1.我用的是800分大牛tonyadidas的AA模版，但根據實際經驗，對各段稍作精簡（把拗口的一些詞、句式去掉），再排了序（挑出常考到的高頻理由）。2.畫線處為經典的段首、尾句式，請務必背熟、靈活運用！因為各段內容可以現編，也常常編的是廢話反復說，但有了這樣漂亮的段首、尾來保障結構，就安全多了。非常經典的開頭、結尾――看完題目就開始直接打這兩段，邊打邊想理由！（經典）開頭段模板Theconclusionendorsedinthisargumentisthat….Severalreasonsareofferedinsupportofthisargument.Firstofall,theauthorpointsoutthat….Inaddition,theauthorreasonsthat…(What’smore,healsoassumesthat…)Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthattheconclusionisbasedonsomedubiousassumptionsandthereasoningisbiasedduetotheinadequacyandpartialityinthenatureofevidenceprovidedtojustifytheconclusion.Acarefulexaminationwouldreviewhowgroundlessthisconclusionis.（經典）結尾段模板Toconclude,thisargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Accordingly,itisimprudentfortheauthortoclaimthat….Tomakethisargumentlogicallyacceptable,theauthorwouldhavetoshowthat….Inaddition,tosolidifytheconclusion,theauthorshouldprovideconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat….Onlywithmoreconvincingevidencecouldthisargumentbecomemorethanjustanemotionalappeal.（結尾中復述的理由就copy/paste開頭中的理由）高頻理由（按頻率由高到低排列）時序性因果攻擊Firstly,theauthorisengagedanyevent,theauthorprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoiceimposedonthereader.必要性攻擊Inthefirstplace,theauthorunfairlyassumesthatBwasdeterminedsolelybyA.WhileAisaseeminglyimportantelementindeterminingB,itishardlytheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredelement.ThisassumptionoverlooksothercrucialcriteriaindeterminingB—suchasC,D.Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…isthebestwaytoachievegoals.充分性攻擊Inthesecondplace,theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAissufficienttogivebirthtothedesiredgoals.However,ifitturnsoutthatBisduetoacombinationoffactors,someofwhichwillremainunchangedinthefuture,suchasCandD,onlyAmighthavenoimpactonB.選擇性樣本攻擊Athresholdproblemisthattheauthorprovidesnoevidencetoclaimthatthegeneralgroupasawholeisofthesamecharacteristic.Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveofthistrend,isinsufficienttowarrantthatthesampleisrepresentativeofthewholegroup.Forexample,Iquestionthat…Therefore,suchevidencewouldbeobviouslyunrepresentative.Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,itisfallaciousfortheauthortodrawanyconclusionatall.(與“選擇性樣本攻擊”較類似)樣本代表性攻擊Moreover,apossiblemethodologyproblemintheargumentisthatitisofbias.Theterm‘somany’istoovaguetobestatisticallymeaningful.Itisverypossiblethatworkerswhoweremoreinterestedinthesurveymightbelikelytorespondtothequestionnaire.Lackingintheinformationaboutthenumberofworkerssurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityofthesurvey.Forinstance,if1000workersweresurveyedbutonly10responded,theresultshouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheauthorfailstoaccountforotherinterpretations,thesurveywouldbeuselessinconcludingthat….其他理由忽略他因攻擊Thirdly,theauthorhasfocusedonlyonA.Amoredetailedanalysiswouldrevealthatotherfactorsfaroutweighthefactoronwhichtheauthorfocuses.Forexample,C.Lackingamorecomprehensiveanalysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoclaimthatAsolelydeterminedB.因果倒置攻擊Atlast,itispossiblethattheauthorhasconfusedcausewitheffect.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincetheauthorfailstoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthat…iscompletelyunwarranted.樣本數量攻擊Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthatthesurveycitedisbasedontoosmallasampletobereliable.Offeredinsupportoftheargument,theonlyevidenceisthat….Unlessitcanbeshownthatthesampleistypicalofallgeneralgroup,thefactthat…isgroundlesstoclaimthat…Loadedquestion和誠實性攻擊What’smore,themethodologyofthesurveyisproblematicfortworeasons.Foronething,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyprovidedonly3alternatives.Ifitdid,therespondents,whomightverywellpreferanotherchoicenotprovidedinthesurvey,mightbeforcedtogiveuptheirpreferences.Foranotherthing,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponseswereanonymousorconfidential.Therespondentsmightsupplyresponsesfavoredbytheirsuperiorswhomightconductthesurvey.Botheventswouldleadthissurveyunreliable,letalonedrawtheconclusionthat…樣本時效性攻擊Lastbutnotleast,anotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whenusedtogenerallyclaimaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughtosupportthegeneralization,inordertopreventhistoricalchangesfrominvalidatingthegeneralization.Allweknowisthatthesurveyisrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstodemonstratethat…差異概念攻擊Tobeginwith,wemustestablishthemeaningofthevagueconceptA.IfthetermweresynonymouswithB,theevidencecitedwouldstronglysupporttheargument.However,AmaybedefinedinothertermssuchasCandD.Accordingly,theauthorhasdrawntheconclusiontoohastilyduetotheignoranceofotherdefinitionsofA.范圍內推攻擊What’smore,themostegregiousreasoningerrorinthisargumentisthattheauthorusesevidencepertainingtoageneralgrouponthebasisofaparticularB.Evenifthereasoningmaybesoundingeneralsense,theparticularsituationinwhichBisinvolvedmaynotberepresentativeoftheentiregeneralgro