英語國家文化概況2第一次輔導I.輔導內容chapter1-4II.各章重點.Chapter1

AmericanBeginningsI.WhatisanAmerican?In1782,theFrenchmanJ.HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeur(赫克托·圣約翰·德克雷夫科爾),whosettledinPennsylvaniafirstaskedthequestionandanswereditinhisbookLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(?美國農人書簡?)。HebelievedthattheAmericanwasanewmanwiththemixedbloodofEuropeansortheirdescendants.ThisnewmanleftbehindhimalltheancientEuropeantraditionsandreceivednewonesintheNewWorld.InNorthAmerica,allindividualsweremeltedintoanewraceoftheAmerican.Thisnewmanacteduponnewprinciples,entertainednewideasandformednewopinions.(新型的人按照新的原則辦事，吸取新的思想，形成新的見解)II.twoimmigrationmovementstotheAmericas1.fromAsia(AmericanIndians,whoweremistakenlycalledbyColumbus,movedtotheAmericasfromAsiaabout25000yearsago.TheydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheAztecs(阿茲臺克文化/墨西哥地區),theIncas（印加文化/秘魯地區）andtheMayas(瑪亞文化/中美洲)wereveryadvancedwhenEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld.But,asaresultofEuropeanconquest,theIndianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed.2.fromEuropeandAfrica,beganwiththeexpansionofEuropefromthe16thcentury.(thediscoveryofAmericaChristopherColumbus,anItaliansailor,believedthatbysailingwestfromEuropehecouldreachtheEast.In1492,hepersuadedtheSpanishmonarchytosupporthisvoyage.HelandedononeoftheBahamaIslands(巴哈馬群島)intheCaribbeanSeaandthus“discovered”theNewWorld.Basedonhisvoyage,theSpanishkingclaimedtheterritoryoftheAmericasandlaterconqueredthenativeAmericansandestablishedahugeempire.)*TheEnglishkingclaimedtheterritoryofNorthAmericabasedonthevoyageintheyearof1497ofanotherItaliansailorJohnCabot(約翰·卡伯特)IV.theforcesthatbroughtaboutthemoderndevelopmentofEurope1.capitalism2.Renaissance3.ReligiousReformation(in1517,MartinLuther,aGermantheologyprofessor,startedtoreformtheCatholicChurchwhichhaddominatedEuropeforcenturies.HechallengedtheauthorityofthePopeandattackedthepracticeofthesaleofindulgences.HebelievedthatpeoplecouldbesavedonlybytheirfaithinJesusChristandthroughadirectcontactwithGod.ThenextimportantleaderoftheReformationwasJohnCalvin(約翰·加爾文).TheReligiousReformation,whichwascapitalisticinnature,hadgreatimpactonthemoderndevelopmentofEuropeandNorthAmerica.)FourcolonialpatternsV.thesettlementofVirginia(the1stEnglishpermanentsettlementinNorthAmerica)The1stEnglishpermanentsettlementwasorganizedin1607bytheLondonCompany(倫敦貿易公司)withacharter（特許狀）fromtheEnglishkingJamesI.ThecolonistssettledinVirginiaandsurvivedbyimposingstrictdisciplineonthemselvesandbytransplantingtobaccointothecolonyofVirginia.In1619,thesettlerselectedtheirdelegatesandsetuptheHouseofBurgesses(議會),andthesametimethesewhitepeopleseekingtheirownfreedomboughtandenslaved（奴役）blackservants.ThesetwoeventsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalandsocialdevelopmentoftheUnitedStateslater.VI.Puritanismthe2ndenduringEnglishsettlementwasestablishedinMassachusettsBayin1620byEnglishpuritans,whofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.TheybelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn(他們深信人的命運是生前就由上帝注定的。＊這是清教主義的命運天定說).SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.(一個人工作上的成功或事業上的興旺是上帝選民的標志)TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.(他們還說人人都要讀?圣經?，從中探索上帝的意志，與上帝建立直接的聯系).ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.thePilgrimFathers(清教移民先驅)PuritansinEnglandwerepersecutedfortheirreligiousbeliefs,andsomeofthemfledtoHolland.InHolland,theyfoundithardtoliveinaforeignland,sotheydecidedtomoveNorthAmericasothattheycouldworshipastheypleased.SupportedbysomemerchantsinLondon,theywentonboardtheMayflowerin1620.Beforetheylandedontoday’sNewEngland,theysignedtheMayflowerCompact(五月花公約)forthefuturecivilgovernmentoftheircolony.TheseearlyPuritansinNewEnglandwerecalledthePilgrimFathers.theinfluenceofPuritanismonAmericanculture

PuritanshaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.(美國的價值觀，如個人主義，勤奮工作，尊重教育等，在很大程度上源于清教主義)VII.LordBaltimoreandhisfeudalplanthe3rdcolonialpatterninNorthAmericawasthepatterninthecolonyofMarylandfoundedbytheCatholics.ThefounderwasthesecondLordBaltimore,whocarriedouthisfather’swilltosetupacolonyinNorthAmerica(intoday’sMaryland)in1632andbecametheownerofthecolony.HewishedtointroduceafeudalsystemsimilartothemanorsysteminEuropetohiscolony.Eachgentlemanwhobrought5servantswithhimsettledinhislandwasallowedtoestablishamanorof2000acres.Butthisfeudalplanwasdoomedandthecolonyfollowedacapitalistdevelopmentroad.(*Inordertodevelophiscolony,heencouragedtheimmigrationofProtestantsaswellasRomanCatholics.TheProtestantsettlers,mostofwhomwerecapitalistic-minded,outnumberedtheCatholics.Itwasimpossibletohavethefeudalplanexecuted.In1648,heappointedaProtestantgovernorandthenextyear,theMarylandTolerationAct(馬里蘭宗教容忍法)waspassed.)VIII.Quakerismthe4thcolonialpatterninNorthAmericawassetbyWilliamPenn(anEnglishQuakerwhowantedtoestablishacolonyforpersecutedfellowreligiousbelievers.HeassuredreligiousfreedomandeasytermsforlandinPennsylvaniatothoseEuropeanswhowishedtosettleinhiscolony.InhisHolyExperiment,heencouragedthespiritoflibertyandequalityandcarriedoutthepolicyofseparationofstateandchurch.Hesetnorestrictionsonimmigrationandnaturalizationwasmadeeasyfornon-EnglishEuropeans.AllthishasleftrichheritagetoAmericanculture)QuakerswereagroupofProtestants.TheybelievedthatpeoplecouldcommunicatewithGodbecauseGod’sdivinelightwasineveryone’sheart.TheybelievedinGodthroughfaithwithoutthehelpofchurchorpriest.Thosereligiousbeliefstaughtthemthatpeoplewerebornequal,andnotsinful.TheyworkedhardandlivedasimplelifeinordertopleaseGod.theheritageoftheHolyExperimentinAmericanculture

theideaofthemelting-potwaspracticedhere

aproofthatmancouldleadagoodlifewithoutabsolutemonarch,feudalismorreligiousandracialuniformity

inspiredsomeAmericanfoundingfathersIX.theAmericanRevolutionthecauses

1.TheEnglishpeopleandEuropeansinthe13EnglishcoloniesintheNorthAmericahadbecomeAmericans,readytoseparatethemselvesfromtheOldWorld.2.Britain’svictoryinthewarfoughtbetweenBritainandFranceleddirectlytoaconflictwithitsAmericancolonies.TheBritishgovernmentbegantochargenewtaxes(*thestamptax印花稅,theteatax,etc.)becausetheyarguedthatBritainhadspentlargesumsofmoneydefendingtheirAmericancoloniesandthatthecoloniststhereforeshouldpayapartofthoseexpenses.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”(沒有代表權就不納稅)wastheirrallyingcry(是號召北美人民團結起來一致抗英的口號).3.In1773,the“BostonTeaParty”tossedBritishmerchants’teaintoBostonharbor.4.TeAmericansdisobeyedtheIntolerableActpassedbyBritishParliamentandboycottedBritishtrade.

*OnApril19,1775,thefirstshotwasfired.TheAmericanwarofIndependencebegan.Anditendedin1781.majorleaders1.GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-ChiefoftheContinentalArmyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.2.ThomasJeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewasthechiefauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependenceandthethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates.3.BenjaminFranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HeparticipatedinwritingtheDeclarationofIndependenceandmakingtheU.S.Constitution.theDeclarationofIndependence

mainlydraftedbyThomasJeffersonandwasadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienable(不可剝奪的)rightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernments:thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmericanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLocke(約翰·洛克)Chapter2

ThePoliticalSystemintheUnitedStatesI.theArticlesofConfederation(聯邦條款）AftertheWarofIndependencewaswon,thenewnationoftheUnitedStateswasorganizedundertheagreementoftheArticlesofConfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledtheCongress.Eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleditsinternalaffairs.ThestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressandwitheachother.TheCongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandtheCongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.Asaresult,theArticlesofConfederationfailed.II.themakingoftheU.SConstitutionTheArticlesofConfederationfailed.TheCongressdecidedtoholdaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheArticlesofConfederation.Thedelegatesfrom12states(RhodeIslandrefusedtoparticipated)gatheredinPhiladelphiain1787andendupinwritinganewconstitutionandsetafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.TheConstitutionprovidedthatanelectionofthepresidentwouldbecalledfor,federallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenateandaSupremeCourtwouldbesetup.ThisnewConstitutionwasfinallyapprovedbythemajorityofthecitizensinover9ofthe13statesandwasofficiallyputintoeffectin1787)*Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.*toprotectcitizensfromtyranny,a“BillofRights”wasaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.III.the3branchesoftheU.Sfederalgovernmentthelegislativebranchismadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestatesandistheonlybranchthatcanmakefederallaws,levyfederaltaxesanddeclarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.ItconsistsofaCongressthatisdividedintotheHouseofRepresentativeandtheSenate.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435memberswhoservetwo-yearterms.TheSenatecomprises100lawmakerswhoservesix-yearterms.Eachstate,regardlessofpopulation,hastwosenators.theexecutivebranchisthepresident,whoiselectedtoafour-yearterm.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlytwotermsaccordingtoanamendmentpassedin1951.Thepresidentcanappointfederaljudgesasvacanciesoccur.Heisthecommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.Thepresidenthasotherbroadauthoritiesinrunningthegovernmentdepartmentsandhandlingforeignrelations.thejudicialbranchisheadedbytheSupremeCourtwithachiefjusticeand8associatejustices.TheFederalcourtshavejurisdictionovercasesarisingoutoftheConstitutionandothercaseswhichdonotariseoutofindividualstates.TheSupremeCourthasthejudicialreviewpower,thepowerdeterminingwhethercongressionallegislationorexecutiveactionviolatestheConstitution.*Systemof“checksandbalances(制約與平衡的原則)”ofthethree-partnationalgovernmentworkstokeepseriousmistakesfrombeingmadebyonebranchoranother.IV.theBillofRights(anotherbasicfoundationintheU.SConstitution)consistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.*Therewere16otheramendmentstotheConstitutionasof1991.So,thereare26amendmentstotheU.SConstitution.V.TwomajorPoliticalPartiestheDemocraticParty,whichisthoughttobemoreliberalandthesymbolofwhichisthedonkey(UnderPresidentFranklinRoosevelt’s“NewDeal”,DemocratssetupgovernmentprogramsthatprovidedpaidemploymentforpeoplebuildingdamsandroadsandpublicbuildingsandSocialSecurity社會保障制度,whichensuresthatthosewhoareretiredordisabledreceivemonthlypaymentsfromthegovernment)theRepublicanParty,whichisbelievedtobemoreconservativeandthesymbolofwhichistheelephant.（RepublicansplacemoreemphasisonprivateenterpriseandoftenaccusetheDemocratsofmakingthegovernmenttooexpensiveandofcreatingtoomanylawsthatharmindividualinitiative.）Americansdonothavetojoinapoliticalpartyinordertovoteortobeacandidateforpublicoffice.However,runningforofficewithoutthemoneyandcampaignworkersapartycanprovideisdifficult(若沒有錢和政黨所能提供的選舉活動者們，想要競選職位是很難的)Chapter3

AmericanEconomy-I.IndustrialRevolutioninAmerica--Afterindependence,Americawasprincipallyanagriculturalcountry,whichremainedforanothercentury.ButsomeearlydecisionsbyAmericansocialandpoliticalleadersplantedtheseedsofindustrialgrowth.(*eg.thefirstSecretaryoftheTreasury,財政部長AlexanderHamilton亞歷山大·漢密爾頓,persuadedtheCongresstoestablishaprotectivetariff,whichandotherHamiltonianmeasuresencouragedbusinessingeneral.)TheIndustrialRevolutioninEnglandduringthe18thcenturybroughtmanychangestoAmericanindustrybetween1776and1860.Onekeydevelopmentwastheintroductionofthefactorysystem.Aseconddevelopmentwasthe“Americansystems”ofmassproduction,whichfirstwasusedinfirearms(火器，輕武器)industry..Athirddevelopmentwastheapplicationofnewtechnologiestoindustrialtasks.Afourthdevelopmentwastheemergenceofnewformsofbusinessorganizationthebankandthecorporation（美：股份（有限）公司）.1.In1793,SamuelSlater(塞繆爾·斯萊特)builtthefirstfactoryintheU.SacottonclothfactoryinPawtucket,RhodeIsland.Hebuiltthefactoryfrommemory,becauseitwasacrimetocarryfactoryplantoutofEngland.ThesuccessofhisfactorystartedaprocessofchangethatturnedthenortheasternregionoftheUnitedStatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenterandhelpedthenationbecomeamajorcottonproducer.2.EliWhitney（埃爾·惠特尼）isanAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin(軋棉機),whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebolls（棉桃）ofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeable（可互換的）part.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.3.thefirstAmericancommercialbankappearedinthe1780s.Notuntil1863didtheUScreateatrulynationalbankingsystemwithastandardpapercurrency.4.corporationisaformofbusinessorganization.Comparedwiththesoleproprietorship(個體經營)andthepartnership（合伙經營）,thecorporationmaysurvivethedeathofitsfounderorfounders（股份（有限）公司在其創業者去世后仍然可以繼續下去）.Becauseitcoulddrawonapoolofinvestor,itisamuchmoreefficienttoolforraisingthelargeamountsofcapitalneededbyexpandingbusiness.（由于它可以吸引眾多投資者，可以很有效地在業務發展時籌到資金。）Anditenjoyslimitedliability,soinventorsonlyrisktheamountoftheirinvestmentandnottheirentireassets.（它具有債務有限的特點，這樣投資者的風險僅限于其投資的數額，不涉及其全部財產）finally,theconstructionofrailroadsbeginninginthe1830s,markedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates.II.serviceindustriesindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct，whichnowdominatetheeconomy.Serviceindustriesrangefrombankingtotelecommunicationstoheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.AsmoreandmorepeopleareemployedinserviceindustriesintheUS,itissometimessaidtheUShasmovedintoa“post-industrialera”(后工業時代)III.freeenterprise自由經濟(lackofgovernmentoversight政府不干預)ThestoryofAmericaneconomicgrowthisastoryofpeopleinventingnewdevicesandprocess,startingnewbusinessesandlaunchingnewventures.Whenstartingnewbusinessesandlaunchingnewventuresmoneyisneeded.Thatmoneyisknownascapital(資本)peopleintheUnitedStatesmademoneybylendingittothosewhowantedtostartofexpandabusiness,whichledtothecreationofanimportantpartofthecurrenteconomicscene（經濟環境）:thesellingofstock(買賣股票),orshares,inabusiness.stockWhenstartingorexpandingbusiness,corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.Theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.Whenpeoplebuystock,theybecomepartownerofthecompany.Ifthecompanymakesaprofit,theyreceiveashareofit.

Likewise,ifthecompanylosesmoney,thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop—theylosemoney.Thereforebuyingstockisarisk.

*Thebest-knownstockexchangeistheNewYorkStockExchange(紐約證券交易所),locatedintheWallStreetareaofNewYorkCity,thenation’slargestcityandamajorbusinesscenter.IV.therootsofAmerica’saffluencebountifulresources,thegeographicalsizeofthecountryandpopulationtrend(USisthe4thintheworldintermsoflandareaandsizeofpopulation)religious,socialandpoliticaltraditions(eg.TheConstitutionoftheUSbarsallkindsofinternaltariffs,somanufacturesdonothavetoworryabouttariffbarrierswhenshippinggoodsfromonepartofthecountrytoanother);theinstitutionalstructuresofgovernmentandbusiness;andthecourage,hardworkanddeterminationofcountlessentrepreneursandworkersV.agribusiness農業產業

BecauseAmericanagricultureisbigbusiness,peoplecoinedtheterm“agribusiness”toreflectthelarge-scalenatureofagriculturalenterprisesinthemodernUSeconomy.Thetermcoverstheentirecomplexoffarm-relatedbusiness,fromtheindividualfarmertothemultinationalmakeroffarmchemicals.Italsoincludesfarmercooperatives,ruralbanks,shippersoffarmproducts,commoditydealers,firmsthatmanufacturefarmequipment,food-processingindustries,grocerychainsandmanyotherbusinesses.VI.migrantworkers

Manybigfarmshiretemporaryworkersonlyforaspecificchore—suchaspickingcrops.Manyoftheseseasonalworkerstravelfromfarmtofarm,stayingonlyuntilthecropsarepicked.Theyareknownasmigrantworkers.VII.thesuccessofAmericanagricultureAmericanfarmersarevirtuallyunrivaled(無敵的)inproducingcropscheaplyandinquantity.TheU.Sproducesasmuchashalfoftheworld’ssoybeansandcornforgrain.About1/3ofthecroplandintheUSisplantedincropsdestinedforexport.Agriculturalimportslagsfarbehindexport,leavingasurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftrade(在農業貿易上有順差)ThestandardoflivingofAmericanfarmersisgenerallyhigh.ThereadinessofmanyfarmerstoadoptnewtechnologyhasbeenoneofthestrengthsofAmericanagriculture.Yetfarmerspreserveadeepconservatismandrespectfortraditionthathashelpedtolendstabilitytoruralcommunitiesintimesofrapidchange.(農民保留了深刻的保守主義和對傳統的尊重，這使得他們在多變的時期保持了穩定.)

VIII.theproblemsofAmericanagricultureHighproductivitykeepingfoodpriceslow,theriseofcostoftheproducts,andhighinterestrateshavemadeithardforfarmerstomakeaprofit.Aperiodofeconomicdifficultybeganintheearly1980s.Agriculturalexportsdeclined,partlyduetothehighvalueoftheUSdollar(whichraisedthecostofAmericanproductstoforeignbuyers.)Criticsaccusebothcorporateandfamilyfarmersofdamagingtheenvironment.Since1940s,Americanfarmershavemultipliedtheiruseofartificialfertilizerandchemicalsdesignedtokillweedsandinsectpestandtoprotectagainstcropdiseases.Chapter4

ReligionintheUnitedStatesI.Americanhistoryandreligiouslibertyhistory--“WASP”(央格魯撒克遜白人新教文化),whichstandsfor“WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant”,isbelievedtobethebasisofthemainstreamcultureoftheUnitedStates.--AlthoughtheChurchofEnglandwasanestablishedchurchinseveralcolonies,Protestantslivedsidebysideinrelativeharmony.(英國國教雖然在幾個殖民地是官立教會，但新教各派都能和平相處.)Theyhadbegantoinfluenceeachother.TheGreatAwakeningofthe1740s,a“revival”movementwhichsoughttobreathenewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion,cutacrossthelinesofProtestantreligiousgroups,ordenominations.(18世紀40年代的宗教大復興運動力圖把新的感覺和新的力量注入北美各殖民地人民的宗教信仰中去。這次“復興”運動打破了新教各派的界限。)--JohnLockereasonedthattherighttogoverncomesfromanagreementor“socialcontract”voluntarilyenteredintobyfreepeople.ThePuritanexperienceinformingcongregations(圣會)madethisideaseemnaturaltomanyAmericans.--InfluencedbythenewscienceandnewideasoftheEnlightenmentinEurope,afewAmericansbecamedeist(自然神論信仰者),believingthatreasonteachesthatGodexistsbutleavesmanfreetosettlehisownaffairs.--ManytraditionalProtestantsanddeistscouldagreethatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienable(不能被剝奪的)rightsandthatthelawsofNatureandNature’sGod(創造自然的上帝)entitledthemtoformanation.religiousliberty–TheDeclarationofIndependenceguaranteedthebasicrightofreligiousfreedomandthisrightwasapoliticalnecessity.TheFirstAmendmenttotheU.SConstitutionexplicitlyforbadethefederalgovernmenttogivespecialfavorstoanyreligionortohinderthefreepractice,orexercise,ofreligion.Whendisputesabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligionarise,Americancourtsmustsettlethem.ButAmericaninstitutionspresupposeaSupremebeing(美國的社會風俗習慣都是以上帝的存在為前提的),thereforeChristianityisofteninpractice,morefavoredthanotherreligions.II.theThreeFaithsintheU.S1.Protestant(Over60%ofAmericansaresaidtobeProtestantbelievers.)

--TheBaptists(浸禮教徒)arethelargestProtestantgroupinAmerica.Theybelieveinadultbaptismbyimmersion,symbolizingamatureandresponsibleconversionexperience（主張成人全身浸水，以表示成熟負責任的皈依經歷。）.TheyareconcentratedparticularlyintheSouthernBibleBelt(南部信仰原教旨主義的地區).WhiteBaptistsandblackBaptistsgoseparatelytotheirownchurches.--TheMethodists(衛理公會派)arethesecondlargestProtestantgroupintheU.S.TheMethodistChurchhasaformofservicebasedonthatoftheChurchofEngland.2.theCatholics

TheCatholicChurchisthelargestsinglereligiousgroupintheU.S.Morethan25%ofallAmericansarenowoftheRomanCatholicfaith.ThemajorityoftheCatholicaredescendantsofimmigrantsfromIreland,ItalyandPoland.Theyhavethemainstrengthintheeastcoast.InAmericanhistory,theCatholicswerediscriminatedagainst.By1960,J.F.Kennedy’spresidentialelectionvictoryputtoresttheCatholicreligionasanissueinnationalpolitics(結束了在國家政治中關于天主教的爭端).Today,theCatholicsareactiveinrunningtheirowninstitutions,andhaverisentopositionsofleadershipinbusiness,politicsandlabor.*TheCatholicChurchcontinuestohaveanall-maleclergy.3.theJewishMoreliberalProtestantandJewishclergymenjoinednon-believersinmaintainingthatabortionisabasicrightforwomen.（自由清教徒和猶太教牧師加入到信仰者之列，堅持認為流產是婦女的一項基本權利)*Bythe1950s,theabovethreefaithsmodelofAmericanreligionhaddeveloped.Theorderreflectsthestrengthinnumbersofeachgroup.*ItisunconstitutionalintheU.S.thatpublicmoneyisprovidedtosupportreligiousschools.

III.religiousdiversity

Fr