日講義1.Howthingshavechanged!O2.In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.O3.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesshaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofernment.6.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-inWashington,DC.7.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”（567的觀點！）TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe turningofthebusinessrestructuringofimprovedbusiness 觀點詞：believe,argue,contend,moan,comin,assert,hold,think,maintain,insist,words（虛擬語氣：ItishightimethatwetookeffectiveinitiativetoputthissituationonYoushouldnothavesaidthat.情態動詞:may，might,could,can,must,need,would,will,should祈使句：Comehere!Doitforthenation!強調句(感嘆句！疑問句):Itis(was)…that(who)… “TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.OStarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.FSadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.OshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.FAtissueistheTMT’snnedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepikothatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.FButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfulescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofournet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.FOppositiontoescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.OSomeblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoIntheireagernesstobuildbiggerescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.OTheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheislands’inhabitants.FHawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast；itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.FYetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.F（結論）ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.FCallstodisassembleallescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.OPerhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.OTheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.FTheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethe escope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.FTolimitthenumberof escopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.FThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbe edonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.O RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”OWithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.OThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedmakersforoverhalfacentury.FManyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.FIfeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?OArecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowellbeingshedssomelightonthatquestion.FAcrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.FRatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.FWhileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.FYes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavetodecline.FYetthisisn’tthecasewithallSomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety, eequalityandenvironment.FThisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.OSowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.OItdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationes—allthingsthatcontributetoa ’ssenseofwell-being.FThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butmakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.OI，few觀點詞+觀點=作者明確≠作者觀（1）作者不表態（作者沒有觀點Step1：定位（Locating）（讀完相應的段落就解題1.Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.2.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.3.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthe didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedin1.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalcesforeveryoneforever.”2.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”3.Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.4.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.5.Itneedsconstantguardianship.5AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenow.graduallylargelyproperly1.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.2.TheConservatives’nningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorising“off-n”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.3.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.4.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalnningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.5.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.6.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.7.ItsntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraphLabourisunderattackforopposingTheConservativesmayabandon“off-n”TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalUkipmaygainfromitssupportforrural1.Thesensiblecetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisince.2.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.3.WhatistrueofLondoniseventruerofthe1.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbyTheissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputUnderlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.3.Hefavoursout-of-townshopsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotamarketbutabiasedone.5.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.5.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.6.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.7.WhyruinruralTheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’s highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbyshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturban61.Developmentshouldbenned,notletrip.2.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.3.Halfacenturyoftownandcountrynninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.4.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.5.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.5Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciation thesizeofpopulationinthepoliticallifeintoday’stheenviableurbanlifestyleinthetown-and-countrynningin二.態度 4.例證 Comeon—Everybody’sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasual .ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheRosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasloveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromoteamongtheirTheideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.It