Cultural

featuresLonginusandhisOntheSublimeHoraceandhisArtofPoetryAncientRomanLiteraryThoughtsCulturalfeaturesWhataretheculturalfeaturesofthetime?宗教因素為例希臘化的產物強調“模仿古人”，以希臘古典為范本但這一模仿與希臘文化不同，它更精致化、文雅化、膚淺化、公式化HoraceandhisArtofPoetryThepersonTheliterarythoughtinArtofPoetryTheinfluenceThepersonWhoisHorace?QuintusHoratiusFlaccus(Venusia,December8,65BC–Rome,November27,8BC),knownintheEnglish-speakingworldasHorace,wastheleadingRomanlyricpoetduringthetimeofAugustus.HoraceisgenerallyconsideredtostandalongsideVirgilandOvidasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheAugustanAge.TheliterarythoughtsHoracewastheclassicistwhoestablishedtheclassicalsetsofbeliefrulesandorders,restraintandcorrectexpression.Hewishedthatthewritershouldchoosecorrectandrightwords;thatheshouldusemetersmaintainingtheirappropriateness;thatheshouldbeabletochooseapropersubject;thatheshouldmakeuseofproperpoeticdiction;andthatheshouldfollowtherulesofancientarts.Alexandrianinfluencecanbenotedinhisdemandforcarefulworkmanshipandpolishandorderandorganization.Moreover,forthathesaysanartistisalwaysacraftmanwhousinghisarchitecturalgeniusmaintainsdecorumand‘urbanity’inhisworkofart.ForHorace,awritermustchooseasubjectwithinhispowerandappropriatetohisgifts;hemustsayatanygivenmomentwhatneedstobesaid,andnomore.Hemustchoosevocabulary,meterandformthatarerightforhissubject,whethernoble,exciting,eroticorjoyous.Hewarnsagainstextravagantimplausibilityandincongruities.Indeedtheprevailingemphasisthroughoutisontheneedforconsistency,coherenceandseemliness.Itisthewriter'sbusinesstorefineandpolishhistextthatthehigheststandardsofproprietyandartistryaremaintained.However,Horacedemandsacraftman’sskillinanartist;hedoesnotutterlyneglecttheroleofnaturaltalentinart.Infact,heisinsistingonacomplementaryrelationshipbetweenlearnedartistryandgenius.

HisArtforpoetrycanalsohereadasausefuladvicetotheperspectivewriters.ItremainedaninfluentialdocumentoraBibleforesp.Boileau,Pope,EliotandFyre.Heequatespoetrywithpainting.Inpoetry,wordsarelikevariouscolorsthatareputbeautifully.Hefocusesondecoruminpoetryi.e.therightnessofeachparttothewhole.Thereshouldbetheharmonyofeachpartsofpoetrytothewhole.Theseideasbecomelawsforneo-classicalwriters.Heoutlinesthefollowingpointstobeingoodpoetrysothatthepragmaticeffectofpoetrycanbeachieved.HisthoughtsonliteratureUnityandsimplicityofformsFormandcontentmatchedAppropriatenessofmeterConsistencyofcharactersStyle(Startingandending)Prolepsis(flashback)Analepsis(foreshadowing)Anachronistic(random)Unityandsimplicityofforms:Whatisunityandsimplicityofforms?

Simplicityreferstoluciditythatiseveryoneunderstands.Unityistheperfectcombinationofbeginning,middleandending.Everythingshouldbematchingsothatitcreatesdecorumandthesenseofpropriety.(Correctnes+Suitable)FormandcontentmatchedWhatisproper?Decorum?Thestyleshouldbeproper.Byproper,hemeansthatthetrivialandseriousmattersshouldnotbewritteningrandstyle.Andinthesameway,thetreatmentofseriousmattershouldnotbeintrivialform.Therefore,formandcontentshouldbematched.Poetsandpaintersshouldnotcreatemonotonybyshowingdolphinintheforestandelephantinthesea.Suchunnaturalcombinationfailstoteachandgivethedelight.AppropriateuseofwordsThewordscomeandgoliketheleavesofatree.Thewordsneedtobeusedinproperplacesaccordingtothenatureofthewords.Clichéshouldnotbeusedandthelanguageofcommonpeopleshouldbemagnified.Poetsshouldusefamiliarwordsinquitedifferentway.IfcharacterswanttospeakwordsthenitisokaybutitshouldhaveitsorigininGreek.AppropriatenessofmeterHoraceprefersVirgil'sopinionthattofollowHomeristofollownature.Homersaysitisappropriatetousehexameterinepic,iambicpentameterintragedyandhexameterandiambicpentameterinelegy.

ConsistencyofcharactersThecharactersshouldbeconsistentandlifelike.HisviewsoncharactersareidenticaltoAristotle.Charactertraitsshouldbebasedonage,thereshouldnotbeanyexaggeration,thatiswhichisnotpossibletothecharactermustnotbepresented.Therefore,charactersshouldbeconvincing,probableandconsistent.Style(Startingandending)Thewritercantakeoneofthefollowingtechniquestopresentthecontent.

Prolepsis(flashback):Whathappenedbeforetheactiontakesplace.

Analepsis(foreshadowing):Whathappensnexttoongoingaction.

Anachronistic(random):Mixtureofalltechniques.

Whateverthetechniquethereis,theendofpoetryshouldteachanddelight.Toteachactionsshouldbephysicalthanverbalbecausewhateverpeoplesee,theyarelikelytobelieve.Therefore,itisbettertoperformeverything.Butscenesofmurder,violenceetcshouldnotbeshownonthestage.Deuxexmachine(performingofGodonthestage)istobehidden.《詩藝》的主要文藝思想繼承了古希臘模仿說的傳統：合理性與可信性接受藝術模仿自然的觀點，并從“適度”、“合理”這個思想出發，強調作家應有生活經驗、真實感情，主張作家到生活中去觀察，到風俗習慣中去尋找模型，從那里汲取活生生的語言。明確提出藝術可以創造，但創造要“合式”真正的藝術作品既要大膽創造，又要和諧統一藝術可以虛構，但虛構要“合理”提出了古典主義的詩學原則：借鑒原則和合適原則繼承了柏拉圖的“有機統一說”和亞里士多德關于悲劇情節“整一性”的原則創作性的借鑒：內容上，對古典傳統題材要要經過一番改造和創新，同時要重視羅馬帝國的現實題材；形式上強調語言文字的新陳代謝合適原則：賀拉斯文藝理論的主導思想，即從形式到內容都應當和諧統一、合情合理；作品總體方面要求和諧統一，注意作品的整體美和總效果，在人物性格方面要求自相一致闡述了寓教于樂的藝術功用：詩人創作的目的在于“給人益處和樂趣”強調了詩人的基本修養：培養正確的判斷力加強人格修養：作家首先應當有高尚的靈魂強調天才與苦練相結合端正創作態度：善于聽取有益的批評，不被假意的捧場所迷惑GroupdiscussionProposeexamplestoillustratethetheoryofdecorumPleaseuseJaneAusten’snovelsasthecasetointerpretHorace’sliterarytheoryTakePrideandPrejudiceasthecaseWhatisyourimpressionofMr.Darcy?Readchapter10,canyoudrawanyfeaturesofdecoruminthediscourseandactionofMr.Darcy?《詩藝》對后世的影響“合式”原則：中世紀神學家對現實生活的肯定，對普遍人性的肯定：文藝復興時期的作家和評論家對理性原則的肯定：17世紀古典主義批評家和作家寓教于樂：啟蒙運動LonginusandhisOntheSublimeTheliterarypositionofsublimeThedefinitionofsublimethefeaturesofsublimeCasestudyGroupdiscussionWhatissublime?Whatelementsshouldbeinvolvedtoachievetheeffectofsublime?TheliterarysituationofOntheSublimeOntheSublimeisbothatreatiseonaestheticsandaworkofliterarycriticism.Itiswritteninanepistolaryformandthefinalpart,possiblydealingwithpublicspeaking,hasbeenlost.Longinussetsoutfivesourcesofsublimity:"greatthoughts,strongemotions,certainfiguresofthoughtandspeech,noblediction,anddignifiedwordarrangement"ThedefinitionofSublimeLonginusdefinessublimeasakindofloftinessandexcellenceinlanguageraisingthestyleoftheordinarylanguage.Sublimityspringsfromagreatandloftysoul,therebybecoming"oneechoofagreatsoul".崇高是“偉大心靈的回聲”，有五個方面：莊嚴偉大的思想、慷慨激昂的感情、辭格的藻飾、高雅的措辭和尊嚴的結構

Itshouldnotonlybedistinctandexcellentincompositionbutalsomovethereadersalongwiththeeffectsofpleasureandpersuasion.Sucheffectsshouldbesubtle,flashingattherightmoment,scatteringeverythingbeforeitlikeathunderboltandatoncedisplayingthepowerofplentitude.sublimeisloftyandexcellentpoeticcreationwithpowertoplease,persuadeandmovethereadersthroughtheupliftmentoftheirsouls.Sublimityisthustheaestheticupliftmentofthesoulthroughthereconciliationofthepoeticinspirationandrhetoricalmasteryofthewriters.LonginusbelievesthatsublimityisachievedbyadefthandlingofNatureandArt,whichisinborngeniusandlearnedskills.Thefivesourceshementionsforthesublimeareeitherrelatedtoauthororpoem.

ThefeaturesofSublimePowerofforminggreatconceptionsVehementandinspiredpassionThedueformationanduseoffiguresofspeechNobledictionDignifiedandelevatedcompositionPowerofforminggreatconceptionsItisconcernedwiththegrandeurofthoughtinwritersandisthefirstessentialsourceofsublime.Loftyandnaturalexpressionispossiblewhentherearenobleandloftythoughts.Suchelevatingthoughtsthatremainasthe“echoofgreatsoul"arepossiblewhentheauthorhaspowerofforminggreatconceptions.Meanandignorablethoughtscanneverenergiesaloftyutterance.孟子把他所強調的人格美稱為“浩然之氣”。在對個體人格的評價中，他提出善、信、美、大、圣、神六個等級，提到“充實之謂美，充實而有光輝之謂大”。他所說的“大”，比一般的美在程度上更鮮明強烈，在范圍上更廣闊宏偉，是一種輝煌壯觀的美。

Thegreatthoughtscomefromtheimaginationofagreatcreativegeniusandfromasoundinterpretationoftheimitationofnatureandofthegreatpredecessors.Thedetailsoftheconceptionsshouldbesochosentoformanorganicwholebeingheightenedbyamplificationofallthedetailsofagivensubjectthroughthevividuseofimageryandrhetoric.文章要靠布局才能達到高度的雄偉，正如人體要靠四肢五官的配合才能顯得美。整體中任何一部分如果割裂開來孤立的看，是沒有什么引人注意的，但是把所有各部分綜合在一起，就形成一個完美的整體”。

朗吉弩斯把“崇高”導向的不是近代意義上的崇高，而是導向了和諧。

VehementandinspiredpassionThesecondsourceofsublimeisthegenuineemotion.Theemotionshouldbestrongandnaturalexpressedinloftyandelevatedlanguagesothatitcanmovethereaderswithpleasureandpersuasion.Itshouldmatchwiththegrandeurofsubject,thoughtandloftystyle.ThedueformationanduseoffiguresofspeechThethirdsourceofsublimeisthepoeticuseoflanguage.Theformationanduseoffiguresboosttheelevatedexpressioniftheyareproperlyused.Suchauseoffiguresshouldnotbemechanicalandforceful.Theyshouldbeusedgenuinelyandasperthedemandsofthecontextualenvironment.

Longinusdealswithsomemajorfiguresofspeech-tohim;theproperuseofrhetoricalquestionmakesanimmediateappealtotheemotions.Itisastatementinquestionformthatsuggestsitsownanswer.Theuseoffiguresmustbephysicalandintimatelyconnectedwiththoughtsandemotions.Readchapter10ofPrideandPrejudice,canyoudrawanyevidencesofthisfeatureinthediscourseandactionofMr.Darcy?NobledictionThefourthsourceofsublimeisdictionthatincludeschoiceandarrangementofwords.Longinussaysthattheuseofproperandstrikingwordsenthrall(holdattention)thehearers.Thewords,tohim,shouldbenoblecorrespondingtothesubjectmatterandemotion.Soastoimpartgrandeurandbeauty,givingbreathintodeadthings.

DignifiedandelevatedcompositionThelastsourceofsublimeisthedignifiedandelevatedarrangementofthedictionforthegrandeurofcomposition.Theverbalordershouldberhythmicandharmoniouswhichhelpspulloffpersuasionandpleasure.Suchacompositionappealstothesoulandenablesthereaderstoparticipateintheemotionsoftheauthor.Similarly,whilediscussingthesourcesoftruesublime,Longinusalsodealswiththefactorsofthefalsesublime.Tohim,thevicesofthesublimeemergeoutofthelackofpassionsincerelyandinadequacyofcommunicationcausedbyfaultytechniques.

ThefalsesublimeConceitofturgidity:Itisatypeoftimidityorbombastinguseoflanguage,whichhethinks,isdrierthandropsy.

Puerility:Theuseofpuerilityspoilsthesublimity.Itisapedantictypeofconceitaddingtoapompousandfrigidstyle.Parentheses:Itisapassionoutofplaceandmeaning,wherethereisnocauseforpassionorunrestrainedwhererestraintisneeded.Hereunrestrainedpassiondoesnotmakesublimeforthegreatnessofsoul,place,manner,occasion,andpurposesareessential.

Defectsofstyle:Thefalsesublimityevenarisesoutofthedefeatsofstyle,especiallywhensincerit