2022年四川省雅安市公共英語五級(筆試)重點匯總（含答案）學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、1.ListeningComprehension(15題)1.PartC

Directions:Youwillhearatalk.Asyoulisten,answerthequestionsorcompletethenotesinyourtestbookletforQuestions21-30bywritingNOTMORETHANTHREEwordsinthespaceprovidedontheright.YouwillhearthetalkTWICE.

Younowhave1minutetoreadQuestions21-30.

聽力原文：Inyouruniversitywork,youwillbeexpectedtogiveoralpresentationsintheform.ofreportsorsimplyintheformsofanswerstoquestions.Thereareseveralthingsyoucandotomakeyouroralpresentationsclearandeasytounderstand.

Thefundamentalpointtorealizeisthatspeechandwritingaredifferent.Ifyouwanttobebestunderstood,youcan'tsimplyreadyourwrittenreportaloud.Thebiggestdifferencebetweenspokenandwrittenlanguageisthatreaderscanlookbackovertheprintedwordswhentheydon'tunderstand.Inspokenlanguage,however,listenerscan'tgobackandcheckthewords.Theycanrelyonlyonmemory.Sothefirstprincipletokeepinmindwhenyou'replanningtospeakinpublicisthatyouhavetohelpthelistener'smemory.Thismeansthatanoralreportcan'tdeliverinformationasrapidlyasawrittenreport.Thatis,youcan'thaveasmanypiecesofnewinformationpackedintothesamenumberofwords,becausetheywillcomeattoofastarateforthelistenertounderstand.

Inanoralreport,therateofdeliveryhastobeslower.Oneofthebestwaystohelpyouraudienceissimplytospeakslowly.Manypeoplespeaktoofastwhentheyspeaktoagroup.Thisisamistake,especiallyifyouhaveaforeignaccent,becauseitmakeslisteningmoredifficult.Beyondthesimpletechniqueofspeakingmoreslowlywhenyouspeakbeforeagroup,therearewaysoforganizingyourpresentationthatcanhelpthelistenerbeclearandunderstandyourmainpoints.

Theorganizationofyourtalkshouldallowenoughtimeforthelistenertothinkbothbeforeandaftereachnewidea.Thepurposeofthetimebeforethenewinformationistogivetheaudienceachancetounderstandthebackgroundclearly.Knowledgeofthebackground,orsettingoftheinformation,makesitmucheasiertoanticipatewhatkindofinformationiscomingnext.Ifthenewinformationoccurstooearly,withoutenoughbackground,thelistenersshouldnotbepreparedwithenoughbackgroundtobeabletopredictwhat'scoming.

I'vebeendescribingthetimeforthinkingbeforethenewinformation.It'salsoimportanttoprovidetimeforthinkingafterthenewinformation.Thisthinkingtimeallowslistenerstofittheideaintotheirgeneralknowledgeofthesubject.Thinkingtimegivesthelistenerachancetomakesurethattheideawasunderstoodbeforegoingontothenextnewidea.

Therearethreegeneralwaystogivethelistenertimeforthinkingandtimeafterapointofnewinformation.Onewayissimplytopause.Amomentofsilencegivesthelistenertimetotakeinthenewinformation,butthereareotherways.Asecondmethodistouseaparaphrase.Thatis,yousaythesamething,butindifferentwords.Thisparaphrase,orrepetitionoftheidea,helpsthelistenerstofixthethoughtintheirmemory.Athirdwaytogivethelistenertimetothinkistousewordsthatdon'tmeanmuch.Thesearewordsthatconveynoinformation,butjustfillintime.Forinstance,youmightsaysomethinglike"asI'vebeensaying"or"andsoforth"and"andsoon".Thatkindofexpressiondoesn'treallysayanything.It'sjustmadeofwhatwecall"fillerwords".Thewordshavenorealmeaning,buttheydoperform.ausefulfunction,sincetheyallowthelistenertimetothink.

Insummary,then,weknowthatorallanguageshoulddeliverinformationataslowerratethanyoucanuseinwrittenlanguage.Newinformationshouldbe:presentedmoregradually.Thinkingtimeshouldbeprovidedbothbeforeandaftereachimportantnewitem.Th

2.聽力原文：Iwanttotalktodayaboutsomestudies.Theyseemtoindicatethatthereisastartlingworld-widedeclineinthenumberofamphibians,suchasfrogs,toadsandsalamanders.There'slittledoubtthatonereasonwhythenumberofamphibiansisdecliningistheirhabitatshavebeendestroyedwhenthedevelopersfillinpondsandmarshestobuildhouses.Amphibianscan'tjustmovesomewhere.Theyneedwatertolaytheireggsin.Anotherproblemisthegrowingfishindustry.Anotherrangeofpopularpoolfishsuchascarphavebeenintroducedtomanylakesandpondsallovertheworld.Raisingandsellingthesefishcanbeprofitable,butthefisheattheeggsandoffspringofamphibiansthatwerealreadylivinginthelakesandponds.Otherfactorscouldbecontributingtothedeclineincludeacidrainandthespreadofpesticideresidues.Manypesticidesthatfarmersaddedtotheircropsareeventuallywashedawaybytherainandendupinpondsandotherbodiesofwaterwhereamphibianslive.Amphibiansareespeciallyvulnerabletopesticidesdissolvedinthewaterbecauseoftheirmoistskins.Watercanpassthroughamphibiansallowingtoxinsdissolvedinthewatertoentertheamphibians'body.

Whatdoesthespeakermainlydiscuss?

A.Thedistributionofdifferentspeciesofamphibians.

B.Possiblereasonsforreductioninthenumberofamphibians.

C.Theeffectsofenvironmentalchangeonthefishindustry.

D.Guidelinesfortheresponsibleuseofpesticides.

3.Inwhataspectsdoesthespeakerthinkalloftheseculturalchangesarestrengthened?

4.Goodbookscanprovideuswithawiderangeofexperiences.

A.RightB.Wrong

5.Theystartedworkingin1968basedontheobservationmadebyJung,thefounderof______.

6.Whatarethestudentsdoingwhenthemanarrivesinclass?

A.Takinganexamination.

B.Drawinggraphs.

C.Givingpresentations.

D.Havingaclassofdiscussion.

7.Accordingtothespeaker,howdodeveloperscontributetothereductionofamphibianpopulation?

A.Bytakingoverponds.

B.Byconstructingsewers.

C.Bybuildingdamsonrivers.

D.Byfloodingmarshes.

8.Howlongdidittakeforchilipeppertobecomepopulararoundtheworld?

9.Meatsalsocontainwater.

A.RightB.Wrong

10.聽力原文：Now,letmefirstgiveyouabriefintroductiontotheAmericanpoet,EmilyDickinson.EmilyDickinsonwasAmerica'sbest-knownfemalepoetandoneoftheforemostauthorsinAmericanliterature.BorninAmherst,Massachusetts,Dickinsonwasthemiddlechildofaprominentlawyerandone-termUnitedStatescongressionalrepresentative,EdwardDickinson,andhiswife,EmilyNorcrossDickinson.From1840to1847sheattendedtheAmherstAcademy,andfrom1847to1848shestudiedattheMountHolyokeFemaleSeminary(nowMountHolyokeCollege)inSouthHadley,afewtripstoBostonforeyetreatmentsintheearly1860s,DickinsonremainedinAmherst,livinginthesamehouseonMainStreetfrom1855untilherdeath.Duringherlifetime,shepublishedonlyabout10ofhernearly2,000poems,innewspapers,CivilWarjournals,andapoetryanthology.ThefirstvolumeofPoemsofEmilyDickinsonwaspublishedin1890,afterDickinson'sdeath.

AlthoughfewofDickinson'spoemswereformallypublishedduringherlifetime,sheherself"published"bysendingoutatleastone-thirdofherpoemsinthemorethan1,000lettersshewrotetoatleast100differentcorrespondents.Dickinson'smethodofbindingabout800.ofherpoemsinto40manuscript.booksanddistributingseveralhundredoftheminlettersisnowwidelyrecognizedasherparticularform.ofself-publication.Shealsoreadherpoemsaloudtoseveralpeople,includinghercousinsLouiseandFrancesNorcross,overaperiodofthreedecades.

Well,that'sallaboutherlife.Nowshallweconcentrateonherfamouspoem,"SuccessisCountedSweetest".

InwhichstatewasEmilyDicksonborn?

A.Michigan.B.Ohio.C.Massachusetts.D.Washington.

11.聽力原文：M：DidyouhearabouttheaircrashthatoccurredinSouthAmericarecently?Itwasquiteatragicaccident!

W：No,Ididn'tseeanythinginthenewsaboutit．Whathappened?

M：AforeignairlinerwasattemptingtolandatnightinamountainousareainArgentinaandflewintoahill!

W：Thatsoundsreallyterrible!Didanyonesurvive?

M：No，everyoneaboard，includingthecrew，waskilledinstantly．

W：Whatwerethecircumstances?Weretheybadweather,afire,orenginefailure?

M：Apparently，thereweresomelowcloudsinthearea，butmostlyitwasjustmiscommunicationbetweenthepilotsandtheairtrafficcontrollers．

W：Weren'ttheybothspeakinginEnglish，theofficialinternationalaviationlanguage?

M：Yestheywere，butthetransitionfrompoorqualityradioswasslightlydistortedandtheaccentsoftheSpanishspeakingcontrollerswassostrongthatthepilotsmisunderstoodavitalinstruction．

W：Howcouldamisunderstandinglikethatcausesuchaseriousaccident?

M：Thepilotsweretoldtodescendto22,000feet．Theinstructionactuallymeant22,000feet，buttheythoughttheyhearddescend2,000feet．That'sahugedifference．anditshouldhavebeenconfirmed．butitwasnot．Unfortunately，theterrainofthemountainsinNorweijaascendto2,000feet．

W：Sothepilotsdiddescendtothewrongaltitudethen，becausetheywerefollowingtheaircontroller'sinstructions．

M：Sadlyenough，yestheydid．Itwasareallybadmistake．Manypeoplediedasaresultofthesimplymisunderstanding．

W：Wow，that'sapowerfullessononhowimportantitcanbetoaccuratelycommunicatewitheachother．

Whatwasthecauseofthetragedy?

A.Badweather.

B.Humanerror.

C.Breakdownoftheengines.

D.Communicationssystemfailure.

12.聽力原文：Theexpression,"lameduck",canbeheardinalmostanyAmericantownorcity,especiallywherepeoplediscusspolitics.Mostoften,theyuseittodescribeapoliticianwhohascometotheendofhispower.

Thereareanumberofideasastowhere"lameduck"camefrom,thoughthepictureofalameduckisclearenough;aduckthathashaditswingscut,oritsfeetinjured,andcannolongerwalklikeahealthyone.

ThetermseemstohavecomeintotheAmericanlanguageaftertheCivilWarof1861-1865.Oneexplanationisthatitcamefromthelanguageofhunterswhofeltthatitwasfoolishtowastepowderortimeonadeadduck.Andalameduckisclosetobeingadeadduck.

Anotherexplanation,however,isthattheexpressioncamefromEngland.Thereitwasusedtodescribeamanwholostallhismoneyandcouldnotpayhisdebts.Hecoulddonothingbutwalklikealameduck.Andpeopleshowedlittlemercyforthepoorfellow.

ButintheUnitedStatespeopletookthephrasetodescribecongressmanwhofailedtogetre-electedbutstillhadalittletimeleftinoffice.

Later,theexpressionwasusedinabroadersense,generallydescribinganymanwhosedaysofpowerwerecomingtoanend.IthasoftenbeenusedtodescribethepositionofanAmericanpresidentinthelasttwoyearsorsoofhissecondterm.Itisadifficulttimeforhim,whenCongressisreadytoopposehimateveryturn.

Wherecantheexpression"lameduck"beheard?

A.Onlyamonghunters.

B.Amongprimaryschoolpupils.

C.Amongbeautifulladies.

D.Amongpeoplewhoarediscussingpolitics.

13.Whydoesthespeakersuggestwerisewithayawnandstretch?

A.Becauseitwillhelpkeepyourenergyfortheday'swork.

B.Becauseitwillhelpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday.

C.Becauseitwillhelpyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework.

D.Becauseitwillkeepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday.

14.PartB

Directions:Youwillhear3conversationsortalksandyoumustanswerthequestionsbychoosingA,B,CorD.YouwillheartherecordingONLYONCE.

聽力原文：M:Ireallydon'tknowwhattodothissummer.Ican'taffordtojustsitaround,andtheredon'tseemtobeanyjobsavailable.

W:Whydon'tyoutryhouse-sitting?LastsummermyfriendSallyhouse-satfortheGammonswhentheywentawayonvacation.Mrs.GammonhiredSallytostayintheirhousebecauseshedidn'twantitleftempty.

M:YoumeantheGammonspaidSallyjusttoliveintheirhouse?

W:Itwasn'teasy.Shehadtomowthelawnandwaterthehouseplants.AndwhenJodihouse-satforMr.Johnson,hehadtotakecareofhispets.

M:House-sittingsoundslikeagoodjob.Iguessit'salittlelikebaby-sitting—exceptyou'retakingcareofahouseinsteadofchildren.

W:Thestudentemploymentofficestillhasafewjobsposted.

M:DoIjusthavetofilloutanapplication?

W:SallyandJodihadtointerviewwiththehomeownersandprovidedthreereferenceseach.

M:Thatseemslikealotoftroubleforasummerjob.

W:Well,thehomeownerswantsomeguaranteesothattheycantrustthehouse-sitter.Youknow,theywanttomakesureyou'renotthetypewho'11throwwildpartiesintheirhouse,ormoveagroupoffriendsinwithyou.

M:House-sitterswhodothatsortofthingprobablyaren'tpaidthen.

W:Usuallythey'repaidanywayjustbecausethehomeownersdon'twanttomakeafuss.Butifthehomeownerreportedit,thenthehouse-sitterwouldn'tbeabletogetanotherjob.Soifthehomeownerreportedit,thenthehouse-sitterwouldn'tbeabletogetanotherjob.Sowhydon'tyouapply?

M:Yeah,IthinkIwill.

Whichjobdocsthewomansuggesttotheman?

A.Baby-sitting.

B.House-cleaning.

C.House-sitting.

D.Mowingthelawn.

15.WhatwerethetwothingsthatinterestedDr.Huber?

二、2.UseofEnglish(10題)16.

【C2】

17.(50)

18.(40)

19.

【C11】

20.RecentsurveysshowthatJapaneseyouthhavebecomea"MeGeneration"thatrejectstraditionalvalues.

"Around1980manyJapanese,【C1】______youngpeopleabandonedthevaluesofeconomicsuccessandbegan【C2】______fornewsetsofvaluesto【C3】______themhappiness,"writessociologistYasuhiroinComparativeCivilizationsReview.Japaneseyouthareplacingmoreimportanceontheindividual'spursuitof【C4】______andlessonthevaluesofwork,family,andsociety.

Japanesestudentsseemtobelosingpatiencewithwork,【C5】______theircounterpartsintheUnitedStatesandKorea.Ina1993【C6】______ofcollegestudentsinthethreecountries,only10%oftheJapaneseregarded【C7】______asaprimaryvaluecomparedwith47%ofKoreanstudentsand27%ofAmericanstudents.Agreater【C8】______ofJapaneseaged18—24alsopreferredeasyjobs【C9】______heavyresponsibility.

TheyoungerJapaneseareshowinglessconcernforfamilyvaluesastheypursueaninnerworldofprivatesatisfaction.Datacollected【C10】______theJapanesegovernmentin1993showsthatonly23%ofJapaneseyoutharethinkingaboutsupportingtheiragedparents,incontrast【C11】______63%ofyoungAmericans.Itappearsthatmanyyounger-generationJapaneseare【C12】______bothrespectfortheirparents【C13】______asenseofresponsibilitytothefamily.AuthorYoshizakiattributesthechange【C14】______Japaneseparents!over-indulgenceoftheirchildren,materialaffluence,andgrowing【C15】______forprivatematters.

Theshift【C16】______individualismamongJapaneseismostpronouncedamong【C17】______veryyoung.Accordingto1991data【C18】______theBunkaCenterofJapan,50%ofJapaneseyouthaged16—19canbelabeled"self-centered"comparedwith33%among【C19】______aged25-29.Toearntheself-centeredlabel,theyoungpeoplerespondedpositivelyto【C20】______ideasas"Iwouldliketomakedecisionswithoutconsideringtraditionalvalues"and"Idon'twanttodoanythingIcan'tenjoydoing."

【C1】

21.(34)

22.(32)

23.Themostobviouspurposeofadvertisingistoinform.theconsumerofavailableproductsorservices.Thesecond【31】______istoselltheproduct.Thesecondpurposemightbemoreimportanttothemanufacturersthanthe【32】______.Themanufacturersgobeyondonlytellingconsumersabouttheirproducts.Theyalsotrytopersuadecustomerstobuythe【33】______bycreatingadesire【34】______it.Becauseofadvertisement,consumersthinkthattheywantsomethingthattheydonotneed.Afterbuyingsomething,thepurchasercannotalwaysexplainwhyitwas【35】______.

Even【36】______thepurchaserprobablydoesnotknowwhyheorsheboughtsomething,themanufacturers【37】______.Manufacturershaveanalyzedthebusinessof【38】______andbuying.Theyknowallthedifferentmotivesthatinfluenceaconsumer'spurchase—somerationaland【39】______emotional.Furthermore,theytakeadvantageofthis【40】______.

Why【41】______somanyproductsdisplayedatthecheckoutcountersingrocerystores?Thestoremanagementhassomegood【42】______.Bythetimethecustomeris【43】______topayforapurchase,heorshehasalreadymaderational,thought-outdecisions【44】______whatheorsheneedsandwantstobuy.The【45】______feelsthatheorshehasdoneagoodjobofchoosingtheitems.Theshopperisespeciallyvulnerableatthispoint.The【46】______ofcandy,chewinggum,andmagazinesareveryattractive.Theypersuadethepurchasertobuysomethingforemotional,not【47】______motives.Forexample,thecustomerneitherneedsnorplanstobuycandy,butwhilethecustomerisstanding,waitingtopaymoney,heorshemaysuddenlydecidetobuy【48】______.Thisisexactly【49】______thestoreandthemanufacturerhopethatthecustomerwill【50】______.Thecustomerfollowshisorherplan.

(31)

24.(43)

25.(37)

三、3.ReadingComprehension(15題)26.(70)

27.

Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'sopinionaboutthewomanattheGlobalSupportCentre?

A.Shesoundedhelpfulandknowledgeable.

B.Shewastheretomakecallersfrustrated.

C.Shewasabletosolvehercomputerproblem.

D.Shewasquicktopassheralongtoatechnician.

28.(68)

29.(72)

30.PartA

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionswhichaccompanythembychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

Inathree-monthperiodlastyear,twoBrooklyniteshadtobecutoutoftheirapartmentsandcardedtohospitalonstretchersdesignedfortransportingsmallwhales.TheNationalAssociationtoAdvanceFatAcceptance(NAAFA)arguesthatitwasnottheircombined900kgbulkthatmadethemill.Obesity,accordingtoNAAFA,isnotbadforyou.And,evenifitwas,thereisnothingtobedoneaboutit,becausegenesdictateweight.Attemptingtoeatlessmerelyslowsmetabolism,havingpeopleaschubbyasever.

ThisisthefatlashmovementthatcausesAmerica'sslimmingindustrysomuchpain.InhisbookBinFatLies(Ballantine,1996),GlennGaessersaysthatnostudyyethasconvincinglyshownthatweightisanindependentcauseofhealthproblems.Fatnessdoesnotkillpeople;thingslikehypertension,coronaryheartdiseasesandcancerdo.MichaelFumento,authorofTheFatoftheLand(Viking,1997),ananti-fatlashdiatribe,comparesDrGaesser'slogicwithsayingthattheguillotinedidnotkillLouisXVI:Rather,itwastheseveringofhisvertebrae,thecuttingofallthebloodvesselsinhisneck,and...thetraumacausedbyhisheaddroppingseveralfeetintoawickerbasket.

Beingfatkillsinseveralways.Itmakespeoplefarmorelikelytosufferfromheartdiseaseorhighbloodpressure.Evenmoderateobesityincreasesthechanceofcontractingdiabetes.Being40%overweightmakespeople30%～50%morelikelytodieofcancer,accordingtotheAmericanCancerSociety.Extremefatnessmakespatientssomuchlesslikelytosurvivesurgerythatmanydoctorsrefusetooperateuntiltheyslim.

Theideathatbeingoverweightiscausedbyobesitygenesisnotwhollyfalse:researchershavefoundanumberofgenesthatappeartomakesomepeoplebumoffenergyataslowerrate.Butgenesarenotdestiny.Thedifferencebetweensomeonewithageneticpredispositiontogainweightandsomeonewithoutappearstoberoughly40calories-oraspoonfulofmayonnaise—aday.

Analternativefatlashargument,advancedinbookssuchasDeanOnrush'sEatMore,WeightLess(HarperCollies,1993)andDateAtrens'sDon'tDiet(WilliamMorrow,1978),isthatfatnessisnotamatterofeatingtoomuch.TheynotethatasAmericans'weighthasballoonedoverthelastfewdecades,theirreportedcaloricintakehasplunged.Thissimplyexplainspeople'sownrecollectionofhowmuchtheyeatisextremelyunreliable.Andastheygrowfatter,peoplefeelguiltyandaremorelikelytofibabouthowmuchtheyeat.Allreputablestudiesshowthateatinglessandexercisingreduceweight.

Certainly,thebody'smetabolismslowsalittlewhenyouloseweight,becauseittakeslessenergytocarrylessbulkaround,andbecausedietingcanmakethebodyfearitisabouttostarve.Butasensiblelow-fatdietmakesweightlosspossible.Thefatlashmovementisdangerous,becauseslimmerswilloftenfindanyexcusetogiveup.Totellpeoplethatitishealthytobeobeseistoencouragethemtolivesickanddieyoung.

ThetwoBrooklynitesinthefirstparagraphwere______.

A.membersoftheNWA

B.typicalvictimsofoverweight

C.membersofthe"fatlash"movement

D.proofthatthefatlashmovementisgainingstrength

31.

Theauthorimpliesinthesecondparagraphthat______.

A.theproposaloftheDepartmentofJusticeisunjustified

B.surveillanceofanysuspectcommunicationisnecessary

C.civillibertiesgroupsshouldnothaveshownsuchgreatconcern

D.exceptionsshouldbemadeininterceptingcommunications

32.PartA

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionswhichaccompanythembychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

TheStoneage,theIronage.Entireepochshavebeennamedformaterials.Sowhattonamethedecadesahead?Thechoicewillbetough.Welcometotheageofsuperstuff.Materialscience--oncetheleastsexytechnology—isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.Butsuperconductorsarejustpartofthepicture:fromhousesandcarstocookpotsandartificialteeth,theworldwillsometimebemadeofdifferentstuff.Exoticplastics,glassandceramicswillshapethefuturejustassurelyashavegeneticengineeringandcomputerscience.

Thekeytothenewmaterialsisresearchers'increasingabilitytomanipulatesubstancesatthemolecularlevel.Ceramics,forinstance,havelongbeenlimitedbytheirbrittleness.Butbyminimizingthemicroscopicimperfectionsthatcauseit,scientistsaremakingfarstrongerceramicsthatstillretainsuchqualifiesashardnessandheatresistance.FordMotorCo.nowusesceramictoolstocutsteel.AfirmcalledKyocerahascreatedalineofceramicscissorsandknivesthatstaysharpforyearsandneverrustorcorrode.

Asimilartransformationhasovertakenplastics.High-strengthpolymersnowform.bridges,iceskatingrinksandhelicopterrotors.Andonenewplasticthatgenerateselectricitywhenvibratedorpushedisusedinelectricguitars,touchsensorsforrobothandsandkaratejacketsthatautomaticallyrecordeachpunchandchop.Evenplasticlitter,whichoncethreatenedtopermanentlyblotthelandscape,hasprovedamenabletomoleculartinkering.Severalmanufacturersnowmakebiodegradableforms;someplasticsix-packringsforexample,graduallydecomposewhenexposedtosunlight.Researchersaredevelopingwaystomakeplasticsasrecyclableasmetalorglass.What'smore,composites—plasticreinforcedwithfibresofgraphiteorothercompounds--madetheround-the-worldflightofthevoyagerpossibleandhaveevenbeenprovedincombat:ahelmetsavedaninfantryman'slifebydeflectingtwobulletsintheGrenadainvasion.

Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablesthatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.

Butnewmaterialshavenoimpactuntiltheyaremadeintoproducts.Andthattransitioncouldprovedifficult,forswitchingrequireslengthyresearchandinvestment.Itcanbesaidafirmerhandleonhowtomovetocommercializationwilldeterminethesuccessorfailureofacountryinthecomingfuture.

Howmanynewmaterialsarementionedinthispassage?

A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.

33.PartA

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionswhichaccompanythembychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard."Thereisadirectrelationship,"UScongressmanNealSmithnoted,"betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath."

Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar."Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,"Dr.Dustaninsists."Formostofusitprobablydoesn'tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat."Dustan'smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.

"Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation,"notesDr.JohnH.Laragh."Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense."

Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable"moderation"insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Thee-quivalentofonetotwogramsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.

Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal"lowsalt"exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jr.admitsthat"Wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension."Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);geneticpredis-potition;stress.

"Itisnotyourenemy,"saysDr.Laragh,"SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon'tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup."

Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumed