SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)①TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.②Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.③Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.①JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.②Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.③Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.④Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.①Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.①TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrom②Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.③Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.①Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamental15likelibertyandproperty.②Whenthecourtdealswithsocialdecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17as①Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.②Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]re13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]byall[B]atall[C]ina[D]asaSectionⅡReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text①Comeon—Everybody’sngit.②Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.③Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasual.④Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.①Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.②InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeamongtheirpeers.①Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.②Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.③“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.④Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeer①Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.②JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.③Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.④RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.⑤EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.①There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.②Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.③Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.①Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.②It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.③Thetacticneverreallyworks.④Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas asupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould recruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers’stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto yprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstateproducealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors isharmfultoournetworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis [B] [C] [D]Text①Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.②The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear①Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot：challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinfederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.②It’sastunningmove.①Thehasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’snuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.②Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale, agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.④Then,too,the wentalong.①EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.②Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthemademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.③EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.①Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclear②Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.③Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.④ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.②Butthereshouldbeconsequences.③Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.④Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.⑤PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thehasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.⑥ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe ’sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaning [B] [C] [D]Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintended obtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinessgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswith managerialtechnicalfinancialbusinessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthematureofstates’patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont’sreputationmightbe①Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.②Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.③Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.④Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.①Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.②Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.③Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.④Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now esthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.⑤Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.①Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.②But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.③Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly panyingtechnology.④Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionand betweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.①Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.②First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.③Little paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.④Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.⑤Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.⑥Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.⑦NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”⑧Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.⑨Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedand①Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.②“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits uncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires strict [B]shared[C]individual [D]persistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafterit hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat scientificclaimswillsurvivediscoveriestodayinspirefutureeffortstomakediscoveriesarescientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificCollectiveScrutinyinScientificEvolutionofCredibility ngChallengetoCredibilityattheGateto②WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.③In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.④InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.①Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.②First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.③Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.④AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.⑤Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.⑥Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.⑦Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.⑧Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.①Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.②MarkBaldassareofthePublicInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledby③Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.①Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivate②Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.③Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.①Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.②Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.①Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehas eclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.②InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicanernor.③Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.①JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureincivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.②TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandtheoftheUnitedStates.③Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph TeamstersstillhavealargebodyofJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sector ernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithWhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraphPublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheirItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that einthestatesector illegally[C]excessively

indirectly[D]fairlyTheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthat oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalcanchangepeople’spoliticalmaybeabarriertopublic-sectoraredominantintheJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisone [C][D]PartInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeronewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyareng.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods—paintings,sculptureandarchitecture—andsuperfluousexperiences—music,liture,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)evisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthatevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"—creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimaywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovedownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.Applicationslike ,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading—betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation—whose ewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.ThechallengethecomputermountstoevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingrecedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordyersbeingrecedbyCDyers.Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium—evision—andevisionisdefinedbyThenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto translationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatory（46）Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseekstheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredtobeformsofualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryare ernedbyuniversalfeatures.（48）TofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehaviouraroseandwhatguidesitevolutionaryorcognitiveThat,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrrsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrr.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.（49）Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtoidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguages,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.（50）Chomsky’sgrrshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnoternedbyuniversals.SectionⅢPartSomeinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanintheoftheStudents’Unionextend eprovidesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifeYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10Partwriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoudescribethedrawingexinitsintendedmeaning,giveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20SectionⅠUseofEnglish(101. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.A18. 19. 20.SectionⅡReadingComprehension(60PartA(4021.D