CoversationalImplicature

By:LiCuihong語言學conversational-implicatureOutlineGriceCooperativePrincipleConversationalImplicature語言學conversational-implicatureGrice(1913—1988)aBritish-educatedphilosopheroflanguageStudy:Thedifferencesandrelationshipsbetweenspeakermeaningandlinguisticmeaning.nonliteralspeechastheoutcomeofacooperativeprinciple,andsomederivedmaximsofdiscourse,speakermeaning語言學conversational-implicatureGrice'swork:heproposeddifferentkindsofimplicaturesandusedthattermasheclaimedthat'implication'wasnottherightword.Hereprintedmanyofhisessaysandpapersinhisvaledictorybook,StudiesintheWayofWords.Significance:oneofthefoundationsofthemodernstudyofpragmatics.語言學conversational-implicatureCategoriesofImplicature語言學conversational-implicatureCooperativePrincipleCooperativeprincipleisaveryimportantfactorintheprocessofgeneratingimplicature.Grice:"Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedperposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged."(Cole&Morgan,1975:45)語言學conversational-implicatureFourMaxims

ofCooperativePrincipleQuantityMaxim(數量準則)QualityMaxim(質量準則)RelationMaxim（關系準則）MannerMaxim（方式準則）語言學conversational-implicatureQuantityMaxim1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentperposeoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Michaelhasfourdictionaries.Michaelhasfive,sixorevenmoredictionaries.語言學conversational-implicatureQualityMaximTrytomakeyourcontributiontrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Honestyisthefirstpolicy.語言學conversational-implicatureRelationMaximBerelevant（關聯的）.1)A:Mrs.Smithissodisgustingattheparty.B:Thecurtainisverybeautiful.2)A:Iamoutofpetrol.B:Thereisagarageatthecorner.語言學conversational-implicatureMannerMaximBeperspicuous:1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.2)Avoidambiguity.3)Bebrief(Avoidunnecessaryprolixity)4)Beorderly.Openthedoor.Gotothedoor,putthekeyintothelock,turnthekeyclockwisetwotimesandpush.Husband:Whatshouldwebuyforthekids?Wife:Let'svetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.語言學conversational-implicatureConversationalImplicaturesAconversationalimplicatureisaninferencefromthesemanticcontentdependingoncontext,speaker'sintention,hearer'sattitudeandthemutualassumption.Grice'sTheoryofConversationalImplicature(1967)is"oneofthesinglemostimportantideasinpragmatics"(Levinson,1983)語言學conversational-implicatureexamplesforimplicatureA:Howareyou?B:I'mdead.(possiblespeakermeaning:I'mverytired.)A:Wouldyoulikeacocktail?It'smyowninvention.B:Well,mmm,uhit'snotthatwedon'tnotdrink.(possiblespeakermeaning:No,Idon'tlikeit.)語言學conversational-implicatureTwoCategoriesGeneralizedConversationalImplicatureParticularizedConversationalImplicature語言學conversational-implicatureGeneralizedimplicature

is

theimplicaturethatarisesasaresultofobservingthemaxims.

Thistypeofimplicaturecanbeunderstoodandinterpretedwithoutmakingreferencetoanyconversa-tionalcontexts.(不需上下文也能產生的會話含義叫一般會話含義)e.g.Iwalkedintoahouse.+>Thehouseisnotmyhouse.(一般會話含義)語言學conversational-implicatureParticularizedimplicature

（特殊會話含義）arisesfromtheactoffloutingorviolatingthemaxims.Byfloutingthemaxims,thespeakerwantstoforcethelistenertodrawextendedimplicature.Therefore,theinterpretationofaparticularizedimplicaturehastorelyoncertainspecificcontextasinthefollowingexample：Thedogislookingveryhappy.（需要上下文才能產生的會話含義)語言學conversational-implicatureSpecialfeaturesofimplicaturesCancellability可取消性Non-detachability不可分離性Calculability可推導性Non-conventionality非規約性Indeterminacy不確定性語言學conversational-implicatureCancellabilityaddmoreclausetocanceltheimplicature.1)Billhasfourbooks.(Implicature:Billhasonlyfourbooksandnomoreornoless.)Billhasfourbooks,perhapsfiveormore.2)A:Thereisayoungladywithhim,sir.Sheiscrying.B:Pretty?A:Ishouldsaysheispretty,sir,inaquiteinoffensiveway.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.Infact,Idon'tlikecream.語言學conversational-implicatureNon-detachabilityConversationalimplicaturesareattachedtothecontentratherthantotheform.Inotherwords,itisnotpossibletogetridoftheimplicaturesbysubstitutingwordswithsynonyms.

Bobisagenius.Bobisamentalprodigy.Bobisanexceptionallycleverhumanbeing.BobisanenormousintellectBobisabigbrain.Compare:Billdidn'tmanagetosavethechild.Billdidn'tsavethechild.語言學conversational-implicatureCalculabilityAnaddresseewouldmaketheinferenceinquestiontopreservetheassumptionofcooperation.asetoffactorswhichhavetobeanalyzedifwewanttoworkouttheimplicature:1)theconventionalmeaningoftheutterance,i.e.,thepropositionalcontent.2)theCooperativePrincipleandsubmaxims.3)thecontext.4)themutualunderstandingoftheparticipants,whathasbeensaidandwhatisexpectedtofoll