［模擬］考研英語模擬263

多項(xiàng)選擇

Thequalitiesrequiredofaherovarywiththetime,andsomegreat

figuresofacertainperiodwouldsurprisethepeopleofanother

generation.Considerthe_1_ofloveandgriefthatfollowedthedeath

ofJohnLennoninDecember1980.Fewdeathshavecausedsuchdeep

sorrow,suchmourning,in_2_manycountriesthroughthehistoryofthe

world._3_isnodoubtthatLennonwasaheroforhismourners.Why?What

hadhedone_4_wassoremarkable?”Johnwasnotjustamusician,“

saysoneofhisadmirers.Hehadknown_5_toexpressmygeneration，s

feelingsinthelate1960s.Hewasourvoiceandour_6_；hechangedwith

usovertheyears,alwaysalittle_7_ofus；heopenednew_8_forus

andencouragedusto_9_farther,todare.Toushetalkedofloveand

peace；hewasabigbrotherweneedina_10_time.uSomeofLennon，s

admirersmayhavebeenawarethathewasnot_11Buttheychoseto_12_

hisdarksidetoremaingratefulforthe_13_contributionhehadmade

intheirlives.Therearesurelymanypeoplewhodon，tconsiderLennona

hero,whoinfacthaveavery_14_opinionofhim.Butitisnot_15_

forone，sherotobeanotherperson，s_16_.Thinkofallthe

leaders,revolutionaries,andconquerorswhoaredeeplyrespectedbyone

nation,onereligiousgroup,oronegeneration,and_17_orhatedby

others.

Modernbiographersrespectthefacts,asindeedthey_18_.But

wepayapricefortheir_19_,forintheireffortstoshow“thewhole

person”,theytellusmoreaboutwereallyneedtoknowabouttheirprivate

lives,familysecret,andhumanweakness.Thetruegreatnessofafine

personisoftenforgotteninthe_20—.

第1題：

A.boom

B.explosion

C.outbreak

D.burst

參考答案：B

答案解析：

explosion1）（大規(guī)模的、迅猛的）擴(kuò)張,激增，如apopulationexplosion2）（感

情、笑聲等）爆發(fā)，迸發(fā)。anexplosionofrage大發(fā)雷霆。boom景氣，興旺。

1

outbreak用于事件。burstl）突然破裂，爆炸2）突發(fā)，一陣迸發(fā)（一般指活動(dòng)）。

第2題：

A.so

B.such

C.much

D.too

參考答案：A

答案解析：

S0o聯(lián)系上文的"suchdeepsorrow,suchmourning""那樣多的"，不用"such

D項(xiàng)邏輯不通，因?yàn)椋髡卟皇窍犹唷１容^：suchbadpeople這樣的壞

人。such在這種情況下，并不修飾后面的形容詞，而是修飾后面的整個(gè)短語。

這點(diǎn)與so不同。

第3題：

A.It

B.This

C.That

D.There

參考答案：D

答案解析：

There。其他各項(xiàng)不合語法。

第4題：

A.that

B.but

C.and

D.as

參考答案：A

答案解析：

thato這是個(gè)定語從句。比較：WhathaveIdonethatmakesyousoangry?

我做了什么讓你那么生氣？

第5題：

A.what

B.how

C.where

D.why

參考答案：B

答案解析：

2

howowhat不合邏輯，因?yàn)椋琫xpress己有賓語。where,why不合語意，因?yàn)椋?/p>

這里是強(qiáng)調(diào)Lennon的歌正是人們心中的歌。

第6題：

A.guide

B.spirit

C.soul

D.model

參考答案：A

答案解析：

guide向?qū)В瑥囊馑忌现v。guide最貼切，強(qiáng)調(diào)“向?qū)А敝狻oul,spirit—

般指運(yùn)動(dòng)、組織的中心人物。

第7題：

A.progressive

B.advanced

C.ahead

D.superior

參考答案：C

答案解析：

aheado習(xí)慣搭配。aheadof在…前面。這里指定在人們的前面，從而證明第26

個(gè)空格更應(yīng)填A(yù).

第8題：

A.perspectives

B.prospects

C.horizons

D.spectacles

參考答案：C

答案解析：

horizons（喻）眼界，見識(shí)。opennewhorizons開辟了新視野。perspective,

prospect遠(yuǎn)景，前景，用來指事物發(fā)展的前景，而horizon指能看到新的東西

的領(lǐng)域。原文是說，讓我們看到了新東西。

第9題：

A.venture

B.risk

C.exploit

D.attempt

參考答案：A

3

答案解析：

venture鼓起勇氣前進(jìn)。risk不具備這一意思。todare敢于行動(dòng)。

第10題：

A.annoyed

B.depressed

C.dismayed

D.troubled

參考答案：D

答案解析：

troubled動(dòng)蕩不安。其余各項(xiàng)多用來修飾人。annoyed惱怒的。depressed悶悶

不樂的。dismayed驚愕的。

第11題：

A.ideal

B.superb

C.perfect

D.supreme

參考答案：C

答案解析：

perfectosuperb壯麗的，華麗的；超等的，極好的。supreme至高無上的。

第12題：

A.ignore

B.neglect

C.forget

D.obscure

參考答案：A

答案解析：

ignoreoneglect側(cè)重于無意的忽視。obscurevt.使暗，遮掩。本句是說，對(duì)

于Lennon的缺點(diǎn)，人們采取了淡化態(tài)度，盡管知道，但不予以追究。

第13題：

A.positive

B.indispensable

C.essential

D.incredible

參考答案：A

答案解析：

positiveoB、C項(xiàng)一般不用在contribution之前。incredible令人難以置信的。

4

indispensable不可缺少的。

第14題：

A.opposite

B.adversary

C.debased

D.low

參考答案：D

答案解析：

lowoadversary對(duì)手，敵手。debased降低了的，貶低了的。opposite不用在

這種結(jié)構(gòu)中。一般我們只說havealow(high)opinionof-**

第15題：

A.unusual

B.common

C.incredulous

D.unbelievable

參考答案：A

答案解析：

unusualoincredulous不輕信的。

第16題:

A.villain

B.evil

C.demon

D.devil

參考答案：A

答案解析：

villaino壞人。其他各項(xiàng)過重。

第17題：

A.despised

B.prejudiced

C.prosecuted

D.biased

參考答案：A

答案解析：

despisedoprosecutevt.對(duì)?..起訴，檢舉，告發(fā)。bias使有偏見。

第18題:

5

A.would

B.should

C.will

D.shall

參考答案：B

答案解析：

should應(yīng)該。上文講的都是理所當(dāng)然的事，因而應(yīng)該予以尊重。

第19題：

A.truthfulness

B.sincere

C.loyalty

D.frank

參考答案：A

答案解析：

truthfulness說真話，誠實(shí)。loyalty忠誠。

第20題：

A.display

B.demonstration

C.exhibition

D.show

參考答案：A

答案解析：

display展示。demonstration。說明。證明。exhibition表現(xiàn)。show表演。display

側(cè)重于明顯的令人難堪的展示，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一種炫耀性。這里指盡情暴露別人的方方

面面。

多項(xiàng)選擇

Inrecentyears,theUSagriculturalcommunityhasadoptednewplant

varietiesdevelopedthroughmoderntechnologies,includinggenetic

transformation.Someofthenewvarietiesincludeplantsproducingan

insect-toxicproteinandplantsresistanttoapopularherbicide.

Benefitsderivedfromthesevarietiesincludereducedtillage,thus

savingtopsoil,andreduceduseofharshherbicidesandchemical

insecticidesthatcancontaminatesoilandwater.

ThecommercialuseofgeneticallymodifiedcropsintheUnited

Statessince1993hastakenplaceaftercomprehensivescientificreviews

andapprovalbyregulatoryprocessesintheUSDepartmentofAgriculture

andEnvironmenta

6

［聽力原文］

參考譯文

近年來，美國農(nóng)業(yè)采用了通過包括轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)在內(nèi)的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)發(fā)展起來的

作物新品種。一些新品種可以產(chǎn)生杭昆蟲的毒性蛋白，另一些則能抵杭一種通用

的除草劑。這些新品種的益處在于可以減少耕作進(jìn)而保護(hù)表層土壤，還可以減少

難聞的污染水和土壤的除草劑和殺蟲劑的使用。

在美國，自1993年來，經(jīng)過全面科學(xué)檢測(cè)、并通過了美國農(nóng)業(yè)及環(huán)境保

護(hù)局管理程序的許可后，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物開始在美國進(jìn)行商業(yè)化推廣。對(duì)源自轉(zhuǎn)基因

作物的食品和飼料，如食用油、含蛋白質(zhì)類食物及全糧的使用必須經(jīng)過食品及藥

品管理會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)，在法規(guī)檢查之中，動(dòng)植物科學(xué)家以及醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)會(huì)的許多成員參

加了對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)及相關(guān)產(chǎn)品安全性研究及成果的討論。結(jié)果，1999年，美國

40%以上的玉米、50%以上的棉花和45%以上的大豆將進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因改良，這將

使化學(xué)殺蟲劑的使用減少數(shù)百萬磅。

過去的一年中，大眾媒體中出現(xiàn)越來越多的社論和文章一最初在歐洲，最

近在美國一以夸張的語言描述了使用轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)作物品種和食品的“危害及不可

預(yù)知的后果。在一些歐洲國家，這種歇斯底里的蠱惑幾乎動(dòng)搖了公眾對(duì)所有食品

的信心。顯然，美國的監(jiān)測(cè)和批準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)沒能說服歐洲民眾。盡管許多相關(guān)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)

作物改良技術(shù)都是美歐共同開發(fā)的，但兩個(gè)大陸的民眾對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的反應(yīng)

卻極為不同。在歐洲I，許多因素，比如對(duì)瘋牛病的擔(dān)憂、缺乏有效而透明的法規(guī)

監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)、政府和大機(jī)構(gòu)的不信任等，都助長(zhǎng)了這種反應(yīng)。20世紀(jì)90年代初期，

歐洲公眾對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)嵉卦囼?yàn)的反應(yīng)未能使政府加入到這場(chǎng)討論中，相比之下，美

國在1986年到1987年進(jìn)行了最初的實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn)后就在科學(xué)家、管理者、農(nóng)場(chǎng)主以

及環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者間展開了公開的討論，所有問題和資料都被公開，以實(shí)驗(yàn)的形

式解決疑慮，從而做出了適當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定。

第21題:

Inrecentyears,theUSagriculturalcommunityhasadoptednewplant

varietiesto

A.increaseproduction.

B.improvethetasteandnutrientoffarmproduce.

C.reducetheuseofchemicalpesticides.

D.demonstratethewondersworkedbymoderntechnology.

參考答案：C

答案解析：

“Inrecentyears,theUSagriculturalcommunityhasadoptednewplant

varieties...n；“reducedharshherbicidesandchemicalinsecticides...”

黑體部分提示了答案。

第22題:

7

Thesecondparagraphsuggests

A.it'sbynomeanseasyforthepublictoacceptthegenetically

modifiedcrops.

B.theapplicationofgeneticallymodifiedcropsentailsscientific

reviews,approvalbygovernmentagencies,discussionsbyscientistsand

communicationswiththepublic.

C.thesafetyofgeneticallymodifiedcropshasnotyetbeenproved.

D.theuseofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,thoughmoney-saving,remains

controversialintheUS.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

文章第一句提示了答案。

第23題:

TogetthegeneticallymodifiedcropsacceptedinEurope,scientists

should

A.askgovernmentalagenciesforhelp.

B.publicizethebenefitsofthem.

C.winthetrustofgovernmentonthefirstplace.

D.engageindialoguewiththepublicratherthanretreatfromit.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

“InEurope,factorssuchasconcernovermadcowdisease.Lackof

effectiveandtransparentregulatoryoversightandthemistrustof

governmentandlargeorganizationsappeartopromotethecurrentfuror.”

“ThepublicresponsetofieldtestsinEuropeduringtheearly1990s

failedtodrawgovernmentalagenciesintothediscussion.”這兩句說明

公眾對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食物有憂慮、對(duì)政府有誤解，需要做溝通工作。

第24題：

Thebesttitleforthistextmightbe

A.”FacingFearofBiotechnology”.

B.^GeneticallyModifiedCrops:YesorNo”.

C.”NewPlantVarieties:FruitofModernTechnology.

D.^GeneticallyModifiedCrops:WhoCares”.

參考答案：A

答案解析：

文章主要談及了人們對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食物這種生物科技產(chǎn)品的憂慮和擔(dān)心，提出人類應(yīng)

該如何面對(duì)這種新科技產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，因此［A］為合適的題目。

第25題:

8

Thelastparagraphismainlyabout

A.foodsafety.

B.thedangersandunknowneffectsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops.

C.Americabeingcriticizedforintroducingnewcropvarieties.

D.Americans'andEuropeans'differentresponsetonewcropvarieties.

參考答案：D

答案解析：

從“Althoughmanyoftherelevanttechnologiesusedinmoderncrop

improvementwereco-developedintheUnitedStatesandEurope,the

responseofthepublictoresultingproductsonthetwocontinentshas

beenverydifferent.”可得知答案。

Legitimacyhaslongbeenconsideredessentialtoanorganization，s

continuedexistence.Thoughintangible,likeabrand,itamountstoade

factolicensetooperateconferredonafirmbythoseitcomesintocontact

with.Legitimacyisearnedwhenthereissatisfactionabouthowcompanies

aregovernedintermsofinclusivity,transparencyandaccountability.

Itisnotastaticresource,butisbuiltorerodedovertime.

Iraqpresentsfirmswithuniquelegitimacychallenges,not

leastintermsofidentifyingthosewhocanconferitinacountrywhere

civilsocietyhasbeenrepressedfordecades.Thecoststobusinessof

theongoingconflictarebothindirect一thebreakdowningovernance,

trustandtolerance,andtheunderminingofenvironmentalandeconomic

capitalanddirect一thehighercostofsecurityandotherformsofrisk

management,lostmaterials,capital,personnel,litigation,opportunity

costs,andthedamagetoreputation.InMay2000,theEconomistdescribed

theriskscompaniesfaceinconflictzones:"pipelinescanbeblownup

bycrookedpartners.Fragileeconomiescancollapse.Andinrecentyears,

firmsdoingbusinessincountieswithunpleasantgovernmentshavebeen

pilloriedbynon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),endangeringthemost

pricelessofassets,theirgoodname."Anunstableenvironmentisalso

adisincentiveforthesubstantialinvestmentrequiredoverlongperiods

byoilcompanies,andmanygavepostponedadecisionoverIraqpending

theestablishmentofalegitimateregime.SirPhilipWatts,chairmanof

RoyalDutch/Shell,exemplifiedthisstanceinJuly:"Thesafetyofour

peopleisparamount.Therehastobepropersecurity,legitimateauthority

andalegitimateprocess一bywhichwewillbeabletonegotiate

agreementthatwouldbelong-standingfordecades.Wewouldn，tgointo

thatsituationunlesstheseconditionsweresatisfiedbecausewearea

long-termprojectsandweneedtheframeworkinwhichwecanmakethis

sortofinvestmentdecision.”

Thechallengesaresufficienttoensurethatonlythose

companiespreparedtotakealong-termviewshouldventurein,andsuch

9

aventurewhichwillbeuniquelyexposedshouldinstabilityendure.

Stabilitywillnotcomewhiletheregimeisregardedas

illegitimate.ThatillegitimacyisreflectedonbusinessesenteringIraq

undergovernmentsponsorshipandonthosethatpayinsufficientregard

totheirlocalpartners.Businesscanbegintobreakthecycleandearn

itsownlegitimacybyattendingtoitsinternalsadministration,ensuring

itisinclusive,transparentandaccountabletoIraqis.Inthisway,

companiescanalsohelptoconferlegitimacyontheinterimauthority,

creatingavirtuouscirclebuildingtowardsthestabilitythatfirmsneed

tooperateprofitablyforthelongterm.Conversely,businessesthatfail

toengageadequatelywillmerelyunderminefurthertheIraqissenseof

involvementintheirownfutureandsocontributetothedownwardspiral

ofinstability.

第26題：

Inthefirstparagraph,legitimacyisanasset.

A.gainedsmoothlyandswiftlywhiletradingwithotherfirms

B.likeacredentialfortransactionbusiness

C.toretainacompany，sinclusivity,transparency,andaccountability

D.awardedbygovernmentorpartnerswhentheyaresatisfied

參考答案：B

答案解析：

文章大意：這是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類文章，講述了合法性企業(yè)發(fā)展的問題。通過介紹Iraq

當(dāng)前政權(quán)不合法、環(huán)境因素險(xiǎn)惡等不利條件，說明在伊境內(nèi)創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

[B]B項(xiàng)是“itamountstoadefactolicensetooperateconferredona

firmbythoseitcomesintocontactwith”的另一種說法。

第27題：

Howdoyouunderstandthefirstsentenceinsecondparagraph?

A.CompaniesinIraqunderdictatorialregimelacklegitimacy

B.CompaniesinIraqfacemoresecurityproblemssinceitisa

conflictingzone

C.Theunstableenvironmentdetersinvestment

D.Stemgovernancerepressedcivilsocietythatindirectlyharmed

commercialdevelopment

參考答案：A

答案解析：

[A]見難句解析。

io

第28題：

AccordingtoEconomist，sdescriptioninMay2000,companiesinconflict

zonesfacedfollowingrisksEXCEPT.

A.incredibilityofcooperators

B.dangeroflosingitsgoodname

C.thepresentpoliticalclimateinIraq

D.uncertaintyofeconomy

參考答案：C

答案解析：

[C]C中關(guān)于伊拉克當(dāng)前的政治狀況不在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的分析中，其他項(xiàng)的“合作

伙伴可信度低；名譽(yù)喪失的危險(xiǎn)；經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定性”都有原文依據(jù)。

第29題：

WhatSirPhilipWattssaidimpliesthat.

A.SirPhilipWattswillbynomeansinvestorlaunchbusinessinIraq

B.presentlyonlythosecompanieswhoplantotakeshort-termbusiness

daretosetuptheirbusinessinIraq

C.legitimateauthorityisthekeypointamongallriskyfactorsnow

inIraq

D.mostlocalfirmsinIraqareillegitimateanduntrustworthy

參考答案：C

答案解析：

[C]legitimateauthority在Watts的整段話中被重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)。另外，Watts的

言論背景在文中也有介紹，amanyhavepostponeda...establishmentofa

legitimateregime。

第30題：

Fromthelastparagraph,wecanconclude.

A.businessenteringIraqcanexpandprosperouslywiththeguidance

ofgovernment

B.temporarygovernmentinIraqcanneverbetrusted

C.thereisstillcertainleewayforbusinesstoestablishlegitimacy

inIraq

D.withoutstabilityforeignbusinesscansurviveprofitablyforlong

timeinIraq

參考答案：c

答案解析：

[C]最后一段介紹了企業(yè)在伊拉克目前情況下如何求取生存，獲得一定的合法

性，正是C項(xiàng)的意思。A,B,D均為錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)。

Text1

11

Formanytraditionalistsinbusinessandeconomics,thedeath

ofold-stylecompetitionasthenumber-oneroutetosuccesswillbehard

toswallow.Butinthenewview,Darwiniancompetitionisoflimitedvalue

inlongerterm.Themoreimportantchallengeistocreateopportunities

andadapttochangesinacomplexnetworkofcompaniesthatmaysometimes

becooperators,sometimescompetitors,andsometimesbothatonce.

Justastheideaofeconomicwebsisforcingcompaniestochange

theirbusinessstrategies,soitisalteringviewsabouteconomics.In

placeofclassictheoryofdiminishingreturnsasresourcesandmarkets

areexploited,economistArthurseeswhathecallsincreasingreturns.

uIncreasingreturnsarethetendencyforwhatisaheadtogetfarther

ahead,“hesays."Ifaproductoracompanyoratechnology■—oneofmany

competinginamarket-getsaheadbychanceorcleverstrategy,increasing

returnscanmagnifythis,andtheproductorcompanyortechnologycan

goontolockinthemarket."Asaresult,acompanycanmakeakilling

fromaproductthatisnotasgoodasitscompetitors'.

AccordingtoArthur,oneofthebestexamplesofincreasing

returnsisDOS,theMicrosoftdiscoperatingsystemforpersonalcomputers.

Althoughwidelyseenasinferior,itneverthelesscametodominatethe

market.

Withinthepersonalcomputerecosystems,IBM(usingDOS)and

Appleestablishedseparatenetworksofcommittedusersandsoftware

supplierswritingtoDOSorMacintoshstandards.Crucially,IBMdidnot

stopotherfirmsbuilding"clones”ofitsPC.ThenumberofPCsmushroomed,

allofthemsupportedbyDOS.Asaresult,DOSbecamethe800-poundgorilla

inthemarketplace.

Ifbusinesssystemsandecosystemshavesomethingfundamental

incommon,thereisdisconcertingnewsforbosses."Thefirstruleof

complexsystemsisthatitisalmostimpossibletopredictwhoisafriend

andwhoisanenemy,“saysPimm.Hedescribesfieldexperimentsinwhich

apredatorisremovedfromacommunity.Youmightexpectitsprey,species

A,tothrive.ButabouthalfthetimespeciesAsuffersbecausethe

predatorhasanotherprey,speciesB,competingwithspeciesA.Withthe

populationofspeciesBnolongerkeptincheckbypredator,itmayeven

pushspeciesAtolocalextinction.

Businessecosystemsfacethesameproblemofdecidingwhois

afriendandwhoisanenemy.Andthebadnewsdoesn，tstophere."When

everythingisconnecteddirectlyorindirectlytoeverythingelse,

changesinonepartofthesystemmaybepropagatedthroughout,“saysPimm.

uSometimesspeciesmaygoextinctthoughnofaultoftheirown.”

(447words)

1.inplaceof…代替

2.makeakilling[vt.]賺大錢

3.mushroom[v.]迅速擴(kuò)散或增加

12

4.prey［n.］被掠食者，被剝削者［同義］ravage,depredation

5.predator［n.］奴役他人者

［聽力原文］

參考譯文

對(duì)傳統(tǒng)商界、經(jīng)濟(jì)界人士而言，把舊式競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式的死亡看作是通向成功的

首選路線，這是讓人難以接受的。但是，新的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看，達(dá)

爾文式的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)價(jià)值有限。更重要的挑戰(zhàn)是能夠在置身于復(fù)雜的同伴網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一有時(shí)

是合作者，有時(shí)是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，有時(shí)是兩者兼而有之一還能夠創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)并適應(yīng)變化。

正如經(jīng)濟(jì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的觀念正在迫使公司改變經(jīng)營(yíng)策略一樣，它同時(shí)也正在改變

對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的看法。傳統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為，隨著資源和市場(chǎng)的開發(fā)，利潤(rùn)就會(huì)隨之降低。然

而，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Arthur的觀點(diǎn)卻恰巧相反，他認(rèn)為利潤(rùn)在增加。他說：“不斷增

加的利潤(rùn)就是對(duì)未來趨勢(shì)的展望和不斷前進(jìn)。如果一個(gè)產(chǎn)品、一個(gè)公司或一項(xiàng)技

術(shù)（有許多在市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）偶然或憑計(jì)謀領(lǐng)先，漸增的利潤(rùn)能使它們擴(kuò)大，產(chǎn)品或

公司或技術(shù)可以進(jìn)而固定它在市場(chǎng)占有的地位。”結(jié)果公司就能從一種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不

強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)品中獲取暴利。

Arthur稱，漸增的利潤(rùn)的最好的例證就是DOS一微軟的個(gè)人電腦磁盤操作

系統(tǒng)。雖然人們普遍認(rèn)為它不及美國的同類產(chǎn)品，但它卻壟斷了市場(chǎng)。

在個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，IBM（使用DOS）和APPLE公司分別建立了自己

的用戶網(wǎng)和根據(jù)DOS或Macintosh標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編寫程序的軟件供應(yīng)商。關(guān)鍵是IBM沒有

制止其他公司對(duì)它的個(gè)人機(jī)進(jìn)行“克隆”。個(gè)人機(jī)的數(shù)量劇增，而他們?nèi)荄OS

系統(tǒng)支持的，就這樣DOS系統(tǒng)成為市場(chǎng)上的搶手貨。

如果經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有基本共同點(diǎn)的話，那將是老板們的噩耗。皮姆

說：“復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的第一個(gè)規(guī)則是，幾乎不可能預(yù)言誰是敵誰是友”。他描述了這

樣一個(gè)野外試驗(yàn)：當(dāng)一種食肉動(dòng)物被驅(qū)逐出某一生物群落（community）后，你也

許會(huì)期望它的被捕食者A會(huì)快速繁衍，然而有接近一半時(shí)間，物種A遭受不幸，

這是因?yàn)檫@種食肉動(dòng)物又找到了另一種獵物一物種B,且與物種A競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由于物

種B的數(shù)量不再受到食肉動(dòng)物的控制，它甚至可能排擠物種A,使它在當(dāng)?shù)販缃^。

經(jīng)濟(jì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)同樣面臨著區(qū)別敵友的問題。噩耗不止于此，皮姆說：“當(dāng)

所有事務(wù)直接或間接與其外部事物相關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)，局部的變動(dòng)會(huì)蔓延到全局，有時(shí)一

個(gè)物種自身沒有任何問題，會(huì)完全因?yàn)橥獠吭蚨鴾缤觥！?/p>

第31題:

Darwiniancompetitionisoflimitedvalueinlongertermbecause

A.it'shardtodistinguishtherelationshipbetweenbusinessesin

modernsociety.

B.old-stylecompetitionremainstobethenumber-oneroutetosuccess.

C.thebusinessstylesarecompletelydifferentfromecosystems.

D.competitioninmodernsocietyisbasedonthestrengthofscience

andtechnology.

13

參考答案：A

答案解析：

因?yàn)椤癟hemoreimportantchallengeistocreateopportunitiesandadapt

tochangesinacomplexnetworkofcompaniesthatmaysometimesbe

cooperators,sometimescompetitorsandsometimesbothatonce”,也就

是說在現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)中已經(jīng)很難分清敵友了，所以"Darwiniancompetitionisof

limitedvalueinlongerterm.”

第32題：

ThesuccessofDOSsuggests

A?it'simportanttoestablishcommittedusers.

B.”clones”byotherbusinessesshouldbeencouraged.

C.viewsabouteconomicsshouldkeepabreastwiththechanging

situations.

D.qualityisthemostimportantforachievingsuccess.

參考答案：C

答案解析：

“Justastheideaofeconomicwebsisforcingcompaniestochangetheir

businessstrategies,soitisalteringviewsabouteconomics."DOS的

成功說明觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)適應(yīng)日益變化的形式。

第33題：

Thephrase"makeakilling”(Line7,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

A.”makealotofmoney”.

B.suffersgreatloss”.

C."makedo”.

D.”getfurtherahead”.

參考答案：A

答案解析：

從上下文很容易猜測(cè)出其含義。

第34題：

Thelastsentenceisintendedtoshow

A.thehopelessnessofspecies.

B.thepotentialdangershiddeninbusinessecosystems.

C.thecloseinterrelationshipbetween“species”inbusiness

ecosystems.

D.howbadthenewsisforbosses

參考答案：C

答案解析：

最后一段旨在說明在商業(yè)行為中同樣存在分清敵友的問題。“Sometimesspecies

14

maygoextinctthoughnofaultoftheirown”說明species之間直接或間

接的關(guān)系非常密切，雖然本身狀況良好卻可能由于其它物種的情況變化而使自己

趨于滅絕。

第35題:

Accordingtotheauthor,therelationshipofbusinessesinmodernsociety

A.issimilartothatheldbytraditionalists.

B.isgettingmuchmorecomplex.

C.isthesamewiththatofanimals.

D.isnotmentionedinthetext.

參考答案：B

答案解析：

從第一段看，公司之間的關(guān)系有時(shí)是合作伙伴，有時(shí)是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，有時(shí)二者兼而

有之；從最后一段及倒數(shù)第二段看，在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)“很難分清敵友”，所有這些都

說明，businesses之間的關(guān)系變得越來越錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。

Thechieffunctionsoftheheartaretosendbloodtothelungs,so

thattheycanreceiveoxygenfromtheinhaledair,andthentopumpthis

oxygenateduponthisreceivingaconstantsupplyofoxygenatedblood.This

isparticulartruefortheheartitselfwhichcontracts10,000timesa

day,andrequiresaverylargeamountofoxygenforconversionintothe

energynecessarytoproduceregularandefficientcontractions.Theheart

muscle,ormyocardium,receivesitsoxygenatedbloodfromthemainartery,

oraorta,whichleadsoutoftheheart.Thefirstarteriesthatarefed

bytheaortaarethetwocoronaryarteries,socalledbecausetheycircle

likeacrown一theupperpartoftheheart.

Itisobviousthatanydecreaseinthisbloodsupplymightimpair

thefunctionsoftheheart.

Inadequatebloodsupplytothemyocardiumresultseitherfrom

adecreaseinthebloodflowthroughthecoronaryarteries,orfroman

increaseinthedemandsoftheheartmusclewithoutanycorresponding

increaseincoronarybloodflow.Ofthese,decreasedflowisthemore

common,anditisduetostructuralchangesinthewallsofthecoronary

arteries.Lossofelasticity,increasedrigidity,fatty,fibrous,and

evenbonychangesoccurpatchilyalongtheinnercoatsofthecoronary

arteries,andareknownasatherosclerosis.

Seriousdiseaseofthecoronaryarteriescanleadtotheir

obstructioneithergraduallyorsuddenly.Whentheobstructionisgradual,

itwillcausesomeisolatedmusclefirestodieanddepriveoftheirsource

ofenergy.Thechangemaybesogradualthatitneverleadstoanysymptoms,

orontheotherhand,itmayresultinthepainofanginapectoris（心

絞痛）.Suddenobstructionofoneofthecoronaryarteriescutoffallthe

flowofbloodtoareaoftheheartmusclebeyondtheobstructionand

15

usuallyresultsinthesevere,prolonged,andintensepainofaheart

attack,andwhenitoccursatacriticalsite,theresultmaybe

disastrous.

Coronaryatherosclerosisisnotanewdisease.Ithasbeenfound

inthemummifiedbodiesofmenwholived5,000years.Moreover,thereis

evidencetosuggestthatitmaynotbeincreasing.Yettherehas,in

contrast,beenanalarmingincreaseinanginaandincoronaryheart

attacksduringthelastfortyyears.Thereisnodoubtthattofindan

explanationofthisbigincreaseisoneofthemostpressingproblemsfor

medicalresearchtoday.

Oneoftheearliestchangesinthedevelopmentof

atherosclerosisistheappearanceintheinnercoatsofthearteryofa

fat,calledcholesterol；andasthearteryisprogressivelydestroy,a

largeamountofcholesterolaccumulates.FiftyyearsagoRussianresearch,

workersshowedthatcholesterolfedtorabbitsproducedchangesvery

similartohumancoronaryatherosclerosis.Thereissufficientevidence

tosuggestthattherichnessofourWesterndietmaybeoneofthe

contributorycausesofcoronaryheartattacks,butitisfarfromclear

whetherthisisduetoanexcessofcalories,thehighproteincontent,

thehighfatcontent,oreventocertaininourdiet.Atpresent,itis

notpossibletoconfirmortorefutethesuggestionthatthereisacausal

relationshipbetweentheamountoffatorthetypeoffatweeatandthe

incidenceofheartattacks.

a

第36題:

Whatisthechieffunctionoftheheart?

A.Makingbloodreceiveoxygenfromtheinhaledair.

B.Pumpingoxygenatedbloodalloverthebody.

C.Sendingbloodtothelungs.

D.Makingtheactivityofeverytissueinbodyworkinorder.

參考答案：c

答案解析：

文章大意：文章主要介紹了冠心病的形成和危害，以及飲食等對(duì)冠心病的影響。

[C]文章第一段敘述了關(guān)于心臟功能的內(nèi)容。將血液壓入肺部是心臟最主要的

功能，其他各項(xiàng)是血液進(jìn)入肺部之后的一系列過程。

第37題:

Thefactorsthatcancauseatherosclerosisexcept

A.thedecreaseinsupplytoheart

B.lossofelasticity