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Lecture3-Zoology生詞語速快句子長結構沒反應結構亂自己覺得不重要就沒認真Listentopartofalectureinazoologyclass.YourreadingfortodaytouchedondinosaurfossilsfromtheMesozoicera,whichendedabout65millionyearsago.Todaywewillbediscussingthesauropods.Ithinkourdiscussionofsauropodswillillustratewhatwecanlearnbycomparingthefossilrecordtomodernanimals.Byfossils,wemeantracesofprehistoricanimalssuchasbones,which emineralized,orimpressionsofbonesororgansthatareleftinstone(Nowsauropodswereamongthelargestanimalstoexistever!Theywerelargerthanbluewhales,whicharethelargestanimalsalivetoday.Theyweighuptoonehundredtons,twentytimesasmuchaselephants.Also,theywereanextremelysuccessfulkindofdinosaur.There’sevidenceofsauropodsinthefossilrecordforanunusuallylongtime,overonehundredmillionyears.So,whyweresauropodssoBiologicallyspeaking,sauropodsshouldn’thavebeensuccessfulLargeanimalslikeelephantssay,theyrequiremuchmorefoodandenergyandhavefeweroffspringthansmalleranimalsThismakesmaintainingapopulationharder.Thelargestanimalstodaydon’tliveonland.Butintheoceanwherefoodiseasiertofind,abluewhale,forinstance,caneatupto8,000poundsoffoodaday.Andtheygivebirthonlyonceeveryfewyears.Wealsoknowthatbodyheat,that…well,largeanimalscan’teasilygetridofexcessbodyheatButforanoceangoingwhalethat’snotaproblem..Foryears,wehaveassumeditwastheabundantntlifeoftheMesozoicthatallowedthesegiantstothrive.However,wenowknowthatsinceoxygenlevelsweremuchlowerintheMesozoicthanweassumed,therewasmuchlessntlifeforsauropodstoeatthanweparingtheirfossilstotheanatomyofmodernanimalstogetabetterideaofhowtheylived.Whatwe’vefoundisthatsauropodswereexpertsatconservingenergy.Theyhadenormousstomachcapacity,theabilitytodigestfoodoveralongperiod,convertingittoenergyataslowerpace,savingitforlater.Foranimalswithsmallstomachs,ittakeslotsofenergytoconstantlylookforfoodandthendigestit.Withlargerstomachsandslowerdigestion,youdon’tneedasmuchenergy.Joseph? 節省能量Does…doscientistsactuallyknowaboutsauropodsfromlookingat…Imean,howmuchcanweactuallylearnlookingatsomeancientbonescomparedtoallwecanlearnfrommodernanimals?And,comparisonsbetweenanimalsthatlivedmillionsofyearsapart?well,itjustseems…morelikeguessing.There’salwayssomeguessworkwhenstudyingextinctanimals.Butthat’sexactlywhatleadstodiscoveriesahypothesisatypeofguessismadeWeguessthehypothesisbylookingforevidencetosupportitThensomequestionsareanswered,whichmayleadtonewquestions.(知道老師反blahblah就沒仔細聽,結果后面的例子就沒能很好的整合好關系,對應題目就出錯)Forexample,let’slookatoneofthesecomparisons.Weknowsauropodscouldn’tchewfood.Theirskullsshowtheyhadnochewingmuscles.Lotsofmodernanimals,likebirdsandreptiles,alsocan’tchewfood.Theyneedtoswallowitwhole.Butmodernanimalshaveaninterestingaidfordigestingfood.Theyswallowstones,stonesthatareusedtohelpgrindupthefoodbeforeit’sactuallydigestedinthestomach.Thesestonesarecalledgastroliths.Gastrolithsmakefoodeasiertodigest,essentiallysmashingfoodup,justaswedowhenwechew.Overtime,gastrolithsinsidetheanimalaregrounddownand esmoothandrounded.Now,sauropodfossilsarecommonlyfoundwithsmoothstones.Foryearswethoughttheseweregastroliths.Theylookjustlikegastrolithsandwerefoundintheareaofthesauropods’stomachs.Arecentstudymeasuredthegastrolithsinmodernanimals,inostrichesAndthestudyshowedthatostrichesneedtoingestaboutonepercentoftheirtotalbodyweightingastroliths.Butwehavebeenabletodeterminethatthestonesfoundwithsauropodstotaled(動詞用法不熟悉)muchlessproportionally,lessthanatenthofonepercentoftheirbodyweight.Sonowwearenotquitesurewhatthesesauropods’stoneswereusedfor.Itcouldbetheywereaccidentlying
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