Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon1Chapter2ResearchMethodsinPsychology心理學研究的方法Thismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw.Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw:anypublicperformanceordisplay,includinganytransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork;preparationofanyderivativework,includingtheextraction,inwholeorinpart,ofanyoftheimages;anyrental,lease,orlendingoftheprogramCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon2TheGoalsofPsychologyPsychologyThescientificstudyofthebehaviorofindividualsandtheirmentalprocessesWhatMakesPsychologyUnique?Scientificmethod科學理論需要經受嚴格的考驗,在理論被認為是可靠的之前,它的結果必須能夠被其他的研究者重復.Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon3TheGoalsofPsychology描述、解釋、預測和控制行為。（基礎研究）提高人類生活質量。（應用）描述：-通過觀察收集行為數據（behavioraldata）-描述的不同水平-描述須克服主觀——偏愛、偏見和期望Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon4ExplainingWhatHappens機體變量Organismicvariables秉性/屬性變量Dispositionalvariables內部因素如基因、動機、自尊、智力環境變量Environmentalvariables情境變量Situationalvariables謹慎地超越能夠被觀察到的事實從多種解釋中確定哪種更好Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon5PredictingWhatWillHappen科學預測Scientificprediction基于對事件相互關聯方式的理解Basedonanunderstandingofthewayseventsrelatetooneanother指出什么樣的機制把那些事件與特定的預測物聯系起來Suggestswhatmechanismslinkthoseeventstocertainpredictors因果預測Causalprediction說明在什么樣的條件下行為會改變SpecifiesconditionsunderwhichbehaviorswillchangeCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon6控制發生的事情控制——激動人心的目標？控制：使行為發生或不發生控制的成功意味著解釋的正確改變生活質量，樂觀主義控制與殖民主義文化：理解還是控制典型的男性主義觀點Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon7心理學研究的過程形成想法（發現）檢驗想法（驗證）形成想法（發現）TheoryOrganizedsetofconceptsthatexplainsaphenomenonorsetofphenomenaCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon8心理學研究的過程HypothesisTentativeandtestableexplanationoftherelationshipbetweentwo(ormore)eventsorvariables假設hypothesis在尚未實際獲得研究結果之前，研究者先提出一種暫時性或推估性的答案相關的或因果的（如果---那么）開放、批評和懷疑當數據與觀念沖突公開與公共驗證Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon9ObserverBias客觀性(objectivity)不因人而變不按照個人好惡曲解事實公共性ObserverbiasDistortionofevidencebecauseofthepersonalmotivesandexpectationsoftheviewerIsthiscuphalfemptyorhalf-full?Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon10ObserverBiasA.Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon11ObserverBiasB.Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon12客觀性的挑戰

觀察者偏見觀察者偏見和操作性定義參與者們以及觀眾,廣播員都受到觀察者偏見的支配.你如何才能看出真正發生了什么?Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon13ObserverBias:TheRemedy標準化Standardization用統一的一致的程序收集信息Setofuniformproceduresfortreatingeachparticipant操作性定義OperationaldefinitionDefinitionintermsofthespecificoperationorprocedureusedtodetermineitspresence操作什么？所有變量Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon14

補救措施標準化操作性定義操作性定義假設對于這兩張照片而言,你只對定量描述每個人有多么高感興趣,那么你應該考慮哪些因素呢?Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon15變量Variables變量：在量和質上變化的因素屬性（機體）變量：—性別、年齡、身體狀況等刺激（環境）變量—刺激的類別和強度；反應變量—反應表現的形式及強弱自變量、因變量和中介變量—因果關系預測變量與被預測變量—相關關系Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon16ExperimentalMethodsChallengetoobjectivity混淆變量Confoundingvariables期望效應Expectancyeffects安慰劑效應PPlaceboeffect暴力行為是否是由于在電視中看到暴力鏡頭而引起的?你如何去發現?Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon17混淆變量期望效應安慰劑效應2.2實驗法暴力行為是否是由于在電視中看到暴力鏡頭而引起的?你如何去發現Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon18ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序Controlprocedures力圖使所有無關變量恒定的方法雙盲控制（double-blindcontrol）安慰劑控制（Placebocontrol）示例；比較兩種治療方法答對演講恐懼癥的效果。無害藥片自知力療法行為療法演講并評估成績演講并評估成績to17行為100%自知60%藥片73%Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon19ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序Controlprocedures被試間設計（between-subjectsdesigns）Between-subjectsdesignDifferentgroupsofparticipantsarerandomlyassignedtoexperimentalconditionsortocontrolconditionsCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon20ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序Controlprocedures隨機抽樣（randomsampling）母全體(population)-----樣本(sample)Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon21ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序Controlprocedures被試內設計（within-subjectsdesigns）Eachparticipantishisorherowncontrol組A實驗條件1測量效應組B實驗條件2測量效應組n實驗條件n測量效應被試A實驗條件1測量效應實驗條件2測量效應實驗條件n測量效應Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon22ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序Controlprocedures被試內設計（within-subjectsdesigns）Eachparticipantishisorherowncontrol學習WPS和WORD如果前一種處理對后面有影響順序變量思考被試內設計的優勢和局限？Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon23ExperimentalMethods:TheRemedy控制程序ControlproceduresA-B-AdesignParticipantsfirstexperiencethebaselinecondition(A),thentheexperimentaltreatment(B),thenthebaselineagain(A)時間變量Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon24補救措施

當學生們參加萬盛節聚會的時候，在不被認出的情況下，他們比易被認出的時候表現出更強的攻擊性．在你自己的生活中，你能夠想出匿名能夠改變行為的事例嗎？Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon25A-B-ADesignCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon26CorrelationalMethods樂觀的人更長壽？紅顏是否多薄命？兒童早期受到虐待與成年和的精神疾病有關？操作變量的困難和道德倫理的限制。CorrelationalmethodsDeterminetowhatextenttwovariables,traits,orattributesarerelatedCorrelationalcoefficient(r)Indicatesthedegreeofrelationshipbetweentwovariables小心相關的虛假性Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon27CorrelationalMethodsPositivecorrelationCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon28CorrelationalMethodsNegativecorrelationCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon29SubliminalInfluence閾下錄音磁帶真的有效？Aresubliminalaudiotapeseffective?閱讀26-27Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon30心理測量——操作變量信度ReliabilityDegreetowhichatestproducessimilarscoreseachtimeitisusedStability,consistency數據的一致性、可靠性和穩定性效度ValidityExtenttowhichatestmeasureswhatitwasintendedtotest鞋子的尺碼與愉快程度Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon31PsychologicalMeasurement自我報告法Self-reportmeasuresBehavioridentifiedthroughaparticipant’sownobservationsandreports問卷和訪談局限是什么Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon32行為測量和觀察BehavioralMeasures研究外顯行為和可觀察、可記錄的反應的方法Overtactio