國(guó)內(nèi)外經(jīng)典教材名師講堂曼昆《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》(微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分冊(cè))(第5版)第1章：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理主講教師：夏業(yè)良經(jīng)濟(jì)Economy...英文中“經(jīng)濟(jì)”這一詞匯來自希臘語，意思是“管理家庭的人”。.

..The

word

economy

comes

from

a

Greekwordfor

“one

whomanages

a

household.”經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理一個(gè)家庭或某一經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨著許多選擇:誰去工作？Who

will

work?生產(chǎn)什么商品？生產(chǎn)多少？What

goods

andhow

many

of

them

should

be

produced?生產(chǎn)中使用什么資源？What

resources

shouldbe

used

in

production?商品以什么價(jià)格出售？At

what

price

shouldthe

goods

be

sold?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理社會(huì)與稀缺資源:社會(huì)資源的管理很重要，因?yàn)橘Y源是稀缺的。稀缺（Scarcity）...意味著社會(huì)擁有的資源是有限的，因此不能生產(chǎn)人們希望擁有的所有商品和服務(wù)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（Economics）是有關(guān)社會(huì)如何管理其擁有的稀缺資源的研究.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策：人們面臨交替關(guān)系People

face

tradeoffs.某一事物的成本是你為了獲得它而放棄的東西The

cost

of

something

is

what

you

give

up

to

get

it.理性人進(jìn)行邊際思考Rational

people

think

at

the

margin.人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)People

respond

to

incentives.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理人們?nèi)绾伟l(fā)生相互作用.交易會(huì)使每個(gè)人的狀況更好Trade

canmake

everyone

better

off.市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種良好方式

Marketsare

usually

agood

way

toorganize

economic

activity.政府有時(shí)能夠改善經(jīng)濟(jì)效果Governments

can

sometimes

improveeconomic

es.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理影響經(jīng)濟(jì)整體運(yùn)行的力量與趨勢(shì)生活水平取決于一國(guó)的生產(chǎn)The

standard

of

living

depends

on

a

country’sproduction.當(dāng)政府印發(fā)過多鈔票時(shí)，價(jià)格就上升。

Prices

rise

when

the

government

prints

too

much

money.社會(huì)面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系。Society

faces

a

short-run

tradeoff

between

inflationand

unemployment.天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐！“Thereisnosuch

thingasafree

lunch!”為了得到某一事物，我們通常不得不放棄另一事物：大炮與黃油食品與衣物Guns

v.

butterFood

v.

clothing閑暇時(shí)間與工作Leisure

time

v.

work效率與公平Efficiency

v.

equity作出決策要求將某一目標(biāo)與另一目標(biāo)進(jìn)行交換Making

decisions

requires

tradingoff

one

goal

against

another.效率與公平效率Efficiency意味著社會(huì)能夠從其稀缺資源中獲得最多.公平Equity意味著這些資源的利益在社會(huì)成員中得到公平的配置.原理2：某一事物的成本是你為了獲得它而放棄的東西作出決策就要求在可替換的方案中對(duì)成本和收益進(jìn)行比較.是去上大學(xué)還是工作?是學(xué)習(xí)還是出去約會(huì)？是去上課還是睡覺？某一事物的機(jī)會(huì)成本（

opportunity

cost）是你為了獲得那一事物而放棄的事物.原理2：某一事物的成本是你為了獲得它而放棄的東西LALaker的籃球明星KobeBryant選擇放棄上大學(xué)，從高中直接進(jìn)入職業(yè)球隊(duì)，因此他可以賺到成百上千萬美元。邊際變動(dòng)（Marginal

changes）是對(duì)現(xiàn)有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃所作出的少量、漸進(jìn)式的調(diào)整.人們通過比較邊際成本和收益作出決策

People

make

decisions

by

comparing

costsand

benefits

at

the

margin.原理3:

理性人進(jìn)行邊際思考原理4:人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)Marginal

changes

incosts

or

benefits

motivatepeople

to

respond.成本或收益的邊際變化促使人們作出反應(yīng)The

decision

to

choose

one

alternativeoveranother

occurs

whenthat

alternative’smarginalbenefits

exceeditsmarginal

costs!當(dāng)替代物的邊際收益超過其邊際成本時(shí)，在許多可變換方案中的選擇就出現(xiàn)了。People

gain

from

theirability

to

trade

with

oneanother.人們從他們相互交易的能力中獲益Competition

results

in

gains

from

trading.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生來自交易的收益Trade

allows

people

to

specializein

what

theydo

best.交易允許人們就自己最擅長(zhǎng)的方面進(jìn)行專業(yè)分工。A

market

economy

is

an

economy

that

allocatesresources

through

the

decentralized

decisions

of

manyfirms

and

households

as

they

interact

in

markets

forgoodsandservices.市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是一種通過許多企業(yè)和家庭的分散決策配置資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)，與此同時(shí)企業(yè)和家庭在商品和服務(wù)市場(chǎng)上發(fā)生相互作用。Households

decide

what

to

buy

and

who

to

workfor.家庭決定要購買什么和誰去工作Firms

decide

who

to

hire

and

what

to

produce.企業(yè)決定雇傭誰和生產(chǎn)什么Adam

Smith

made

the

observation

that

households

andfirms

interacting

in

markets

act

as

if

guided

by

an“invisible

hand.”亞當(dāng).斯密觀察到家庭和企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上相互作用，就好象有一只“看不見的手”在引導(dǎo)因?yàn)榧彝ズ推髽I(yè)在決定買賣什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格,他們?cè)跓o意中把他們行為的社會(huì)成本納入考慮之中。結(jié)果，引導(dǎo)決策者們達(dá)到傾向于使社會(huì)總體福利最大化的結(jié)果。Market

failure

occurs

whenthe

market

failstoallocate

resources

efficiently.當(dāng)市場(chǎng)未能有效地配置資源時(shí)，市場(chǎng)失靈就出現(xiàn)了。When

the

market

fails

(breaks

down)government

can

intervene

to

promoteefficiencyand

equity.當(dāng)市場(chǎng)失靈（失效）時(shí)，政府可以通過干預(yù)促進(jìn)效率和公平。Market

failure

may

be

caused

by

市場(chǎng)失靈有可能是由以下原因引起：an

externality,

which

is

the

impact

of

one

person

orfirm’s

actions

on

the

well-being

of

a

bystander.外部性---一個(gè)人或企業(yè)的行為對(duì)局外人福利的影響。market

power,

which

is

the

ability

of

a

singleperson

or

firm

to

unduly

influence

market

prices.市場(chǎng)力量------單個(gè)人或企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌?chǎng)結(jié)果的能力Standardoflivingmay

be

measured

in

differentways:Bycomparing

personal

es.Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueof

anation’s

production.Almost

all

variations

in

living

standards

areexplained

by

differences

in

countries’productivities.生活水平的幾乎所有差異都可以用各個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)率的差異加以解釋。Productivity

is

the

amount

of

goods

andservices

produced

from

each

hour

of

a

worker’stime.生產(chǎn)率是工人每小時(shí)生產(chǎn)出的商品和服務(wù)數(shù)量Standardoflivingmay

be

measured

in

differentways

生活水平可以用不同的方式測(cè)度:Bycomparing

personal

es.通過比較個(gè)人的收入Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueof

anation’s

production.通過比較一國(guó)生產(chǎn)的市場(chǎng)總價(jià)值。Inflation

is

an

increase

in

the

overall

level

of

prices

inthe

economy.通貨膨脹是經(jīng)濟(jì)中價(jià)格總體水平的上升。One

cause

of

inflation

is

the

growth

in

the

quantity

ofmoney.通貨膨脹的原因之一是貨幣數(shù)量的增加。When

the

government

creates

large

quantities

ofmoney,

the

value

of

the

money

falls.當(dāng)政府創(chuàng)造出大量貨幣時(shí)，貨幣的價(jià)值就會(huì)下降。原理10:社會(huì)面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系菲利普斯曲線（The

Phillips

Curve）表明通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系:通貨膨脹

失業(yè)這是一種短期交替關(guān)系!小結(jié)當(dāng)個(gè)人作出決策時(shí),他們面臨著可替換目標(biāo)之間的交替關(guān)系.任何行動(dòng)的成本是以失去的機(jī)會(huì)來測(cè)度的.理性人通過比較邊際成本和邊際收益作出決策.人們?cè)趯?duì)他們所面臨的激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)時(shí)，會(huì)改變他們的行為.小結(jié)Trade

canbemutuallybeneficial.交易能夠使人們相互或共同獲益Markets

are

usually

agood

way

ofcoordinatingtradeamongpeople.市場(chǎng)通常是協(xié)調(diào)人們之間交易的良好方式。Government

can

potentially

improve

market

esif

thereisso