Unit4SPACEEXPLORATIONDiscoveringUsefulStructures輸入文本內容輸入文本內容輸入文本內容Tobe,ornottobe,thatisaquestion.非謂語動詞

動詞不定式todo過去分詞(done)現在分詞/動名詞(doing)

FunctionsofinfinitivesToliveabroadisnoteasy.Sheplannedtovisitherparentsnextweek.Toseeistobelieve.ThefirstpersontocomeisMr.Brown.HewenttoFrancetolearnFrench.Hisfatherencouragedhimtofindanewjob.主語賓語表語定語賓補狀語Step1Lead-in不定式是____________的一種,在句中不能獨立作___________?？梢宰鱛__________________________________________________。非謂語謂語主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語主動語態被動語態意義一般式todotobedone表示動作與謂語動作同時發生或發生在謂語動作之后進行式tobedoing表示謂語動作發生時,不定式的動作正在進行完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone表示動作發生在謂語動作之前完成進行式tohavebeendoing表示動作發生在謂語動作之前且一直持續到謂語動作發生時仍在進行基本結構:“to+動詞原形”,to是不定式標志,無意義,有時不定式符號to可省略。否定形式:notto+動詞原形動詞不定式的結構=Wemustfindapersonwhocandothehomework.Wemust

find

a

person

to

do

the

homework.動詞不定式作定語,

一般放在被修飾的名詞、代詞的后面,多表示將來的動作,可轉化為定語從句。動詞不定式作定語1.Wemustfindapersontodothework.2.Therearelotsofinterestingthingstosee.3.Theygottheordertoleavethecity.

動詞不定式作定語通常放在名詞、代詞或不定代詞的后面作后置定語。

動詞不定式作定語一般與所修飾的名詞構成主謂關系、動賓關系、或同位關系。主謂關系動賓關系同位關系一、不定式作定語的位置和關系II

Infinitiveasattribute1.Sheisthefirsttoadmitthatmuchofhissuccessisduetohisgoodlooks.2.TomistheonlystudenttogotoShanghaiinhisclass.3.Theytakealotoftroubletofindtherightpersontodothejob.當名詞被序數詞,形容詞最高級或theonly,thenext,thelast,theright修飾，且該名詞是作定語的非謂語動詞的執行者時，用不定式主動形式作定語。二、不定式作定語（名詞被特定詞修飾）三、不定式作定語與特定名詞連用1.Hehadnochancetotakeabiteofbiscuit.2.Hemadeanattempttobeadmittedtothebigcompany.3.Agoodteachermusthavetheabilitytomakehimselfunderstood.4.Theywanttokeepapromisetobalancethefederalbudgetby2011.5.Weappreciateyoureagernesstoreceiveyourdevice.有些抽象名詞常跟不定式作定語，如：dream,ambition,desire,determination,

wish,decision,chance,promise,plan,time,attempt,effort,ability,eagerness等。（一些表示企圖、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意義的名詞）SheimmediatelybecamethefirstwomanevertobehiredasaresidentphysicianintheOB-GYNdepartmentofthePUMCHospital.她隨即成為北京協和醫院婦產科聘任的第一位女住院醫師。（不定式作后置定語）四、不定式作定語（有…要做的事情）Usuallyontheweekend,wehavealotofhomework______.(do)Asaseniorthreestudent,thereisalotofhomework______.Withsomuchhomework______,weneedtostayathome.五、不定式作定語（表將來）下周舉行的會議很重要。Themeeting__________(hold)nextweekisofgreatimportance.即將到來的節日是緬懷先人的好時機。Thefestival________(come)isagoodtimeforyoutohonoryourancestors.tobeheldtocometodotodotodo1.Givemeasuitablepentowritewith.2.Hismotherislookingforahousetolivein.3.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.4.Hereisapieceofpaperforyoutowriteon.注意：作定語的動詞不定式如果是不及物動詞或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞。六、不定式加介詞作定語七、不定代詞+不定式something,anything,nothing,everything等復合不定代詞常用不定式作后置定語Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Theairport______________(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.

(2013四川改)2.Wearehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision__________(make)atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.(2012重慶)3.Volunteeringgivesyouachance_________(change)lives,includingyourown.

(2013北京)4.Thestudentsarelookingforwardtohavinganopportunity_________(explore)

societyofreal-lifeexperience.(2013

上海)5.Ihavealotofreadings___________(complete)beforetheendofthisterm.

(2010

山東)tobecompletedtobemadetochangeInfinitiveasattribute:Exercise

高考鏈接toexploretocomplete1.Tobeawinner,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.2.Firemenhadtobreakthedoordowntoreachthepeopletrappedinside.3.MoreTVprogrammeswereproducedtoraisepeople’sconcernoverfoodsafety.4.To/Inordertogetagoodseat,hearrivedearly.5.Thebusstoppedatthestopsoastopickuppassengers.Infinitiveasadverbial不定式作目的狀語，可用inorderto/soasto

代替，有時為了突出強調目的，加強語氣，還可將這個詞組置于句首，但soasto一般不用于句首。(1)置于句首時只用todo/inordertodo。如用于表示否定,用inordernottodo或soasnottodo形式。1.目的狀語1.Hereturnedhometofindhiswifewaitingforhim.

2.Hehurriedtothebookingoffice,onlytobetoldthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.3.Asaconductorheistooexperiencedtomindwhatthecriticssay..4.Isthisbridgestrongenoughtosupportheavylorries?5.Willyoubesokindasto

openthewindow?2.不定式作結果狀語，表示出乎意料的結果；有時也可用onlyto,(表示意料之外的結果的發生)，too...to,enoughto,so/such...asto(意為“如此……以至于……”)來表示結果狀語?，F在分詞作結果狀語強調的是一種自然而然的結果。1.Iamsoexcited

tobehere!2.Shewepttoseehiminsuchaterriblestate.3.We’reproudtobeyoungpeopleofChina.4.Heisglad

tobeinvitedtothemeeting.

3.不定式作原因狀語，常用于“主語+be+形容詞+todo”結構中，此類形容詞多是glad,excited,disappointed,shocked等表示喜怒哀樂的形容詞?！爸髡Z(物)+be+性質形容詞+todo”這一結構中用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。用于此結構的形容詞有：easy,difficult,important,nice,pleasant,hard,dangerous,comfortable等；且不定式和句子的主語是動賓關系Thesongishard

（sing）.Thequestioniseasy

（understand）.Ourmonitoriseasy

（get）alongwith.Theproblemisverydifficult

（solve）.toget

tosolve

tounderstandtosing1._________(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.(2016北京改)2.Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only_______(find)itdidn’tfit.(2014天津改)3.Groupactivitieswillbeorganisedafterclass_________(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.(2014重慶改)4.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only__________(tell)thathiswifehadlefthim.(2012山東)5.Thismachineisveryeasy___________(operate).Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.(2012遼寧)6.Wewereastonished________(find)thetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.(2010遼寧)TomaketofindExercise:Infinitiveasadverbial

tohelp高考鏈接tobetoldtooperatetofindSummarizetheusagesofinfinitivesastheattributeortheadverbial.adverbial狀語attribute定語todo目的狀語:結果狀語:enoughto

(足夠做...),too...to(太...而不能),so/such...asto

(如此...以至于)多修飾名詞，常作后置定語往往表示尚未發生的動作被序數詞、最高級或theonly等詞修飾時抽象名詞后，如：dream,desire,chance等表示有...要做的事情，如havesth.todo不定代詞后注意：若不定式中為不及物動詞則須有相應的介詞todo,inorderto

(可句首句中),soasto

(只能句中)原因狀語:sb＋be＋adj.＋todo...1．Apple’sPixarAnimationStudiowasthefirst________thatcomputeranimationcouldbeused________stories.A．havingshown…telling B．tohaveshown…tellingC．havingshown…totell D．toshow…totell2．Ifitrains,thesportsmeet______thedayaftertomorrowwillhavetobeputoff.A．tobeheld B．tohold C．holding D．beingheld3．Mary,pleasebringyourfriendachair_________.A．tosit B．tositon C．siton D．sitting4．Healwayshasgoodways________hisclasses________.A．inmaking;interesting B．tomake;interestedC．tomake;interesting D．ofmaking;interestedDACB22．Thereportershurriedtotheairport,only__________themoviestarhadleft.A．totell

B．telling

C．told D．tobetold30．Wewereastonished__________thetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.A．finding B．tofind

C．find D．tobefound11．YuanLongpingisthefirstagriculturalpioneer________hybridrice.A．togrow B．grow

C．grew D．growingDBA32．You’llhavetheopportunity________(ask)anyquestionatlast.33．Sheisalwaysthefirststudent________(come)toschool.35．Thehouse________therewillbealibrary.（build）36．Tomworkshardandheisalwaysthelastone________(leave)theclassroomeveryday.37．It’ssaidthatJacksonisthebestman______(do)thejob.

39．Theseactivitiesseemedtosatisfymydesire_____(be)usefulandtofeelameaningfulconnectiontothelivesofothers.40．Thedecision__________(classify)Internetaddictionasamentaldisorderhascausedmuchdebate.41．There’snothing________(indicate)thatitwasn’tastraightforwardaccident.toasktocometobebuilttoleavetodotobetoclassifytoindicate58．I'mashamed___________(say)thatIliedtoher.59．Shewasupset_________(know)thatshefailedintheexam.60．Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasy________（lose）,andtheproblemisonlygoingtogetharderfromhereonout.65．Hegottothestation,only________(find)thetrainhadleft.68．Becauseofthetighttimetable,hewasoncetootired___________(work).74．Theretireddoctorstartedrunningacourse________(help)newmotherslookaftertheirbabies.82．I’mwriting________(invite)youtotakepartinthelong-distancerelayrace.86．Asaseniorhighstudent,weshouldstudyhard________(help)

peopleinneed.tosaytoknowtolosetofindtoworktohelptoinvitetohelpLookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicisedinfinitives.Inpairs,discusstheirfunctionsandmeanings.1.Scientistsworkhardtofind

answers.2.Theymakevehiclestocarry

bravepeopleintospacetofindout

thesecretsoftheuniverse.3.However,somescientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.4.YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.5.America’sNASAspaceagencylaunchedVoyager1on5September1977tostudydeepspace.6.Thesedisastersmadeeveryonesadanddisappointed,butthedesire

toexploretheuniverse

neverdied.目的狀語目的狀語定語定語目的狀語定語ⅠLeadinLookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicisedinfinitives.Inpairs,discusstheirfunctionsandmeanings.7.Chinabecamethethirdcountryintheworldtoindependentlysendhumansintospace

in2003.8.ThissignalledonestepfurtherinChina’splantoestablishaspace

stationinthefuture.9.Morerecently,ChinahassentChang’e4toexplore

thesurfaceofthefarsideofthemoontomake

measurementsandobservations.10.Europe,theUS,andChinaallhaveplanstofurtherstudyand

exploreplanetslikeMarsandJupiter.11.Despitethedifficulties,scientistshopefuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstand

howtheuniversebegan,butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefuture.定語定語目的狀語定語目的狀語Humanshavealwayslookedupatthestarsandwantedtolearnmoreaboutspace.16(determine)tofindoutthesecretsoftheuniverse,scientistsworkhardtomake17(vehicle)tocarrypeopleintospace．Inthemid-20thcentury,rocketsthatwerepowerfulenoughtoovercomeEarth’sgravityweredeveloped，makingspaceexploration18___reality.On4October,1957,theUSSRsuccessfullylaunchedthefirstartificialsatellite,Sputnik1,intospace．Fouryearslater,YuriGagarinbecamethefirsthuman19(travel)intospace.20July,1969wasa20(history)dayforspacetravel:astronautNeilArmstrongwalkedonthesurfaceoftheMoon．AlthoughChina’sspaceprogrammestartedlater21thoseofRussiaandtheUS,ithasmadegreatprogressinashorttime.In2003,YangLiweisuccessfullyorbitedEarthintheShenzhou5spacecraft,22madeChinathethirdcountryintheworldto23(independent)sendhumansintospace.Morerecently,ChinahasmadehistorybylandingChang’e4onthefarsideoftheMoon．However,accidentsthatresulted24thedeathsoftheastronautshappenedbeforedespitescientists’effortstomakesurenothinggoeswrong.Butthedesiretoexplorespacenever25

(fade)away.Europe,theUS,andChinaallhaveplanstoexploreplanetslikeMarsandJupiter．Sothefutureofspaceexplorationremainsbright．Determinedvechiclesatotravelthanwhichindependentlyinfadedhistoric

SomepeoplebelievehumanscouldliveontheplanetMarsbytheyear2100.Ourownplanet,theEarth,isbecomingmoreandmorecrowdedandpollutedbecauseoftherapidincreaseinpopulation.26

(hopeful),peoplecouldstartalloveragainandbuild27

betterworldonMars.Hereiswhatlifetherecouldbelike.Atpresent,ourspacecraftareveryslow--itwouldtake28

(month).Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,thejourneymightonlytakeabout20minutesby2100inspacecraft29

travelatthespeedoflight!

30

,thespacecraftwouldtravelsofastthatthejourneymightbequite31

(comfort).Manypeoplewouldfeelill.Humanscannotsurvive32

water,oxygenorfood.Nobodyknows33

therewouldbeenoughwateroroxygenonMarsforpeoplethere.Gravitycouldbeanotherproblem.ThegravityonMars

34

(be)onlyaboutthree-eighthsofthatontheEarth.Peoplewouldhavetowearbootsthatarespeciallydesignedtoprevent35

(they)fromfloatingoffintospace.LifeonMarswouldbeinterestingaswellaschallenging.Hopefullyamonthswhich/thatHoweveruncomfortablewithoutif/whetheristhemselves1.然而，無論它們可能看起來多么迥異，在世界各地，分享快樂、感恩、友愛或和平的精神在所有的節日中都很普遍。(讓步狀語從句)2.節日正變得越來越商業化，商家會利用這些慶祝活動(進行促銷)。(with的復合結構)4.節日讓我們了解我們來自何方、我們是誰、我們應該感恩什么。（賓語從句）However,nomatterhowdifferenttheymayseem,allovertheworld,thespiritofsharingjoy,gratitude,love,orpeaceiscommoninallfestivals.Festivalsarebecomingmoreandmorecommercial,withbusinesstakingadvantageofthecelebrations.Theyhelpusunderstandwherewecamefrom,whoweare,andwhattoappreciate.Exercises2:rewritethesentencesusing“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicized(斜體)partsaccordingly.[TextbookP422.(2)(4)(5)(6)]2.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersoastorecycleitforlateruse.4.Astronauts'bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday,whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.Ast