本文格式為Word版，下載可任意編輯——高二英語(yǔ)選修八第一單元課文翻譯必修五第一單元課文詳解約翰·斯洛擊敗“霍亂王”JOHHSHOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon-soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.約翰·斯洛是倫敦一位出名的醫(yī)生——他確實(shí)醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。但他一想到要扶助那些得了霍亂的普遍百姓時(shí)，他就感到很昂揚(yáng)。霍亂在當(dāng)時(shí)是最致命的疾病，人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法。每次霍亂迸發(fā)時(shí)，就有大批害怕的老百姓死去。約翰·斯洛想面對(duì)這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無(wú)法操縱的。

Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.斯洛對(duì)霍亂致人死地的兩種揣測(cè)都很感興趣。一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危害的氣體四處漂泊，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。其次種看法是人們?cè)诔燥埖臅r(shí)候把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。病從胃里發(fā)作而急速殃及全身，患者就會(huì)很快地死去。

JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.斯洛揣測(cè)其次種說(shuō)法是正確的，但他需要證據(jù)。因此，在1854年倫敦再次迸發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，約翰·斯洛著手打定對(duì)此舉行調(diào)研。當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)急速曼延的時(shí)候，約翰·斯洛就開(kāi)頭收集資料。他察覺(jué)更加在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很?chē)?yán)重，在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。他決心要查明其理由。

Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.首先，他在一張地圖上標(biāo)領(lǐng)略全體死者住過(guò)的地方。這供給了一條說(shuō)明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索。大量死者是住在寬街的水泵鄰近（更加是這條街上16、37、38、40號(hào)）。他察覺(jué)有些住宅（如寬街上20號(hào)和21號(hào)以及劍橋街上的8號(hào)和9號(hào)）卻無(wú)人死亡。他以前沒(méi)預(yù)料到這種處境，全體他抉擇深入調(diào)查。他察覺(jué)，這些人都在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒館里打工，而酒館為他們免費(fèi)供給啤酒喝，因此他們沒(méi)有喝從寬街水泵抽上來(lái)的水。看來(lái)水是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas接下來(lái)，約翰·斯洛調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源處境。他察覺(jué)，水是從河里來(lái)的，而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。他連忙叫寬街上恐慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開(kāi)頭得到緩解。他證領(lǐng)略，他證領(lǐng)略霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團(tuán)傳播的。

InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.在倫敦的另一個(gè)地區(qū)，他從兩個(gè)與寬街迸發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)聯(lián)的死亡病例中察覺(jué)了有力的證據(jù)。有一位婦女是從寬街搬過(guò)來(lái)的，她更加熱愛(ài)那里的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運(yùn)到家里來(lái)。她和她的女兒喝了這種水，都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個(gè)更加的證據(jù)，約翰·斯洛就能夠斷定地宣布，這種被污染了的水?dāng)y帶著病菌。

Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined